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Some Important things from the Educational Environment

COMMUNITY. By the word "community" they mean a village or a town and all the people living in it. A city usually consists of several communities, in this case community represents a district. According to the dictionary, "community” is a group of people living in the same place and united by the shared interests, religion, nationality, etc." University campuses are also considered to be communities, including the big areas of campus grounds, college buildings and facilities located on this territory and professors living nearby.

CAMPUS. A campus is the territory of a university or a college where buildings and halls of residence are located. A campus usually is a really big area. A student spends most of all his/her time there, since on the campus territory you will find not only the administration building and education spaces, but also a library, dorms, fraternities and sororities, cafeterias, gyms and sports fields. The classrooms buildings are usually for all the related departments. For instance, the sciences may be in one building, the social sciences in another, the humanities all together and perhaps music and art off somewhere. A science like engineering may have a building all to itself. One building you will find on every campus is the Student Union. It has a cafeteria and a snack bar which is convenient for those who live off-campus. There is an area with comfortable chairs where students can relax and talk. Some students study there between the classes. The Student Union is the place where discotheques are often held. Last, but not least, every campus has a bookstore where you can buy textbooks and supplies.

There are different payments students can get while studying.

A grant is what students get every month which is taken from the state budget or is paid by local authorities. A scholarship is given to especially bright students who have excellent results, and is usually much higher than grant. An allowance is a one time payment for not so well-to-do students who may find themselves in a difficult financial situation.

Vocabulary to the Text.

Educational – образовательный

Environment – окружение

Mean* - означать, значить

Consist of – состоять из

Case – случай

Represent – представлять

District – район

According (to) – согласно (чего-то)

Unite – объединять

Shared interets – общие интересы

Campus – студгородок

Including – включая, в том числе

Consider – рассматривать

Ground – территория

Facilities – мн.ч. возможности, оборудование

Locate – размещать

Nearby – поблизости

Residence – жилье, жилище

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Area – район, территория

Spend* - тратить

Since – поскольку Spaces – помещения

Education spacesучебные корпуса

Dorm(itory) – амер. общежитие

Frat(ernity) - братство

Sorority – сестринство

Gym(nasium) – сортзал

Field – область, сфера Related – родственный Social – общественный

Humanities – гуманитарные науки

Union – союз

Snack bar – закусочная

Convenient – удобный

Supplies – канцтовары

Payment – платеж

Grant, scholarship, allowance – виды стипендий bright – умный, яркий

authorities – мн.ч. власти excellent – отличный well-to-do - обеспеченный

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Слово «комьюнити» означает деревушку или городок и людейБ проживающих там. 2. Большой город состоит обычно из нескольких «комьюнити», в данном случае это слово обозначает (designate) район. 3. Студгородок тоже обозначается словом «комьюнити» и включает в себя территорию, здания , а также студентов и профессоров. 4. На территории студгородка находится административное здание, а также учебные корпуса, общежития и многое другое (facilities). 5. Студенческий союз – это здание и место, где проводятся дискотеки, вечеринки и другие общественные мероприятия. 6. Студенты могут получать разного рода финансирование, существует три вида стипендий – это деньги, даваемые студентам на учебные цели.

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Comprehension Check.

Ex. Answer the following questions.

1.What does the word “community” mean?

2.What description is given to this word in the dictionary?

3.What does the word “campus” mean?

4.What is located on the teritory of the campus?

5.Do the departments have buildings of their own?

6.What kinds of payment can the students get while studying?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Community.

2.Campus.

3.Student Union.

4.Types of payments available for students’ situation.

Text I A.

Across The Nation

Part 1

Uniting two campuses

LADUE—An $18 million expansion and renovation project at Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School is the largest in the school's history.

The private, co-ed school serves more than 1,200 students in grades juniorkindergarten through 12. This capital-improvements program, made possible by a $40 million fund-raising campaign, will unify the school into a 100-acre campus. The phased project, which is to be completed in the fall of 2001, will consist of

three components: construction of a new administration/classroom building; creation of a new indoor athletic complex; and renovations to existing classroom buildings, parking lots and athletic fields. The center piece of the new campus will be Olson Hall, a classically styled, two-story, 36,000-square-foot academic/administrative building, which is scheduled to be completed in midsummer 1999. The hall will include a bookstore, as well as admissions, business, development and offices.

Work on McDonnell Athletic Center, a 65,000-square-foot athletic complex, will include a track, indoor courts, a high-jump pit and pole-vault area, a fitness center, and office, conference and storage space.

Mitchell and Hugeback Architects is project architect, and Clayco Construction is construction manager.

Part 2

Upgrading technology through renovation

STORRS—The University of Connecticut's renovation of the Homer Babbidge

Library, completed last October, brings to a close more than 11 years of repairing the 20-year-old building. Originally undertaken because of structural problems,

the renovation project included interior changes to make the library more convenient for patrons to use and to add updated technology.

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The project's renovation! included refacing the brick on the exterior of the

building, which had begun to come loose. A new brick facade north entrance and roofs wen among the exterior renovations, A bank of computer was added, the

library's 24 hour study room was expanded, and a coffee bar was added.

The project also involve moving the circulation and reserve desks to the ground

floor, installing an electronic information centre and adding two information cafes. The renovation also permitted the library to offer new services, including

scanning of books and documents; the capacity to digitise and print material from

the library's microform collections; and a faculty resource lab where faculty and graduate students can use electronic technologies for teaching.

The building also received new carpeting, furniture and hexagonal tables

equipped with six workstations. Larger windows were added to increase the use of natural light.

Allan Debar Associates Architects and Planners was in charge of the project.

Vocabulary

co-ed (combined education) - совместное обучение (мальчиков и девочек); grades (pl.) - амер. начальная школа;

fund-raising campaign - кампания по сбору средств (финансов); phased project - поэтапный проект;

pole-vault - прыжки с шестом; storage space - складские помещения.

Ex.1. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. 2. Translate the following phrases from the text and use them in the translation below.

parking lot, fund-raising, to be scheduled, administration/classroom building, private, fitness center, capital-improvements program, indoor court, athletic complex, to serve, accommodate, existing, admission office, expansion and renovation, to complete, coed school, tuition fee, indoor and outdoor courts, to renovate, to unify, to do sports.

1.Учебно-административное здание расположено в центре студгородка

2.Школа совместного обучения рассчитана на 1200 учеников

3.Поэтапный проект будет завершен через три года.

4.Программа по капитальному усовершенствованию университета требует (need) сбора финансовых средств.

5.Этот колледж частный, в нем высокая плата за обучение

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6.Cтуденты могут заниматься спортом в спортивно oздоровительном центре - на закрытых и открытых площадках.

7.Автостоянка находится недалеко от спортивного комплекса

8.Следующий футбольный матч запланирован на середину января

9.Административно-учебное здание расположено в центре студгородка.

10.Кабинет приемной комиссии находится на втором этаже

11.Данный проект объединит две школы в единый студгородок

12.В школе совместного обучения учатся более 1000 ребят, от младших групп детского сада до 12 лет.

Ex.3. Answer the following questions:

1.What project is being realized at Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School?

2.What is the goal of it? Where is the money taken from?

3.When will it be completed?

4.Give a list of the project components

5.What is Olson Hall?

6.What facilities will Athletic Center house

Text I-B

Across The Nation

(continued)

Part 3

Room to grow

BERKELEY—Built in 1933. The old Harmon Gym on the University of California campus held only 6,578 bench-style seats. With every basketball game being sold out since 1987. thousands of people were on the waiting list for season tickets.

A $40 million project will transform the old gym into the Walter A. Haas Jr. Pavilion by increasing seat capacity, seismically upgrading the facility's infrastructure and retrofitting all mechanical and electrical systems.

To create the space for additional seating, the walls of the existing facility were expanded, the roof raised, and a new seating bowl was built around and on top of the existing infrastructure. One challenge was the physical layout of the site. which was severely limiting due to inaccessibility on two out of the four sides of the building. The project, which began in the fall of last year, is scheduled for completion in time for the next basketball season. When completed, the facility will house 12,000 fans. New press boxes, locker rooms, student exercise facilities, concession areas, and an 8.000-square-foot VIP room will be added to the facility. New mechanical and lighting systems, as well as audiovisual systems, also will be added.

Notes:

•room - здесь: пространство, место;

•gym (= gymnasium) - спортзал;

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•season ticket - абонемент;

•to transform into - превратить в...;

•capacity - здесь: вместимость;

•seismically upgraded - сейсмоустойчивый;

•facility - здесь: сооружение, здание, помещение;

•facilities (pl.) - удобства, оборудование; возможности;

•space - здесь: пространство, место;

•seating bowl - зал с трибунами (в форме полусферы);

•challenge - вызов (судьбы), открывающиеся перспективы/шансы;

•layout - здесь: план, разбивка;

locker room - раздевалка (с закрывающимися шкафчиками);

•VIP (very important person) - очень важная персона (как правило, подразумевается человек состоятельный и/или занимающий высокий пост);

Ex.2. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. 3: Translate the following phrases from the text and use them in the translation below:

two out of four, locker room, existing facilities, to create, to add, seismically upgraded, existing infrastructure, fan, to be expanded, to be raised, athletic complex, painted in blue, to be retrofitted, to be sold out, to do sports, to be in the waiting list, to renovate.

1.Здание будет сейсмоустойчивым

2.Чтобы создать дополнительные посадочные места, стены здания будут расширены, а крыша - приподнята.

3.Механическая и электротехническая системы будут выполнены в стиле «ретро»

4.По окончании реконструкции это сооружение будет вмещать 12 тысяч болельщиков.

5.Где находится раздевалка?

6.Две из четырех стен были окрашены синим цветом

7.Существующие помещения также будут реконструированы

8.40-миллионный проект превратит старый спортзал в современный

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спортивный комплекс

9.Это создает новые возможности для занятий спортом и проведения соревнований

10.Билеты на все баскетбольные матчи всегда были распроданы, и тысячи болельщиков записывались в очередь, чтобы получить сезонный абонемент

11.Существующая инфраструктура будет реконструирована и приподнята

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions:

1.When was the old Harmon Gym built?

2.What was its capacity? Could it accommodate all the fans who wanted to see basketball games

3.What will it be transformed into?

4.What changes will be done inside the building?

5.What is the way to create additional seating?

6.What are the supposed advantages of the gym?

Text I-C

Across The Nation

(continued)

Part 4

New campus to train for future

MESA—The design objective of the new campus of East Valley Institute of Technology (EVIT), the state's First regional technological public school district, was to provide a facility to support a productive, technically trained workforce that meets the needs of today's business and industry.

The $46 million campus, which can accommodate up to 5,000 students each day in two half-day sessions, is located on 40 acres of the former site of the University of Arizona's agricultural farm. Twelve new buildings total 336,565 square feet, and six separate buildings are devoted to the study of cosmetology, culinary arts, child care and guidance, fire fighting technology and law enforcement, automotive technology and collision-repair technology.

In the culinary-arts area, students learn commercial food preparation with equipment that allows up to 30 students to be working simultaneously. The great hall can be divided into three sections with two operable walls for dining-room service.

The Fast Break restaurant is an alternative to a traditional cafeteria. It has both indoor and outdoor space, and serves beverages and food items to students and staff throughout the day.

A new conferencing facility for students, as well as the community, features a 500-seat auditorium. The facility can accommodate lectures, TV and stage productions and community meetings.

BPLW Architects & Engineers was responsible for design, engineering and architectural services.

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Part 5

Meeting student and community needs

MIAMI—When construction began on Northwest Miami Middle School, the goal

was to "build a contemporary system of buildings and courtyards that would be an asset to the neighbourhood. Slated for completion in February 2000, the $13

million school will enhance the neighbourhood by providing a place for social gatherings, meetings and learning environments in a landscaped setting.

Consisting of 152.000 square feet, the school will have a courtyard composition of various one-story clusters and three-story wings, creating a version of the

hacienda open space plan in a subtropical environment. The courtyard scheme

will have a north-south axis and will exhibit transparency to the school ' s two street-fronts.

Through a system of various classroom and communal-type buildings, the

courtyard will provide a link from all points of access to (he recreation playfields and parking, making it the school's most important spatial ingredient.

Frankel & Associates Architects is in charge of the project.

Notes:

•public school - государственная школа (финансируемая государством);

•to meet the needs (of) - отвечать потребностям...;

•devoted to - здесь: предназначен для...;

•child care and guidance - забота и уход за детьми;

•to serve - подавать; обслуживать;

•item - вопрос, пункт; наименование; здесь: блюда и напитки;

•to feature - здесь: представлять собой;

•facility - здесь: сооружение, здание, помещение;

•facilities (pl.) - удобства, оборудование; возможности;

•community meetings - собрания жителей общины (т.е. района);

•stage productions - театральные постановки (разного рода).

Ex.2. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

Ex.3. Translate the following phrases from the text and use them in the translation below.

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throughout the day, to accommodate, to be divided, facility, operable wall, former site, objective, equipment, community meetings, to meet the needs (of), to serve, alternative (to), staff, indoor and outdoor spaces, beverage and food items, to be located, in two-half day sessions, to train workforce, simultaneously, TV and stage productions, to feature.

1.Студгородок находится на территории бывшей сельскохозяйственной фермы университета штата Аризона.

2.Ежедневно он будет принимать до 5 тысяч студентов, которые будут учиться в две смены.

3.Шесть отдельных зданий предназначены для изучения косметологии, кулинарии, ухода за детьми и т.д.

4.Ресторан быстрого обслуживания является альтернативой традиционному кафе.

5.Столики в ресторане располагаются внутри помещения и на улице.

6.Здесь подают напитки и блюда студентам и преподавателям в течение всего дня.

7.Здесь есть оборудование для одновременной работы 30 студентов.

8.Этот огромный зал может быть разделен на три части при помощи передвижных стен.

9.Институт будет обучать рабочим профессиям, которые соответствуют потребностям современного бизнеса и промышленности.

10.Данное помещение представляет собой аудиторию на 500 мест, где можно проводить лекции, показывать фильмы и спектакли, проводить собрания жителей района.

Ex.4 Answer the following questions:

1.What was the design objective of the new campus of East Valley Institute of Technology?

2.What is the total area of the campus buildings?

3.How many students can the campus accommodate?

4.Where is it located?

5.What professions will the students be trained here?

6.What does the culinary-arts area look like?

7.What for is the new conferencing facility designed?

8.What other facilities are there in EVIT?

Text I-D

Across The Nation (continued)

Part 6

Lab expands health program

DEARBORN—In an effort to expand the instructional capacity and capabilities of the health-careers program at Henry Ford Community College, the new Health Careers Education Center was built.

The 75.000-square-foot center is a three-story, steel-framed structure with a partial lower level. The exterior building envelope is a combination of brick and insulated metal panel. The massing of the new center is designed for two distinct blocks, joined by a three-story glazed atrium. The new center is equipped with teaching technology, total bed-care systems and interactive video. The center

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adds 12 technical/science laboratories, 16 classrooms, four computer labs with distance-learning capabilities, tutoring/group study areas, meeting rooms and conference facilities.

Part 7

Renovating for expansion

CHICAGO—Robert Morris College was faced with many challenges when it moved from an existing location to a bigger, renovated building in downtown Chicago. The building, an eight-story historic landmark, underwent renovations that doubled the size of the college. The new Robert Morris Centre helped to alleviate the school's lack of space, as well as updated and integrated technology

into its classrooms.

Renovations, which were completed last November, expanded the library and

added additional computer labs, classrooms, offices and an studios. The 165,000- square-foot building also features enlarged faculty spaces to accommodate more

academic activities and personal advising. The $15 million renovation program

also included upgrading most classrooms with multimedia podiums, and incorporating a computer monitor, keyboard, VCR and document camera for

projecting images.

A distance-learning classroom was added to provide for off-site classes, and an

audio-visual lounge in the library offers easy access to VCRs and audio players with headphones. The computer repair room incorporates new equipment to train

technical repair and network-systems personnel. Architect for the project was Phelan Associates.

Vocabulary

capacity and capability - вместимость и возможности;

health-career - профессия, связанная со здравоохранением (медициной); glazed atrium - застекленный переход;

distinct - явный, очевидный; здесь: отдельный;

tutoring - руководство группой студентов (= классное руководство); space - здесь: пространство

Ex. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

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Ex. Translate the following phrases from the text and use them in the translation below.

to be equipрed with, health-careers, distance-learning, conference facility, technical and science labs, liberal-arts studies, to be designed, a combination of brick and metal.

1.Здание представляет собой комбинацию кирпича и отдельных металлических пластин.

2.Это - попытка расширить возможности учебного центра по обучению медицинским профессиям.

3.Новый центр спроектирован в виде двух отдельных блоков, соединяемых трехэтажным застекленным переходом.

4.Здесь есть также 12 научно-технических лабораторий, множество классных аудиторий, конференц-зал и 4 компьютерных лаборатории, дающие возможность дистанционного обучения.

5.Это помещение предназначено для изучения свободных искусств.

6.Центр оборудован (системой) интерактивного видео.

Ex. Answer the following questions:

1.What for was the new Health Careers Education Center was built? At what college?

2.What does the center look like?

3.What is the new center equipped with?

4.What new facilities does the center add to the existing ones?

Text II- A

Students at the University of Pittsburg finish their classes One Week Earlier

Rice University's course work wraps up next week. And at Tulane, the last day of classes is April, 29. The calendar says it is springtime. But for college students, summer is here.

These early vacation breaks are part of a shortening of the school year at college nation-wide. Data collected by the National Association of Scholars* shows that the length of the average college year has shrunk 35 days since 1964. Yet over the same period, inflation-adjusted* college costs have doubled. The result: Students and their families are paying more for less. In

fact, at the nation's elite universities, the combination of higher tuition and condensed class time means an education prices out at about $1,000 a week. The reason for the abbreviated academic calendar is largely economic. Universities discovered they can save money on operating expenses by shortening the school year. Teachers like it because they have more time for research.

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Students don't complain because they can earn more in their summer jobs. And the

practice of trimming away a class day here, while tacking on* another holiday there, is less obvious - and controversial* - than other cost-cutting strategies. So who's hurt? The student earning a depreciated diploma, for starters. During the same period that colleges sliced away one-fifth of their academic calendars, they also shortened the length of the standard class by

3.5 minutes. As a result of this double decrease, educators teach less and students are given a shorter time to absorb* class material. Researchers who track the trend* see it as part of the overall decline in rigor at American Universities. They say it is no coincidence that the shorter school year has been phased in at the same time colleges have lightened academic demands on students by dropping thesis requirements, abolishing* comprehensive exams and reducing scientific lab work.

Yet by reducing class time, colleges aren't cutting students any breaks in the long run. The complex subject matter covered in many university courses is best learned through repeated, long-term exposure*. And because students are spending less time in class, they have fewer

opportunities to glean* knowledge and expertise from their professors. Researchers also believe the pressures of the compressed schedule contribute to the growing number of students unable to complete their degree requirements within the traditional four years. This month, the American College Testing program reported a record low for students earning their bachelor's degrees on schedule. Even within five years of college enrolment, only 52.8 % of college students earn a degree. That may not be a problem for universities. After all, they save

money by shortening the school year and then collect extra tuition* from students who can't finish their course work during the shrunken semesters. Yet the students getting a college education - and the families who are funding it - are investing more and getting less.

For them, summer has arrived. But that's no reason to celebrate.

(USA TODAY, Editorial. April 117, 1998).

Vocabulary

*scholar - ученый;

*inflation-adjusted - регулируемые инфляцией;

*to tack on - добавлять, присоединять;

*controversial - противоречивый;

*to absorb - впитывать, поглощать; здесь: изучать;

*to track the trend - прослеживать/наблюдать тенденцию;

*to abolish - отменять;

*long-term exposure - долгий срок для закрепления (знаний);

*to glean - собирать по крупицам;

*extra tuition - дополнительная плата за обучение.

Text II- A

Part 2

Shortening Year does no Harm

(Opposite view) .

by Thomas V.DiBacco.

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You shouldn't judge a book by its cover or academe by the length of its semester. Sure, the academic year has been tightened in recent years, but for good reason. When I started university teaching in 1964, the school year ran* from late September to mid-June, with the fall semester interrupted by the December holidays and not completed until mid-January. Then came another break before the next semester. Semesters were shortened by extending class time and providing for independent studies planned individually between students and professors. Besides, many students needed to work to pay their tuition, and because adult learners, especially women, inundated* campuses, it made

little sense to mosey* through an academic year. A long study period before final exams went the way of the wind...Condensing the academic year doesn't mean less attention to

academics. Take a stroll around campuses today and you'll find libraries and computer labs open not only seven days a week but also into the early hors of the morning, if not 24 hours.

My biggest class this semester begins after normal working hours at 8:10 p.m. and runs 150 minutes. Weekend classes also are popular, and distance learning via cable TV provides students with another opportunity to gain academic credits at untraditional times. Because it's a long, long time from May to September, some outside observers may think that vacation is the hallmark* of higher ed* today. But many students work during the summer, blending what they learn in the classroom with real worldexperience. You can call that today's version of the ivory tower*.

(Thomas V.DiBacco, a historian at American University).

Vicabulary

to run - здесь: продолжаться, длиться; inundated - наводненные, заполненные;

to mosey - амер. неспешно бродить, слоняться; hallmark - отличительная черта;

ed = education - образование;

ivory tower - a place where one avoids the reality of ordinary life -

башня из слоновой кости.

Ex. Answer the questions.

1.What are the reasons for shortening school year at the University?

2.What are the cutting strategies?

3.Is the tuition at the University the same as it was 30-35 years ago?

4.What negative results will be caused by reducing the academic calendar?

Ex. These are the synonyms. Make up sentences with each word.

to shorten - сократить; to shrink (shrank, shrunk) - сжиматься, уменьшаться; to compress - сжать; to cut (cut, cut) - сократить, урезать;

to abbreviate - сокращать; to trim - укоротить, to slice awayурезать; to reduce - сократить; to tighten - сжать; to condense - сжать, сократить.

Ex. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. Find in the text the following expressions. Use them in the sentences below. Match the expressions with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. Translate the following sentences using the words and expressions in the text. to pay one's tuition; tto track the trend; o judge a book by its cover;

overall decline in rigor; shortening school year; to save money; to earn a depreciated diploma; to earn a bachelor's degree; to take exams; to complete one's thesis; combination of..; on schedule; to trim away a class day; to blend what they learn in the classroom with real-world experience; student enrollment; to gain academic credits; to plan indepandent studies individually; distance learning via cable TV.

1. ?Я планирую завершить диссертацию к середине января. 2. Многим студентам приходится работать, чтобы оплачивать учебу. 3. Нельзя судить о книге по

ее

обложке. 4. Исследователи отмечают тенденцию всеобщего снижения строгости в американских университетах. 5. Причина сокращения школьного года означает

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потытку сэкономить деньги. 6. В результате вы можете получить обесцененный диплом. 7. Для того, чтобы получить степень бакалавра, нужно проучиться

в

колледже 4 года, сдавая экзамены и получая зачеты в конце каждого семестра.

8. Мы ценим (appreciate) ваш опыт и знания. 9. Сочетание более высокой платы за обучение и сокращенный объем занятий в классе не дает хороших результатов. 10. Все большее число студентов не могут завершить получение степени бакалавра за положенные срок. 11. К сожалению, они сократили

научную работу в лаборатории. 12. Многие студенты работают летом, соединяя то, что они узнали в классе, с практическим опытом. 13. Набор студентов в

колледж увеличен. 14. Библиотки и компьютерные лаборатории открыты семь дней в неделю, с раннего утра до позднего вечера. 15. Семестр сокращен, но

продолжительность занятий увеличена. 16. Кроме того, будут самостоятельные занятия, планируемые индивидуально (между) студентами и преподавателями.

17. Существует также дистанционное образование, получаемое с помощью кабельного телевидения.

Ex. Complete the chart, which summarizes the content of the article. Give positive and negative consequences of shortening school year. N E G A T I V E : P O S I T I V E:

Text II-C

James Meikle

Education Correspondent

Polytechnics and colleges of higher education face an effective cut in funding for students after a 17 per cent rise in intake was approved yesterday, despite an increase of only 7 per sent in real terms in state subsidies.

The plans for 84 institutions outside the university sector announced yesterday show a 33.000 increase in the number of full-time students to be supported by the government-appointed Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council.

State subsidies limit central grants to only 186.000 of the 221.950 full-time students now in the system. The others are only worth an extra £1.675 each in fees to their institutions, instead of about £5.400, if they were grant-supported as well.

The growing demand for places has put pressure on polytechnics and colleges to pack in more "fees only" students next autumn, even though the Government will not increase its block grant to pay for these extra places.

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It expects the colleges to meet the extra costs through efficiency savings. Demand for courses outside the university sector is running at record levels, with applications already up 11 per cent on last year.

But the council said standards are high and rising, despite concerns over staffing levels and accommodation. Dg Bill Stubbs, the council's chief executive said the sector was "strong, buoyant and wishing to grow".

The council estimates that the sector will get 13 per cent more money in cash terms next year, through grants or student fees, but that include government estimates or 6 per cent inflation.

Part-time and sandwich students are also set to increase significantly under the plans.

Polytechnic and college leaders have been pressing for a review of the funding system. They say they cannot economise indefinitely under a system in which 10 per cent of the council grant is won by competitive bidding for students.

The Committee of directors of Polytechnics forecast an increasing trend for polytechnics to take students living locally, to avoid building more residential accommodation.

Spokesman John Izbicki said: "If the Government really wants to double the number of students in higher education by 2015, as we do, it must take on more responsibility for funding this expansion."

"The Guardian”

Vocabulary to the Text.

Surge – резкий скачок

Face – сталкиваться

Cut – сокращение

Rise - подъем

Intake – прием студентов

Approve – одобрять

Despite – несмотря на

Increase – увеличение

In terms of – с точки зрения

Subsidies – финансирование

Institution – учреждение

Announce – объявлять

Full-time students – студенты дневного обучения

Appoint - назначать

Council – совет

Worth – стоящий

Fees – плата (за обучение)

Instead of – вместо

Demand – требование

Pressure – давление

Extra – дополнительный

Efficiency – эффективность

Saving – экономия

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Application – заявление

Despite – несмотря на

Concern – тревога, беспокойство Staffing – обеспеченность кадрами

Accommodation – жилище

Executive – администратор, руководитель Buoyant – жизнерадостный

Estimate – оценивать

In cash – наличными

Part-time student=sandwich student –

Студенты, совмещающие учебу с работой

Revision - пересмотр Economise – экономить

Indefinitely – до бесконечности

Bidding – добавка

Forecast – предсказывать Trend тенденция Avoid – избегать

Residential – жилой Double – удвоить Expansion - расширение

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Политехнические и другие вузы сталкиваются с большим сокращением финансирования, ибо прием студентов увеличился на 17%, а планируемое увеличение дотаций штата – только 7%. 2. План набора студентов дневной формы обучения в 88 учреждениях вне университетского сектора показывает увеличение на 33 тыс. человек. 3. Растущая потребность (demand for) в дополнительных местах оказывает давление на руководителей колледжей и университетов. 4. Возрастает прием студентов дневного обучения, которые будут оплачивать только обучение (pay tuition fee), не нуждаясь в проживании в общежитиии студгородка. 5. Согласно плана, увеличится и число студентовБ совмещающих учебу с работой. 6. Руководители вузов требуют пересмотра системы финансирования. 7. Они говорят, что не могут экономить до бесконечности. 8. Совет (Board) директоров политехнических вухов предсказывает тенденцию приема студентов, живущих по соседству (locally) во избежание строительства дополнительных общежитий. 9. По словам одного из спикеров, если

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правительство планирует удвоить прием студентов к 2015 году, оно должно взять на себя ответственность за финансирование этого расширения.

Comprehension Check.

Ex. Answer the following questions.

1.How big is the cut in funding for higher education institutions?

2.How much cash will the sector of higher education receive next year?

3.Will the number of part-time students also increase?

4.What have the colleges’ leaders been pressed for?

5.What is forecasted by the Committee of directors of polytechnics?

6.

Topics to Discuss.

1.Cut of state funding for high-education institutions.

2.“Fee only” students.

3.Part-time students.

Text II-D

U.S. Plans Fellowships for Graduate Students.

The prize was a fellowship for up to two years of graduate or professional study in (he United Slates. Last week in Moscow. more than 1 000 you at Russians turned out to pick up application forms on the first day they were available.

Next l60 successful applicants all of them citizens of Russia or other former republics or the Soviet Union, will be on U.S. campuses as members of the first class of Benjamin Franklin Fellows.

The details of the program. which has won $7-million in support from Congress for each of its first two years. were announced here by the United States Information Agency which is co-ordinating the project

The fellowships will be awarded fur graduate study in business administration , economics law and public administration. A candidate must be under 40 years or age a college (graduate. fluent in English, and a citizen of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia. Lithuania, Moldova, Russia. Tajikistan Turkmenistan. Ukraine, or Uzbekistan* All 15 countries will be represented in the program. the the fellowship will be distributed across the region and among the four fields of study.

The program was made possible by legislation sponsored by Sen. George Mitchel, Democrat of Maine, and other members of Congress and incorporated in the U.S. Will Award New Fellowships for Graduate Work

This represents an intelligent investment on the ran of the U.S. in building democratic institutions in the whole region said Dan Davidson, a professor of Russian at Bryn Mawr College and executive director of (he American Council of Teachers of Russian-American Council for Collaboration in Education and Language Study group is one of four U.S. .Academic Exchange organization elected to administer the program Thee others are the Institutions of International Education, the International Research and Exchanges Board. and the Soros’ Foundation

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"Franklin Fellows will bring back to their home countries the benefits of latest American training,” added Mr. Davidson "Many will assure leadership role upon their return home. Its future policy make is in local and national governments, education in the emerging private sector

Mr. Davidson said he expected there would be 20.00O applicants for the 160 fellowship and about 2.000 would be asked to submit to academic and English Language testing. Franklin Fellows will he selected on basis of test -scores. academic excellence. and personal interviews Mr. Davidson organization is the principal administrator lor of the program, and . with IRFX. is responsible for ail all on-site recruiting interviewing testing and orientation J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board will oversee the program.

Free and Open competition

Mr. Davidson said the existence of the program would "stimulate future contacts among individuals and institutions in all the affected disciplines and contribute greatly to mutual understanding fellowship,” he said “it may be the first truly open. merit-based academic process of selection in the territories of the former Soviet Union '

At a press conference in Moscow to announce the new program, U.S. Ambassador Robert Strauss stressed how the winners would be selected in '"a free and open competition . Local reports of his comments helped trigger a rush at Library of Foreign Literature when applicants became available March 2. More than 1,000 students picked up forms and information about program that day" In each of the four areas of study, fellowships will be awarded for two-year courses of study leading to a degree, and for one-year, non-degree prograrm. All fellow-ships will include an 8- to 12-week internship with an academic or business organization Recipients will come (to the United Stales on J visas that will be good only for the term of their fellowship.

Avoiding a Brain Drain

Adeline C O'Connel chief of the USIA academic-exchange division under which the new program will operate said the visa restriction would overcome any concerns that the program would con tribute to a brain drain from Russia and other former Soviet republics.

"The program is designed to support the economic arid democratic reform in those countries,' she said, and as with all our exchanges including the Fulbright program. participant are required to go back home where they can put to use what they've learned.

“The Franklin Fellowship,” she added, was the first major U.S. government education effort in the former Soviet Union." While some graduate students had come to the United States under the Fulbright program, the numbers were never very large only two did so in 1990. for example

Ms. O'Connel said the USIA hoped that American universities as well as other U. S. organizations and businesses would help support the program through tuition waivers and internships "We're hoping this will augment and enhance program she said But we are prepared the full 7-million authorized for this year and next. Pamela Snyder, administrator of the fellowship at the American Council of Teachers of Russian, said the program would hold benefits even for those not selected. Approximately 10 candidates will be tested and interviewed each

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fellowship,' she said. "and the process may provide even unsuccessful candidates useful experience which may contribute to their applications to other programs.

By Paul Desruisseaaux

Vocabulary

fellowship - оплаченная (фондом) стажировка; стипендия с целью прохождения стажировки;

graduate - выпускной, выпускник; to back - поддерживать;

to aid - помогать;

fellow - человек, парень, товарищ, собрат, член научного общества; prize - награда;

to turn out - оказываться; to pick up - забирать;

application form - блаянк заявления; available - доступный, возможный; fall - осень (амер.);

applicant - претендент; to announce - объявлять;

to award - вручать, награждать;

fluent English - свободно владеющий английским языком; to represent - представлять;

to distribute - распространять, распределять; legislation - здесь: закон;

to incorporate - включать;

authorization - разрешение, санкция, полномочие; purpose - цель;

to support - поддерживать; intelligent - здесь: интеллектуальный; executive - исполнительный; council - совет;

collaboration - сотрудничество; exchange - обмен;

to administer - распоряжаться; research - исследование; board - совет;

benefit - выгода, польза; training - обучение;

to assume - полагать;

to emerge - возникать, появляться;

to submit to - здесь: подвергнуться, пройти; test scores - результаты тестов (в очках);

academic excellence - академическая успеваемость (высокая);

IREX - амер. департамент по сбору налогов, в ее функцию входит также освобождение некоммерческих (non-for- profit) организаций от налогов; to be responsible for - отвечать за, быть ответственным за;

on-site - на местах; recruiting - набор;

to observe - наблюдать;

competition - состязание, конкуренция; existence - существование;

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individuals - отдельные, частные лица; affected - затрагиваемый, относящийся к; mutual - взаимный;

merit-based - основанный на заслугах; selection - отбор;

to announce - объявлять; ambassador - посол;

to stress - подчеркивать;

to trigger - здесь: обеспечить; rush - наплыв;

o involve - включать, вовлекать, задействовать; to run the program - вети, осуществлять программу; to obtain - получать, достигать, добиваться;

in person - лично;

to request - запросить;

to lead (to) - привести (к); degree - здесь: ученая степень; to include - включать; internship - стажировка; recipient - получатель;

term - срок, период; to avoid - избегать;

brain drain - утечка мозгов; division - подразделение, отдел; under which - согласно которому; to operate - действовать; restriction - ограничение;

to overcome - преодолевать;

concern - забота, тревога, беспокойство; to contribute - вкладывать;

designed - предназначенный (для); to support - поддерживать; exchange - обмен;

to require - требовать(ся); to add - добавлять; while - в то время как;

to augment - увеличивать(ся);

to enhance - увеличивать, повышать, усиливать; to authorize - здесь: выделять, предназначать; to provide - обеспечивать.

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. Translate the following words and phrases from the text and use them in the translation below.

to stimulate contacts among the individuals; in the affected disciplines; to stress; mutual understanding; U.S. Ambassador; to be selected in a free and open competition; winner; two-year courses leading to a degree; to award fellowships; requirement; participant; to use the received knowledge in practice; former; competition winners; application form; to be available; to have an internship; campus; as B.Franklin Fellows; next fall; applicant; to complete; for graduate study in economics; to back; to aid; to support; to distribute across the region; democratic development; policy makers; to take positions; in local and national governments; fluent English; academic excellence; to promote; personal interview.

1.Конгресс поддерживает программу по оказанию помощи 160 ученым из стран бывшего Советского Союза.

2.Более 1000 молодых россиян взяли бланки заявок в первый же день, когда это стало возможно (доступно).

3.На следующую осень 160 победителей конкурса будут проходить стажировку в американских кампусах.

4.Они будут находиться там в качестве членов ученого общества им. Бенджамина Франклина.

5.7 млн. долларов, поступивших от Конгресса, будут направлены на поддержку этой программы.

6. .Стипендии будут вручены для завершения высшего образования в области экономики.

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7.Стипендии в 4-х сферах исследования будут распределяться по всему региону.

8.Цель этой программы - содействовать развитию экономики и демократии в данных странах.

9.Многие из обучаемых вернутся домой и в качестве политиков займут ведущие позиции в местных правительствах и правительствах страны.

10. .Предполагается, что 20.000 человек будут претендовать за 160 стипендий.

11.Обязательные требования к претендентам: хорошая успеваемость, прохождение специальных тестов, свободное владение английским языком, личное интервью.

12.Согласно г-ну Дэвидсону, данная программа будет стимулировать будущие контакты среди учреждений и частных лиц в затрагиваемых областях знаний.

13.Это будет способствовать взаимопониманию между учеными многих стран.

14.Посол США подчеркнул, что победители будут отбираться путем свободного и открытого состязания.

15.В каждой из 4-х областей исследования будут вручены стипендии на двухгодичные курсы с получением ученой степени.

16.Одно из требований к участникам программы по обменуобязательное после стажировки возвращение домой, гдe они смогут применять полученные знания на практике.

Ex. Answer the following questions

1.What is a fellowship?

2.How many fellowships will be awarded to the applicants?

3.What countries will be represented in the competition?

4.What are the four spheres to be supported?

5.What are the requirements to the applicants?

6.Due to what/who the program was made possible?

7.What is the purpose of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act?

8.What organizations will administer the program?

9.What positions will the trainees take when returning back home after the internships?

10.What will the program stimulate/promote?

11.What did the I.S.Ambassador stress when announcing this program?

12.Where are student-counseling offices opened? What is their mission?

13.What kind of visas will be given to the fellowship recipients?

14.In the whole, what is the program designed for?

15.How much money is allocated for fulfilling the program?

16.What is the length of the program?

Topic to discuss.

•FELLOWSHIP - what does it mean?

•sources of financing;

•mission;

•4 spheres of study;

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•length of internships;

•selection of applicants; requirements to them;

•their positions in future; expected results of the internships.

Grammar Exercises

Modal Verbs Can, be able (to), may, be allowed (to)

Ex 1Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the verbs can and may

1.– Were is Ann?

-I’m not sure. She might be at home at this time.

2.– Who can explain how the fire started?

-Somebody might have left a burning cigarette.

3.She said I might come to see her just any time.

4.– Could this man be Zucy’s exhusband? He can’t have grown so old.

5.I’m not certain about my plans for the holiday but I may go to Germany to celebrate Christmas.

6.There might be an earthquake in this region. Nobody can tell it for sure.

7.– Can you give me a lift?

-You are welcome.

8.You can’t smoke in my office, I hate cigarettes.

9.Could you tell me the way to the airport, please?

10.Children can easily imagine different things.

11.– You could have come earlier and started typing my documents.

-Sorry, I’ve got into a traffic jam.

12.He might have been mistaken. He couldn’t have seen me there with those people.

13.She can’t have phoned him.

14.He could walk 20 kilometers a day in his youth.

Ex. 2 Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.

1.… ask you to do me a favour?

2.… you drive?

3.… you pass me the salt please?

4.Do you think I … borrow your umbrella for some time? It’s raining heavily.

5.A fool … ask more questions than a wise man … answer.

6.She was so happy, she … have forgiven everyone at this moment.

7.– Where is Eddy?

-He … be having business talks with his partners.

8.– What’s with telephone?

-I … not hear you at all.

9.She … not have understood you. Try to talk to her once more.

10.- … I smoke here?

-I’m afraid, you …

11.He … have constructed this device himself. He was enough knowledge and engineering for it.

12.You can’t burn the candle at both ends.

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Ex. 3 Translate into Russian using can, may, to be able (to) and to be allowed (to) wherever necessary.

1.Она передала, что не сможет завтра прийти на занятия. У нее высокая температура.

2.Не могли бы Вы зайти ко мне вечером?

3.– Мне можно выходить на улицу, доктор?

-Нет, нельзя, Вы сможете выйти только через 3-4 дня.

4.Вы могли бы быть повежливее, когда разговариваете с женщиной. 5. Вы мо гли бы пр едупр едить меня о том, что здесь купаться нельзя. 6. Ей разрешили не сдавать последний экзамен. 7. Не смотря на шторм, он сумел добраться до берега и без сил упал на песок. 8. Возможно, весной я поеду в Рим. 9. Неужели она не поверила ему? Не может быть, чтобы он сделал это. 10. Вряд ли после школы она будет поступать в институт. Возможно, она пойдет работать.

Ex.4 Define the meaning of the verb “must” in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.You mustn’t pay attention to his strange behaviour. It’s his usual reaction to strangers. 2. I wonder why she isn’t at school today. She must be ill. 3. Don’t disturb him. He must be very tired after this trip. 4. There must be the way out of this situation but still I don’t see any. 5. She must have been studying hard to achieve such good results. 6. We must know the reason for his being late. 7. You mustn’t break the traffic rules. 8. There is no light in the house, they must be sleeping. 9. I didn’t hear the phone ring, I must have been busy. 10. I am nervous, I don’t have any news from him. I must call him and know what has happened.

Ex.5 Translate the sentences into English

1.Должно быть, она сожалеет о случившемся, но она слишком упряма для того, чтобы признать это. 2. Вы должны начать подготовку к экзамену, и чем скорее, тем лучше. 3. Я не видела его очень давно. Наверное, он куданибудь уехал. 4. Она не снимает трубку, должно быть, она еще спит. 5.

Наверно, они долго жили во Франции. Они очень хорошо говорят пофранцузски. 6. Вы не должны меня бояться. Я хочу помочь вам. 7. Он, должно быть, на работе. 8. Он, должно быть, был на работе.

Ex.6 Complete the sentences justifying the form of the infinitive

1.She must be sleeping; ….. . 2. It must have been raining; …... . 3. The examination must have been difficult; ….. . 4. One must observe the rules of behaviour; ….. .5. you must be joking; ….. . 6. He must be busy; ….. . 7. The telephone must be ringing; ….. . 8. She must have overslept; ….. .

Ex.7 Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the verb to have (to).

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1. Pupils have to learn a lot of poems by heart. 2. Mother has to do shopping almost every day. 3. The girl had to take care of her old parents. 4. You’ll have to talk to him about it. 5. She doesn’t have to go to her office on foot any more. She’s got a driving license. 6. I didn’t have to wait for him long. He came in time. 7. He has to work for his living. 8. I’m afraid I’ll have to ask you for advice. 9. He has retired and now he doesn’t have to get up early. 10. You had to make this choice, didn’t you?

Ex.8 Translate into English using the verb to have (to) in its modal meaning.

1. Нам пришлось долго ждать врача. 2. Экзаменатору не пришлось повторять вопрос. Студент ответил сразу же. 3. Вам приходится вставать довольно рано, не так ли? 4. Ему придется переписать тест на следующей неделе. 5. Пошел дождь, нам пришлось раскрыть зонты. 6. Она была уверена в том, что ей не придется сожалеть о принятом решении. 7. Сейчас она известная актриса и ей не приходится думать о том, как свести концы с концами. 8. Почему мне пришлось снова выполнять эту работу за тебя? Ты должен был сделать ее сам и в назначенный срок.

Ex.9 Translate into Russian paying attention to the modal meaning of the verb to be (to) in the following pairs of the sentences.

1. The ambulance was to arrive in some minutes. 2. The ambulance was to have arrived in some minutes.

3. The guests were to come at 7.00. 4. The guests were to have come at 7.00.

5. The performance was to begin at 7.30. 6. The performance was to have begun at 7.30.

7. The students were to write their final tests at the end of the term. 8. The students were to have written their final tests at the end of the term.

9. The tourists were to meet near the underground station. 10. The tourists were to have meet near the underground station.

Ex.10 Translate into English

1.Студенты должны сдавать курсовые работы вовремя.

2.Я должен подготовить доклад для нашего семинара по лексикологии и теперь мне придется ходить в библиотеку каждый день.

3.– Где вы должны были встретиться?

- У входа в парк. Он, должно быть, забыл об этом.

4.Концерт известной актрисы должен был состояться вчера, но певица заболела и концерт отменили.

5.Судно должно прибыть в порт утром.

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6.Секретарь должен был принести документы шефу на подпись в понедельник в 10 часов утра.

8.Я должен был посетить 5 городов во время своей поездки, но заболел и побывал только в трех.

Ex.11 Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the modal verbs should and ought (to).

1.You should be more careful with your health. You shouldn’t have smoked. 2. She ought not to come to the party today. She is looking exhausted. 3. We couldn’t get into the theatre because all the tickets had been sold out. We should have the tickets in advance. 4. Children shouldn’t lie in the sun to long, they will have a head ache. 5. Having examined a sick child the doctor said that the mother ought to have called him in a long time ago.

6.– Where is Ann?

-She ought to be in her room.

-Tell her please that she should remember to take her medicine.

7. He shouldn’t have spoken to her in such a rude tone. He should have apologized to her, for it. 8. Don’t argue with him, he is much older that you are, and you ought to respect his age. 9. Something ought to be done, or else the situation would go out of control. 10. What should parents do to bring up their children well?

Ex.12 Translate into English using must or should (ought to)

1.Врач должен внушать больному чувство уверенности в скором выздоровлении. 2. Учитель должен одинакова обращаться со всеми учениками. 3. Не следует принимать больше лекарств, чем это необходимо.

4.Юность должна уважать старость.

5.– Это была не моя ошибка, а его

-Мне следовало бы догадаться об этом, а тебе следовало бы сказать об этом во время.

6.Человек, когда он пав, должен быть уверен в себе и своих действиях. 7. Должно быть, вы уже обсудили этот вопрос. Я вижу, что она все знает. 8. Не следует смеяться над ошибками других, особенно, когда они случайные и не причинили большого вреда.

Ex.13 Translate the sentences into English using the verb need as in the examples ( Need)

-Нет, не надо.

-No, you needn’t

1.- Мне следует побеспокоиться о билетах заранее?

-Нет, не надо.

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2.Вам не нужно было покупать этот словарь. 3. Им незачем было ездить в городскую библиотеку, эти учебники есть в институтском читальном зале.

4.Я могла поспорить с ним на эту тему.

-Не надо.

5.Не надо вам было продавать велосипед сына, он мог бы покататься на нем этим летом. 6. Ей следует приехать к вам и поблагодарить за помощь?

-Нет, не надо.

Ex 14 Translate into English parts of the sentence given in brackets using modal verbs

1. The rain was so sudden that we (пришлось) take a taxi. We (следовало бы взять) umbrellas with us. 2. Every pupil (должен был прочитать) all the books from the list of obligatory literary works. 3. We have enough food at home so we (не надо) go shopping today. 4. I am not sure that somebody (сможет)to tell this news of Peter’s death to his mother. 5. Everyone (следует) take care of his parents when they become old. 6. You (можешь) take a horse to water but you (не можешь) make him drink. 7. We were lucky. The ice was very thick and we (удалось) walk on it and reach the bank of the river. 8. Soon she (разрешат) leave the hospital. She has already recovered. 9. The teacher told the students that they (должны были бы быть) more attentive at the lessons. He (должно быть был) really very angry with them because he was saying it in a resolute tone which sounded more like an order. 10. She (могла бы избежать) the unnecessary questions, but she had concealed the true facts and the policemen (не могли) believe her words and more. 11. – (Можно) I use this telephone? - (Нет, нельзя). This telephone is for business talks only. You (можете) use the telephone of my secretary. 12. She (не может быть, чтобы она забыла) our meeting. It made a deep impression on both of us.

The Subjunctive Mood. The Conditional Sentences

Ex15 Give answers to the questions. Discuss the variants

2. .Where would you like to travel?

3.In which century would you like to live? Who?

4.What would you prefer to be – a movie star, a businesswoman, a house wipe?

5.What would you do if you were alone in a desert?

6.Would you like to walk on the Moon and other planets?

7.What would you do if you were to die in a week?

8.Would you like to be a famous person?

9.8.How would you spend your money if you were a multimillionaire?

10.What advice would you give to your child?

11.How would you like to live your life?

Ex16 Complete the following choosing a suitable word combination arom the right columm (a few variants are possible).

Example: - He would give you a different answer - Он дал бы вам другой ответ

6.A true friend …..

7.In his place I …..

8.No doubt, she …..

Ex17 Translate into Russian paying attention to the Conditional Sentences

a)

1.We’ll leave the house when the rain stops. 2. If we hurry, we shan’t miss the last train. 3. If it does not snow tomorrow, we’ll drive to our country house. 4. If you don’t make this mistake again, she’ll probably you. 5. I’ll write to you when I have all the necessary information. 6. When you see him he’ll be pleased, I’m sure.

b)

1)If you lied to me now, I would never believe you again. 2) If I were you, I wouldn’t invest my money into this project. 3) If you were in my place, you would do the same. 4) I would be happy if you could support my idea. 5) You wouldn’t have so much trouble, if you made the right choice. 6) If you agreed to accompany the children, I could stay at home.

c)

1.If you had followed my advice, it would never have happened. 2. If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we might have gone to our country house. 3. Henry could have helped me, if he had come on time. 4. If I hadn’t missed the train, I wouldn’t have been late for my job interview. 5. If you hadn’t called Ann, the situation would be O.K. now. 6. If he had sent the letter yesterday, you would receive it tomorrow.

Ex18 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood.

1. I (to go out), if I (not to be) so tired. 2. If the football team ( to play) better yesterday, they (may win). 3. As soon as he (to come) home, he (to phone) you. 4. If I (to be) you, I (not to believe) this man. 5. She (not to make) a mistake, if she (to know) the rule. 6. When he (to invite) me for a dance, I (cannot refuse) him. 7. Now it’s too late to do something. If I (to know) the situation yesterday, I (can find) the way out of it. 8. You (to be surprised) when you (to see) us at the fancydress ball. 9. If I (to be) in your place, I (to study) computer programming. 10. If he (to know) your address, he (to write) to you. 11. If he (to know) your address before, he (to write) to you. 12. If the students (to study) hard, they (can speak) English better. 13. But for his scar I (to recognize) him at once. 14. If the doctor (not to come), the ill man (can become) worse.

Ex19 Open the brackets using the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood

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1.But for the rain we (to start) our journey earlier. 2. But for my friend’s help I (not to prepare for) the exams. 3. Nobody (to know) whole the truth about this case but for the thief’s mistake. 4. But for his long absence she (not to understand) that she loved him. 5. She (to have) a lot of friends but for her character. 6. But for the taxi he (to miss) his train. 7. But for the lack of money they (to be) happy. 8. But for this delay we (to do) the work in time. 9. He (not to fulfil) his dream but for his persistence.10. She (to feel) better in this country but for is climate.

Ex20 Translate into English following the models:

a)Model: - Жаль, что идет дождь.

-I wish it didn’t rain.

-Жаль, что Вы не поверили мне (Я бы хотел, чтобы Вы поверили

мне).

-I wish you had believed me.

1.Жаль, что она бросила заниматься музыкой. 2. как бы я хотел, чтобы она поняла меня! 3. Погода была прекрасная и я пожалел, что остался дома. 4. Жаль, что я это сделала. 5 .Он жалел, что не свободен и не может присоединиться к нам. 6. Как бы я хотел быть на твоем месте! 7. Жаль, что я не богат и не могу помочь Вам. 8. Жаль, что идет сильный снег.

b) Model: - Она настаивала на том, чтобы дети смогли спать.

-She insisted that children should go to bet.

1.Ему очень хотелось (to be anxious), чтобы я остался обедать. 2. Она

предложила мне (to suggest), чтобы мы вместе по шли в театр . 3. Агент предложил (to propose) нам, чтобы мы пр ишли в его офис утр ом. 4 . Он приказал (to order) своим служащим, чтобы все приготовления были закончены к 4 часам. 5. Мы пожелали (to desire), чтобы заказ был принесен к нам домой. 6. Родители настаивали (to insist) на том, чтобы их дочь занималась музыкой.

Ex21 Open the brackets paying attention to the Present Indefinite after the conjunctions.

1. I’ll stay with the sick child until the doctor (to arrive). 2. As soon as I (to see) him, I’ll ask him to get in touch with you. 3. I shan’t forget his words as long as I (to live). 4. You won’t know English unless you (to work) hard. 5. As soon as the rain (you stop), the tourists (can leave) their shelter. 6. I won’t be able to do this work unless somebody helps me. 7. In case I (not to find) her at home, I’ll her a note. 8. I’ll accept this invitation provided you (to accompany) me. 9. She will try to settle the matter before her family (to know) the truth. 10. I’ll watch the children while you (to step).

Ex 22 Translate into English using the Subjunctive Mood.

1.Если бы он нам не помог, мы бы не сделал эту работу вовремя. 2. Зряя съел так много за обедом. 3. Если бы у нее было с собой достаточно денег, она бы купила подар ок сыну сегодня, 4 .Боюсь, я забуду твой но мер телефона, если не запишу его. 5. Если бы не твоя забота обо мне, мне было

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бы очень трудно. 6. Жаль, что она такая рассеянная! 7. Я сидел в самом конце зала и ничего не слышал. Если бы я сел поближе, я бы услышал докладчика. 8. Если бы я был на Вашем месте, я бы больше времени проводил на открытом воздухе. 9. Если меня не задержит начальник, я вернусь домой вовремя. 10. В случае, если пойдет дождь, я останусь дома.

11.Я не смог бы поговорить с ним об этом, даже если бы я видел его вчера.

12.Жаль, что я еще не могу читать английские книги в оригинале.13.

Необходимо, чтобы Вы пришли вовремя. 14. Когда он узнает правду, его отношение ко мне изменится. 15. Я бы не работала в этойфирме, если бы

Если бы он мог предупредить их об опасности, этой трагедии не случилось бы.

The Comparison of Adjective and Adverbs

Ex 23 Use the correct form of the Adjective or the Adverb in brackets.

1. The story of her life is the … story I have ever read (interesting). 2. I have no one … then you (near). 3. He was sitting in the … corner of the park when I saw him (far). 4. What is the … news? (late) 5. She is as … as I am (old). 6. My father is a little … than my mother (young). 7. She has always been my … friend (good). 8. His health is getting … and … and the doctor can’t yelp him (bad). 9. He is not so … as he seems to be (clever). 10. The … I knew her, the … I admired her (much). 11. It’s the … wooden church I’ve ever seen! (beautiful).12. Use my dictionary please, it is … than yours (good). 13. I like this book … of all (well). 14. He knows English much … than I do (well). 15. The … haste, the … speed (much, little).

Ex24 Translate into English

1. Он живет от института дальше, чем я. 2. Моя сестра более хорошенькая, чем твоя. 3. Она знает английский язык лучше, чем ты. 4. Эта задача труднее, чем та. 5. Он выглядит сегодня хуже, чем вчера.

a)1. Эта актриса – самая красивая. 2. Оценки этого студента в группе самые плохие. 3. Это – самая лучшая новость за последнее время. 4. Анна – самая высокая девушка в классе. 5. Это – самое малое, что я мог сделать для Вас.

b)1 . Джейн так же умна, как и ее бр ат. 2 . Он не так кр асив, как мне казалось. 3.Сегодня так же холодно,как вчера. 4.Она поняла, что получит деньги не так быстро, как ей хотелось. 5. Ты придешь так же поздно, как всегда.

c)1. Чем скорее ты это сделаешь, тем лучше. 2. Чем больше она говорит, тем больше я устаю от ее слов. 3. Чем больше я прошу, тем меньше я получаю. 4. Чем задание труднее, тем оно интереснее.

d)1. Ее проблемы оказались намного труднее, чем мы думали вначале (much more…). 2. Не могли бы Вы говорить немного помедленнее? ( a bit …). 3. Работа потребовала намного больше времени, чем мы

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планировали (much more …). 4. Его болезнь была намного более серьезной, чем он думал (far more …).

. SPEECH EXERCISES

Ex. I Read the text paying attention to the underlined words

Are you a couch potato?

Centuries ago people didn’t have much free time, because everybody was working too hard. In Britain in the 19th century people had more spare time, but as they hated relaxing and doing nothing, they invented football, cricket and rugby. People took up more gentle activities too, like gardening, bird-watching and it was even possible simply to watch a sport. Gradually, leisure activities became less demanding, and most people have a variety of more or less energetic interests and hobbies. But now there is a new type of person who thinks that lying on the sofa watching TV on Sunday afternoon or reading the newspaper from cover to cover is the most exciting activity they can manage. For them every activity is too much trouble, and laziness is an art form! So how do you spend your free time? Are you a couch potato?

Ask questions to the underlined expressions.

1. Study the models and speak about your favourite leasure activities:

Decide how energetic the activities given in the table are. Give them a score from 1 (=lazy) to 10 (=energetic). Express your opinion of them and ask for your fellow-student’s opinion using the following words and expressions:

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2. Speak about your likes / dislikes and hobbies using the following words:

play volleyball, golf, basketball, etc. - BUT - go skiing, sailing, fishing, etc.

Ex.II

1. Work in pairs:-give your opinion on the above-mentioned activities and ask for your partner’s opinion. Agree or disagree with his opinion.

Eg..- I think opera is incredibly boring, but I love rap. What do you think? I don't agree with you. I find opera very exciting.

2. Study the examples and try to translate verbs and their participles:

Politics does not interest me at all.

No one is interested in lyrics today, music is more important. The film was extremely interesting and exciting.

Complete the sentences with adjectives ending in -ed or-ing formed from the verbs in brackets:

1.Classical music is ___. (bore)

2.He gets very ___ when he listens to heavy metal. (excite)

3.I found the film very ___. (disappoint)

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4. I’m ___ with him. (bore)

5. I find fast driving rather ___. (frighten)

6. He was ___ to hear your news. (delight)

6. What a ___ film! (depress) Practice in your interpreting skill:

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Ex. Interpret the following texts

Text 1

Программа “Host Family”

(“Пребывание в семье”)

Согласно этой программе, иностранный студент закрепляется за одной из американских семей. Многие студенты полагают, что в рамках программы “Host Family” предоставляется жилье, однако обычно это не так. На самом деле эта программа предусматривает посещения студентом одного из американских домов, где ему предоставляется питание, особенно по торжественным дням и праздникам, таким как День благодарения или Рождество. В случае установления более тесных отношений, студент посещает эту семью гораздо чаще. Как правило, программа “Host Family” дает приезжим возможность подружиться с одной из американских семей, побольше узнать о семейной жизни и культуре в США, а также поделиться культурой своего народа и своей страны с этой семьей.

Виды американских учебных заведений

Учебные заведения США: профессионально-техническое училище или техникум, колледж с неполным (двухгодичным) курсом обучения или местный колледж, колледж с четырехгодичным курсом обучения, университет или технологический институт.

Колледж является первоосновой всех академических высших учебных заведений в США. В его учебной программе ведущая роль принадлежит