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UNIT VII

Экология человека в естественной и кибер-интеллектуальной среде Грамматика: члены предложения и способы их выражения

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Introductory text

THE PRICE OF PROGRESS

I was listening sleepily to my digital clock radio, the other morning, when I half-heard one of those items that starts your day. It was about a new invention. A genius has decided that we wait too long at supermarket check-outs, and so he has developed a considerate computer. It all involves weighing, and tearing off special little tags from each item you buy, and feeding them into a machine and weighing again.

Now I can recall a time when there were a few long queues in supermarkets, because the companies employed two people at each check-out: one to ring up and the other to

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help you speedily pack. Remember? It was also when every garage was staffed by

friendly men who filled the car up, checked the oil and even did the tyres, before an infernal till was reading off the digits and charging you accordingly. It meant jobs for

them, and the opportunity to talk for you ... .

Maybe you believe in that sort of progress. But I would like to smash the dreadful machines. I simply cannot understand why otherwise intelligent humans have gone computer-mad. It starts early: teachers despair of time-telling when all the kids sport terrible digital watches that peep, play tunes, start and stop, even show firework displays, but instil no sense of the hands moving majestically round a clock face. No more 'Happy Families'; computer toys bark at them in Americanese and cost a fortune in batteries. Instead of learning mental-arithmetic they grow up thinking that calculators are their right. As adults, they chat about Space Invaders, and learn a dead vocabulary that owes nothing to Shakespeare or Milton. Boring, mindless, boring. As for thinking, our computers will do it for us.

Computers breed laziness and discontent. A couple came to my house and gazed in disbelief at the battered old Olympia* on which I'm typing this. “Gosh, we'd have thought you would have a word processor by now.” I go to a library and see my beloved dusty manuscripts and old newspaper cuttings replaced by gleaming terminals, so you cannot actually handle the stuff. Then I hear from a friend that he is going to spend money on a cosy “home computer”, so that all the little details of his life can be stored in its cold brain. As for organising, our computers will do it for us. All the science fiction fantasies of computers taking over the world, or being used to make a plan of some devil overthrow of government are not far from the truth I see all around me. Myths are rooted in a need to explain to ourselves the workings of the universe, and of human nature. That modern myth foretells the hidden corruption of man by his own little invention

The computer generation (God help them) assumes that it is better to calculate, buy petrol, tell the time, work out your holiday plans, pay your bills, and even shop, with the aid of a computer. After all, our civilisation is founded, now, on the certainty that we can kill by remote control, and a computer error could unleash Armageddon. The age of the computer is the age of de-humanisation. Significantly in my old Oxford dictionary the word does not exist except as a subheading - a person who computes or calculates. Now the person has gone. As for feeling, our computers won't do that for us.

Note:

• Olympia - название/тип печатной машинки

Vocabulary digital - цифровой

item - здесь: тема, вопрос invention - изобретение genius - гений

check-out - здесь: очередь в кассу develop - разрабатывать considerate - внимательный involve - включать

weight - взвешивать tear* off - отрывать tag - ярлык

item - здесь: предмет, покупка feed* - здесь: загружать recall - вспоминать

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queue - очередь

employ - здесь: задействовать fill the car up - заправить а/м ring up - прибивать чеки tyre - шина

infernal - адский, дьявольский till - здесь: касса

read* off the digits - считывать цифры charge - взимать плату

smash - здесь: разбить вдребезги dreadful - ужасный

otherwise - здесь: в других отношениях intelligent - умный

computer-mad - помешанный на компьютере despair - отчаиваться, терять надежду

sport - развлекаться, проводить время, играть peep - пищать

firework - фейерверк instil - внушать

majestically - величественно clock face - циферблат

bark - лаять

fortune - здесь: состояние grow* up - вырасти

adult - взрослый

chat - болтать, разговаривать invador - завоеватель

owe (to) - быть должным boring - скучный, нудный

breed* - здесь: воспитывать, прививать laziness - лень

discontent - недовольство gaze (at) - уставиться (на) dusty - пыльный manuscript - рукопись

(newspaper) cutting - вырезка replace - заменить

gleaming - светящийся, мерцающий handle (with) - иметь дело, обращаться cosy - удобный

store - хранить

science fiction - научная фантастика take* over - здесь: распространяться overthrow - ниспровержение

root - корениться universe - вселенная foretell* - предсказывать hidden - скрытый generation - поколение assume - полагать

aid - помощь found - основывать

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remote control - дистанц. управление error - ошибка

unleash - развязать Armageddon - битва=конец мира significantly - важно, значимо subheading - подзаголовок compute = calculate - считать

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.В полусне я слушал радио и там была новость о новом изобретении.

2.Некий гений решил, что мы слишком долго стоим в очередях в кассу.

3.Он разработал компьютер, который взвешивал покупки, срывал с них ярлыки

ивзимал оплату за каждую из них.

4.Сейчас я вспоминаю времена, когда в супермаркетах были длинные очереди

вкассу, потому что в них было по два сотрудника на каждую очередь.

5.Один из них пробивал чеки, а другой помогал вам быстро упаковать покупки.

6.Это означало работу для них и возможность поговорить - для вас.

7.Возможно, вы верите в такого рода прогресс.

8.Я бы вдребезги разбил эти ужасные машины.

9.Я просто не понимаю, как умные в других отношениях люди помешались на компьютерах.

10.Все это начинается очень рано: с детства дети играют с компьютерными игрушками.

11.Взрослея, они играют в космических завоевателей и заучивают

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"мертвый язык", не имеющий ничего общего с Шекспиром.

12.В плане мышления, компьютеры ничего нам не дают.

13.Они воспитывают леность и недовольство.

14.Компьютерное поколение полагает, что с помощью компьютераможно

вести подсчеты, покупать бензин, узнавать время, составлять планы на отпуск, оплачивать счета и даже делать покупки.

15.Никто не думает, что компьютерная ошибка может развязать Армагеддон.

16.Век компьютеров - это век дегуманизации, век утраты чувств.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.How effective does the writer seem to think the new invention will be, and why?

2.Why does the writer think that the new vocabulary learnt by adults is "dead"?

3.In what way do computers "breed laziness and discontent"?

4.Why does the writer dislike computers?

5.What does the computer generation assume?

Topics to discuss.

1.A new invention.

2.Long queues in the supermarkets long ago.

3.Computer generation.

Text 1-A

TO DEPEND ON COMPUTERS - IS IT BAD OR NOT?

Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last 30 or so years, that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early 1980s. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our lives. We are now so dependent on computers, that it is hard to go into a bank, when their main computer is broken. Just try to appreciate the chaos, that would occur if computers were suddenly removed worldwide.

In the future computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The prospects for this are quite alarming. They will be so complex, that no individual could hope to understand how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits, but they will also increase the potential for imaginable chaos. They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to co-ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport. Providing all the computers are working correctly, nothing can go wrong. If one small program fails - disaster.

There is a certain inevitability, that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all too easy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. So, it's very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent on a completely technological world.

Vocabulary.

depend (on) - зависеть (от) relаtively - сравнительно invention - изобретение

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influence - влияние affect - воздействовать introduce - вводить

tremendous - потрясающий impact - воздействие appreciate - оценивать occur - случаться

remove - убрать, устранить create - создать

sophisticated - здесь: сложный prospect - перспектива alarming - тревожный complex - сложный

benefit - выгода, польза increase - увеличивать in the vicinity - вблизи

providing - при условии; если disaster - бедствие, катастрофа certain - некий

inevitability - неизбежность ensure - гарантировать

suspicious - подозрительный; здесь: осторожный make* sure - убедиться

totally - абсолютно completely - совершенно

Word Study

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Ex. 1. Match the pairs of synonyms among the following words:

A.completely; in the vicinity; if; complex; person; be introduced; ensure; impact; individual; happen;

B.sophisticated; totally; appear; guarantee; person; relatively; nearby; occur;

providing; influence.

Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex.3. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Компьютер - это сравнительно новое изобретение.

2.Они появились около 50 лет назад.

3.Персональные компьютеры появились недавно, в начале 1980-хгг.

4.За это короткое время они оказали огромное воздействие на нашу жизнь.

5.Мы стали настолько зависимы от компьютеров, что вряд ли (hardly) можем представить нашу жизнь без них.

6.Далее будут создаваться еще более сложные компьютеры.

7.Перспективы для этого тревожные, поскольку выгоды всегда сопровождаются

(be followed with) проблемами.

8.Компьютеры нового поколения, например, смогут координировать полеты самолетов вблизи аэропортов.

9.Допустим, что все компьютеры работают верно, тогда ничего (плохого) не случается.

10.Но если произойдет неполадка (failure) с программой - это может вызвать (cause) катастрофу.

11.Есть некая неизбежность, что техника будет развиваться и становиться все в большей степени сложной.

12.Мы должны быть осторожны (подозрительны) к тому факту, что мы контролируем технику, а не она - нас, ибо к тому времени (by then) будет слишком поздно изменить что-либо.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions.

1.When did the first computers emerge?

2.When were the personal computers introduced?

3.Are people dependent on computers now?

4.What can happen if the main computer in the bank gets broken?

5.Will there be only benefits from computers?

6.What functions will they perform?

7.What can happen if some program fails in a sophisticated computer?

8.Why is it very important to be suspicious of the computers?

Topics to discuss.

1.Things which can be done with a help of computers.

2.Problems caused by computers.

Text I-B

ARTIFICIAL STUPIDITY

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Creating machines that think like people is a great challenge, but a bad idea. In 1950 Alan Turing, a British mathematician of genius, challenged scientists to create a machine that could trick people into thinking it was one of them. By 2000, Turing predicted, computers would be able to trick most of the people most of the time - at least in conversations where neither party could see or hear the other, but instead "talk" by typing at computer terminals. Thanks to 40 years of research into artificial intelligence - a field which has adopted Turing's test as its semi-official goal - Turing's prediction may well come true. But it will be a dreadful anticlimax.

The most obvious problem with Turing's challenge is that there is no practical reason to create machine intelligences indistinguishable from human ones. People are in plentiful supply. Should a shortage arise, there are proven and popular methods for making more of them; these require no public subsidy and little or no technology. The point of using machines ought to be that they perform differently from people, and preferably better. If that potential is to be exploited, machines will need to be given new forms of intelligence all their own.

Gradually, this is happening. Many human capabilities remain well beyond the reach of machines. No computer can understand a fairy tale, recognise faces or navigate across a crowded room. But machines have learnt a lot. Computer chess-players can beat all but the very best humans. Machines can solve logical puzzles, apply bureaucratic rules and perform passable translations from one language to another. Computers' new skills are winning them jobs alongside decision-makers in a variety of companies, complementing human weaknesses with computer strengths.

To err is human

With skill and skullduggery, computer intelligence can already be disguised as human. Last year, in a "Turing contest" held at Boston's Computer Museum, a computer program tricked five of the ten judges into believing that it was man rather than machine. But to fit into a human mould, machines have to display human limitations as well as human skills. The judges at the Computer Museum, for example, were particularly impressed by the winning programs’ ability to imitate human typing errors. But who needs a computer that can't type?

Without such artificial stupidity, clever machines are not just people with the bugs worked out. They are different, and profoundly alien. Leave aside the things on which people and machines cannot yet be compared – bodies, sex, a social life or a childhood - and consider only reasoning. Machines can already imitate human performance on many problems, but by using utterly inhuman techniques. Computer chess-players have no concept of strategy; instead, at each turn they scan through several billion possible sequences of moves to pick the one which seems best. Computer logicians make their deductions in ways that no human would - or could. Computer bureaucrats apply the rules more tirelessly and consistently than any of their overworked human brethren. Watching such machines at work, nobody could mistake them for humans - or deny their intelligence.

No wonder. People and machines bring quite different capabilities to the task of reasoning. Human reasoning if limited by the brains that nature evolved; machines are better engineered. Plug in enough memory and a computer can remember everything that ever happened to it, or to anyone else. Given a logical problem to work out or a theoretical model of how a complicated machine works, computers can deduce more consequences more much faster than humans.

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The real challenge, then, is not to recreate people but to recognise the uniqueness of machine intelligence, and learn to work with it. Surrendering the human monopoly on intelligence will be confusing and painful. But there will be large consolations. Working together, man and machine should be able to do things that neither can do separately. And as they share intelligence, humans may come to a deeper understanding of themselves. Perhaps nothing other than human intelligence - constantly struggling to recreate itself despite crumbling memories and helter-skelter reasoning - could even conceive of something as illogical and wonderful as machines that think, let alone build them and learn to live with them.

Vocabulary

artificial - искусственный stupidity - глупость

create - создавать, творить challenge - вызов

challenge - вызвать (на соревнование) trick - обманывать, надувать

predict - предсказывать neither - ни один instead - вместо research - исследование intelligence - разум adopt - принимать come true - сбываться dreadful - ужасный

climax - кульминация, развязка obvious - очевидный

reason - причина indistinguishable - неразличимый human - человек

plentiful supply - множество shortage - нехватка, дефицит arise - здесь: возникать

proven - испытанный, доказанный require - требовать

subsidy - субсидия, дотация point -здесь: идея

perform - действовать preferably - предпочтительно

exploit - эксплуатировать, использовать gradually - постепенно

happen - происходить capability - способность remain - оставаться

beyond reach - вне достижимости fairy tale - сказка

recognise - распознавать, узнавать navigate - передвигаться crowded - заполненный людьми solve - решать

puzzle -загадка, головоломка apply - применять

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passable - сносный skill - умение

alongside - наряду (с), рядом variety - здесь: ряд complement - дополнять

weakness - слабая сторона, минус strength - сильная торона, плюс err - ошибаться

skulduggery - надувательство disguise - маскироваться contest - состязание

judge - судья rather than - а не

fit into a human mould - уподобиться человеку display - проявлять

limitation - ограничение particularly - особенно

impress - впечатлять, поражать error - ошибаться

type - печатать

bug - разг.: неполадка, дефект leave aside - оставить без внимания compare - сравнивать

body - тело

sex - пол (мужской/женский)

consider - принимать во внимание, рассматривать reasoning - рассуждение, аргументация

utterly - совершенно concept - концепция, идея scan - (бегло) просматривать

sequence - последовательность pick - выбрать

deduction - вывод, заключение tireslessly - неутомимо, неустанно consistently - последовательно, упорно overworked - переутомленный brethren - мн.ч. братья, собратья deny - отрицать

no wonder - неудивительно brains - разум, мозг

evolve - развивать(ся), эволюционировать plug in - подключать

recreate - освободить, дать отдых surrender - уступать

confuse - приводить в замешательство painful - болезненный

neither - ни один consolation - утешение share - делиться

crumble - рушиться, блекнуть helter-skelter - беспорядок, суматоха

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Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Алан Туринг и другие ученые решили создать компьютер, который мог бы обманывать людей, заставляя их думать, что он (ПК) - один из них.

2.Благодаря 40 годам исследования искусственного разума их полуофициальная цель стала возможной.

3.На самом деле, нет практической причины создавать машины, неотличимые от человека.

4.В случае возникновения дефицита, есть опробированные методы, которые не требуют государственных дотаций.

5.Ни один компьютер не может понимать сказки, узнавать лица или передвигаться по комнате, полной людей.

6.Компьютеры-шахматисты могут побить любого человека-шахматиста.

7.Умение ошибаться - это чисто человеческая черта (feature).

8.Посредством надувательства, компьютерный разум может быть замаскирован

под человеческий.

9.На прошлом "Состязании Туринга" компьютерная программа обманула пять из десяти судей, заставив их думать, что они "общались" с человеком, а не с машиной.

10.Чтобы "уподобиться" человеку (to fit into human's mould), машины должны проявлять человеческие ограничения, равно как и человнческие умения.

11.Судьи, например, были поражены программой, которая могла имитировать печатные ошибки.

12.Но кому нужен компьютер, который не умеет печатать?

13.Компьютер применяет правила более неустанно и последовательно, чем любой из его переутомленных собратьев.

14.Даже разбиение слов на классы человек и машина делают по-разному.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.What task did Alan Turing offer to other scientists in 1950?

2.What was his prediction?

3.What was the most obvious problem with Turing's challenge?

4.What can computers do?

5.Did the computer's program in a "Turing's Contest" manage to trick the judges?

6.What were they particularly impressed by?

7.Which things can't people and machines be compared on?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Computer and human chess-players.

2.Task of reasoning for people and machines.

3.

Text 1C

We Are in the Middle of a

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Cyberwar

It’s being called "Moonlight Maze," an appropriately cryptic name for one of the most potentially damaging breaches of American computer security ever— serious enough for the Department of Defense to order all of its civilian and military employees to change their computer passwords by last month, the first time this precaution has ever been taken en masse. The suspects: crack cyberspooks from the Russian Academy of Sciences, a government-supported organization that interacts with Russia's top military labs. The targets : computer systems at the Departments of Defense and Energy, military contractors and leading civilian universities. The haul: vast quantities of data that, intelligence sources familiar with the case tell NEWSWEEK, could include classified naval codes and information on missile-guidance systems. This was. Pentagon officials say flatly, "a state-sponsored Russian intelligence effort to get U. S. technology"—as far as is known, the first such attempt ever by Russia. Washington has not yet protested to Moscow. But Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre, who has briefed congressional committees on

the investigation, has told colleagues: "We're in the middle of a cyberwar."

In a cyberwar, the offensive force picks the battlefield, and the other side may not even realize when it's under attack. Defense Department officials believe the intrusions, which

they describe as "sophisticated, patient and persistent," began at a low level of access in

January. Security sleuths spotted them almost immediately and "back-hacked" the source to computers in Russia. Soon, though, the attackers developed new tools that allowed

them to enter undetected (although they sometimes left electronic traces that could be reconstructed later). Intelligence sources say the perpetrators even gained "root level" access to some systems, a depth usually restricted to a few administrators.

After that, "we're not certain where they went," says GOP Rep. Curt Weldon, who has

held classified hearings on Moonlight Maze.

As a federal interagency task force begins its damage assessment, a key question is whether the Russians managed to jump from the unclassified (although non-public) systems where they made their initial penetration into the classified Defense Department

network that contains the most sensitive data. Administration officials insist the "firewalls" between the networks would have prevented any such intrusion, but other

sources aren't so sure. Besides, one intelligence official admitted, classified data often

lurk in unclassified databases. With enough time and computer power, the Russians could sift through their mountains of pilfered information and deduce those secrets they didn't

directly steal. That's one more thing to worry about, although security officials admit that

they have a more pressing concern. The intruders haven't been spotted on the network since May 14. Have they given up their efforts—or burrowed so deeply into the network

that they can no longer even be traced? Vocabulary:

cause - вызывать, быть причиной damage - вред, урон

breach - прорыв, пролом, нарушение

ever - когда-либо

moonlight - лунный свет; разг.: халтура maze - лабиринт

appropriately - соответственно cryptic - загадочный

defense - оборона order - приказывать

civilian - гражданский emploуee - служащий, сотрудник

password - пароль

precaution - предостережение en masse - фр.: все вместе

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suspect - подозреваемый

cyberspook - шутл.: киберпривидение government-supported - финансируемый гос-вом

interact - взаимодействовать target - цель

contractor - подрядчик haul - улов, добыча

vast quantities - огромные кол-ва

intelligence - здесь: разведслужба include - включать

classified - раздел, рубрика (в газете)

naval - (военно)-морской missile - ракета, снаряд

guidance - здесь: наведение

flatly - здесь: категорически, решительно

attempt - попытка deputy - заместитель

brief - краткий

investigation - расследование

offensive - здесь: наступательный; вражеский pick - подбирать; взламывать; буравить, ковырять

realize - осознавать, понимать intrusion - вторжение

describe - описывать

sophisticated - опытный; подделанный, фальсифицированный

patient - терпеливый persistent - настойчивый

sleuth - собака-ищейка; разг.: сыщик; выслеживать

back-hack - здесь: приписывать tool - орудие, прибор

undetected - необнаруженный trace - след

perpetrator - нарушитель, преступник gain - достигать

root level - здесь: уровень руководства

restrict - ограничивать hearing - слушание

damage - урон

assessment - оценка, оценивание initial - начальный, исходный

contain - содержать sensitive - чувствительный

prevent - предотвращать intrusion - вторжение

admit - допускать, соглашаться

lurk - здесь: таиться, оставаться незамеченным sift - внимательно изучать, просеивать

deduce - делать заключение, выводы

steal* - красть

pressing concern - неотложное беспокойство give* up - бросать

burrow - "закопаться"

Comprehension check.

Ex. Answer the following questions.

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1.What is meant by "Moonlight Maze"?

2.Why were all the Department of Defense employees ordered to change their computer passwords?

3.Do such things happen in this Department often?

4.Who are the suspects?

5.What are their targets?

6.What is the haul of this operation?

7.What do Pentagon officials say about it?

8.In a cyberwar, does the other side realize when it is under attack?

9.What do the new tolls allow to attackers?

10.What is the key question concerning this activity?

Word Study.

Ex. I. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

Ex. III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1."Лунный лабиринт" - подходящее загадочное название для одного из крупнейших потенциальных нарушений американской компьютерной системы безопасности.

2.Это событие заставило Департамент (министерство) Обороны приказать всем своим служащим - и гражданиским, и военным - изменить пароли.

3.Впервые такая мера предосторожности была предпринята всеми вместе.

4.Подозреваемые: киберворы из Российской Академии Наук - финансируемой

государством организации, которая взаимодействует с крупнейшими в России военными лабораториями.

5.Цели: системы Департамента Обороны и Энергетики, военные подрядчики и ведущие граждансткие университеты.

6.Добыча: обширные массы данных, включающие военно-морские коды и системы наведения ракетных установок.

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7.Это была попытка российской разведслужбы достать американские технологии.

8.В кибервойне вражеская сторона может даже не осознавать, что она

подвергается нападению.

9.Нападающие разработали новые приборы (tools), которые позволяют им проникать (входить) незамеченными.

10.Источники разведслужбы говорят, что нарушители нашли доступ даже к

документам "начального уровня", пользование которыми ограничено только кругом лиц высшего уровня.

Topics to discuss.

1.Change of computer passwords at the U.S.Department of Justice.

2.Sophisticated intrusion at the level of access

Text I-D

A UNIVERSITY TOWN.

DAVIS, near Sacramento, in California, has a population of forty thousand. It also has forty thousand bicycles and just nine thousand cars. Cyclists have right of way everywhere in the town, seventy kilometres of bike lanes all to themselves, and their own unit of specially trained cycle police. The American obsession with the motor car would seem to have been tamed, at least in this one small corner of the USA.

The fact that one hundred and fifty bicycles take up the same space as twenty cars means that they have been busily turning car-parks into green oases rather than the other way around.

As a university town, Davis has always had more than its fair share of bicycles - and of ecological awareness too. It is home to the University of California's Faculty of Agriculture, and back in the early seventies, a group of students and local people got together to develop a comprehensive environmental and social plan of action to keep Davis from the terminal urban sprawl that afflicts so many other American cities.

Three of the students got themselves elected to the city council and initiated a flow of legislation that has affected every aspect of local life since then. One of those students, Bill Carter, is the current mayor of the town.

Planning by-laws in Davis is based on the idea that a 'green city' is not a contradiction in terms. Houses are restricted to two storeys and business premises to four.

Energy saving is at the top of this local agenda, and by the year 2000, the people of Davis expect the Californian sun to be providing half of all their energy needs. In pursuit of this objective, the town council has introduced many regulations which are designed to keep energy use to the absolute minimum.

It is we 'townies' who are the ones with the most to gain by putting the notion of 'the environment' firmly at the centre of our lives - in terms of the air we breathe, the water we drink, the quality of our food and the conviviality of our communities.

This is a very unusual custom by American standards! The majority of people have taken to sorting out their household waste into different piles, separating paper, metal and plastic, for example, so that specially designed dust carts can take it away for recycling.

Strict building standards are enforced and thousands of trees have been planted to discourage people from installing air-conditioning. The trees provide shade exactly where it is most needed. People in Davis even hang out their washing to dry instead of throwing it in the tumble dryer.

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The size of building plots has been drastically reduced, so housing densities are high and there is enough room left over to make cheap allotments available to all flat owners without a garden.

At forty square metres, one of these allotments can provide seventy per cent of all fruit and veg for a two-person household if properly managed. Organically managed, that is - for Davis is pretty much a pesticide-free town.

There are popular street markets twice a week where locally grown produce is bought and sold, giving everyone a chance to enjoy fresh food and to provide profits to neighbouring farms.

Two long-term residents of the town, Jan and Jim Hogan, told an interesting story of how, when their daughter was in her teens, she could hardly wait to head out of Davis and make a life for herself in the big city. But now she is back in the town where she grew up, with her husband and small son in tow, because she could not think of a better place to raise her own family.

This kind of personal story is not surprising: Davis has no slums, no ghettos, very little unemployment and the lowest crime rate in the United States. People leave their doors unlocked. It actually works! So, it’s not a surprise that the vast majority of people in Davis support the changes that have been made.

Vocabulary. Population – население

Bike=bicycle – велосипед

Lane – тропинка, дорожка Train – обучать Obsession – одержимость Seem – казаться

Tame – укрощать, смирять

Corner – уголок

Fair – честный, справедливый

Share – доля Awareness – знание

Agriculture – сельское хозяйство develop - разработать

Comprehensive - всесторонний, подробный

Environmental – экологический Keep* from – удержать от

Terminal – конечный, итоговый Urban –городской

Sprawl – здесь: разрастание Afflict – причинять страдания

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elect - избирать

city council - горсовет

flow of legislation - поток законов affect - влиять

since then - с того времени mayor - мэр

Save - спасать, уберегать

At the top – во главе, на 1-м месте Agenda – повестка дны

Expect – предполагать, ожидать Provide – обеспечивать

Need – нужда, потребность

In pursuit of – в погоне за Objective – цель

Introduce – вводить, принимать Regulation – постановление Design – создавать

To keep* to – удержать, свести до

Custom – обычай

Majority – большинство Sort out – сортировать

Household waste – домашние отбросы

Pile – стопа, куча Cart – повозка

Recycle – перерабатывать Size – размер

Plot – участок

Drastically – резко

Reduce – сокращать Density – плотность

Allotment – земельный участок Available – доступный, имеющийся Plough – здесь: направлять

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Profit – прибыль

Long-term – долгосрочный

Resident – житель

Be in one’s teens – быть подростком

Hardly – вряд ли, едва

Head (out of) – направиться (прочь)

Grow* up – вырасти

In tow – на попечении Raise – поднимать, растить

Give a track record – дать описание, предисторию Vast – подавляющий

Support – поддерживать

By-law – постановление местных властей Premise – здесь: предпосылка

Contradiction – противоречие

Terms – мн.ч. термины, терминология Restrict – ограничивать

Premises – помещение, помещения Slums – трущобы

Unemployment – безработица

Crime rate – показатели/рост преступности Unlocked – не замыкаются

Actually – на самом деле Gain – достичь, приобрести

Notion – понятие

In terms of – с точки зрения

Breathe – дышать Quality – качество

Conviviality – веселое, приподнятое настроение Mean – значить, означать

Turn (smth.) into – превращать в

Provide – обеспечивать Household – домашнее хозяйство

Properlyправильно, соотвественно

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Pesticide-free – свободный от пестицидов

Elect – избирать

Initiate – инициировать, начать

Flow – поток

Legislation – законодательство, законы

Since then – с того времени

Current – текущий, настоящий, данный

Mayor - мэр

Affect – влиять, воздействовать

Strict - строгий

Enforce – проводить в жизнь

Discourage – отговорить, удержать

Install – устанавливать

Shade -тень

Exactly – точно

Hang out – вывешивать

Washing –здесь: постиранное белье

Dry - сушить

Throw* - бросать

Tumble dryer – сушилка стиральной машины

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Дэвис, городок с 40-тысячным населением, находится в Калифорнии.

2.В нем 40 тысяч велосипедов и всего 9 тысяч автомобилей.

3.Городок пересечен (crossed) множеством велосипедных дорожек.

4.В этом городке находится сельскохозяйственный факультет университета штата Калифорния.

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5. Когда-то, в начале 1970-х гг., студенты и местные жители собрались, чтобы составить всесторонний социально-экологический план действий, чтобы удержать город Дэвис от разрастания, чему подвержены так много американских городов.

6. Первым вопросом в повестке дня стоит вопрос энергосбережения.

7.Жители г. Дэвис сортируют вещи для переработки.

8.В городке популярны уличные рынки, проводимые дважды в неделю, где продают и покупают фрукты и овощи, выращенные в данной местности.

9.Это - существенная (sufficient) поддержка для местных фермеров.

10.Строящиеся дома не должны быть выше двух этажей, а здания фирм - не выше 4-х этажей.

11.Тот факт, что 110 велосипедов занимают столько же места, что и 20 автомобилей, означает, что жители города превращают его в зеленый оазис.

12.На 40 кв.метрах (площадь участков около частных домов) можно вырастить такое количество овощей и фруктов, которых хватит на семью (household) из двух человек.

13.Проводятся в жизнь строгие стандарты в строительстве, посажены тысячи деревьев.

14.Это позволяет жителям г. Дэвис обходиться без кондиционеров воздуха.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.What is the population of Davis?

2.How many bicycles and cars are there in the town?

3.What department of the California State University is located in Davis?

4.What is the main question in the local agenda?

5.What for the local people sort out their household wastes?

6.How often do their markets work?

7.What are the building standartds?

8.Who is the current mayor of the town?

9.What is his background?

Topics to discuss.

1.Davis and its residents.

2.Main questions in the local agenda.

3.Jan and Jim Hogan's story.

Text IIA

E-Mail - A BLESSING OR A CURSE ?

Last month, after a week's vacation, I discovered 1,218 unreade-mail messages waiting in my IN box. I pretended to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased. This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s - if you aren't overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.

Never mind that there were perhaps seven messages actually worth reading. I had to spend half my workday just deleting junk. E-mail sucks. But wait - what about those seven? A close friend in Taipei I haven't seen in five years tells me he's planning to start a family A complete stranger in Belgium sends me a hot story tip. Another stranger offers me a job. I'd rather lose an eye than lose an e-mail account. E-mail rocks! E-mail. Can't live with it, can't live with out it. Artists, advertisers and freedom fighters, lovers and

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sworn enemies - they've all flocked to e-mail they would to any new medium of expression. E-mail is convenient, saves time, brings us closer to one another, helps us manage our ever-more-complex lives. Books are written, campaigns conducted, crimes committed - all via e-mail. But it is also inconvenient, wastes our time, isolates us in front of our computers and introduces more complexity into our already too-harried lives. To skeptics, e-mail is just the latest chapter in the evolving history of human communication. A snooping husband now discovers his wife's affair by reading her private e-mail - but he could have uncovered the same sin by finding letters a generation ago.

Yet e-mail - and all online communication - is in fact something truly different; it captures the essence of life at the close of the 20th century with an authority that few other products of digital technology can claim. Does the pace of life seem ever faster? E- mail simultaneously allows us to cope with that acceleration and contribute to it The quick and dirty e-mail is made to order for those whose ability to concentrate is measured in nanoseconds. If we accept that the creation of the globe spanning Internet is one of the most important technological innovations of the last half of this century, then we must give e-mail - the living embodiment of human connection across the Net -pride of place. The way we interact with each other is changing; e-mail is both the catalyst and the instrument of that change. The scope of the phenomenon is mind boggling. Worldwide, 225 million people can send and receive e-mail. According to Donna Hoffman, a professor of marketing at Vanderbildt University, one survey after another finds that when online users are asked what they do on the Net, "e-mail is always No. I." Oddly enough, no one planned it, and no one predicted it. When research scientists first began creating the Internet's predecessor, the Arpanet, in 1968, their primary goal was to enable disparate computing centers to share resources. "But it didn't take very long before they discovered that the most important thing was the ability to send mail around, which they had not anticipated at all," says Eric Allman, chief technical officer of Send-mail, Inc., and the primary author of a 20-year-old pro-gram - Sendmail - that still transports the vast majority of the world's e-mail across the Internet. It seems that what all those top computer scientists really wanted to use the Internet for was as a place to debate, via e- mail, important topics. Even though Allman is now quite proud that his software helps hundreds of millions of people communicate, he says he didn't set out originally to change the world. As a systems administrator at UC Berkeley in the late '70s, he was constantly hassled by computer-science researchers in one building who wanted to get their e-mail from machines in another location. "I just wanted to make my life easier," says Allman. Don't we all? When my first child was born in 1994, e-mail seemed to me some kind of Promethean gift perfectly designed to help me cope with the irreconcilable pressures of new-father-hood and full-time freelance writing. It saved me time and money without ever requiring me to leave the house; it salvaged my social life, allowed me to conduct interviews as a reporter and kept a lifeline open to my far-flung extended family. My mother grasped, long before the Inter-net became a household word, how online communication offered new possibilities for widening physical limitations, how as simple a thing as e-mail could bring us closer to those whom we love. It may even help us find those whom we want to love in the first place. Jenn Shreve is a freelance writer in the San Francisco Bay Area who keeps a close eye on the emerging culture of the new online generation. For the last couple of years, she's seen what she considers to be a positive change in online dating habits. E-mail, she argues, encourages the shy. "It offers a semi-risk-free environment to initiate romance," says Shreve. "Because it lacks the immediate threat of physical rejection, people who are perhaps shy or had painful romantic fail-ures in the past can use the Internet as a way to build a relationship in the early romantic, stages." But it's not just about lust. E-mail also flattens hierarchies within an office. It is far easier, Shreve notes, to make a suggestion to your superiors and col-

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leagues via e-mail than it is to do so in a pressure-filled meeting room. "Any time when you have something that is difficult to say, e-mail can make it easier," she says. "It serves as a buffer zone."

If it is true that hours spent on the Net are often hours subtracted from watching television, one could argue that the digital era has raised the curtains on a new age of literacy - more people are writing more words than ever before! But what kind of words are we writing? Are we really more literate, or are we sliding ever faster into a quicksand of meaningless irrelevance, of pop-cultural triviality?

NEWSWEEK SEPTEMBER 20. 1999

Vocabulary.

blessing - благословение curse - проклятие

pretend - притворяться, делать вид dismay - обескуражить

measure - измерять, оценивать our wired worth - цена наличия компьютера late 1990s - конец 1990-х

overwhelm - забросать

wrong - неверно, неправильно actually - на самом деле

worth reading - стоит прочитать delete - уничтожать, стирать junk - разг.: отбросы, мусор suck - засасывать

complete - абсолютный, полный stranger - незнакомец

tip - намек

account - счет (в банке) rock - укачивать, убаюкивать

sworn enemies - закляые враги flock to - здесь: держаться за medium - средство expression - выражение convenient - удобный

save time - экономить время bring* closer - сближать manage - распоряжаться

ever-more-complex - все более сложный campaign - кампания

conduct - проводить crime - преступление commit - совершать via - через, посредством

waste - терять понапрасну introduce - вводить, вносить too-harried - слишком поспешный latest chapter - последняя глава snoop - совать нос в чужие дела discover - обнаруживать

affair - дело

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uncovered - нераскрытый sin - грех

generation - поколение capture - охватить, захватить

claim - претендовать (на), утверждать pace - поступь, скорость (времени) simultaneously - одновременно

cope (with) - справляться (с) acceleration - ускорение contribute - вносит вклад creation - создание

globe spanning - соединивший весь мир embodiment - воплощение

connection - связь pride - гордость

interact - взаимодействовать catalyst - ускоритель

scope - объем

boggle - портить, неумело обращаться survey - исследование

oddly - странно predict - предсказывать

predecessor - предшественник primary - первоочередной, основной goal - цель

enable - позволять disparate - (совсем) разные

share - совместно пользоваться anticipate - предвидеть

vast majority - подавляющее большинство originally - исходно, в самом начале hassle - разг.: убеждать

location - место

irreconcilable - несовместимый father-hood - отцовство

freelance writing - работа свободного писателя require - требовать(ся)

salvage - спасать conduct - проводить

far-flung - разбросанные вдалеке extended - обширный

grasp - уловить суть, понять household word - повседневное слово widen - расширять

limitation - ограничение bring* closer - сближать

emerging - зарождающийся, возникающий dating - свидание

habitпривычка

encourages the shy - подбадривать застенчивых immediate - немедленный

threat - угроза

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rejection - отказ, отрицание painful - болезненный fail-ure - неудача, провал flatten - сглаживать

superior - вышестоящий; начальник buffer - буфер, смягчение sub-tract - отвлекать (от)

argue - спорить, доказывать

raise the cur-tains - поднять занавес age of literacy - век грамотности literate - грамотный

slidе - скользить quicksand - зыбучий песок

irrelevance - неуместность, несоответствие

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Был ли тот единственный момент, когда мы перешли грань невозможного (перешли Рубикон)?

2.Может ли быть так, что планетарный взрыв интернетного плача после смерти принцессы Дианы отметил этот переход?

3.Или, быть может, это произошло в прошлом году на Рождество, когда сотни тысяч покупателей вместо того, чтобы отправиться по магазинам, просмотрели интернетные каталоги товаров и заказали выбранное по Интернету.

4.То, что можно сказать наверняка (say for sure) - это то, что Америка стала цифровой (digitized), и обратного пути нет.

5.Во всем мире - 200 млн. пользователей Сети, из них 80 млн. - в Америке.

6.Цифры показывают только часть истории.

7.Сеть не является больше новинкой, интересным способом проведения времени.

8.Одна треть имеющих компьютеры (wired) американцев делают покупки по Интернету, по крайней мере, частично; некоторые уже консультируются с врачами по Интернету, слушают радио и делают банковские вклады, берут долгосрочные займы (get mortgages), читают но! вости, проверяют ситуацию с политическими кандидатами - и все это по Сети.

9.Каждый из этих вмдов деятельности впечатляет сам по себе, но совокупный

эффект представляет собой совсем иную жизнь. 1 10.30 лет прошло с тех пор, как предшественник Интернета, Арфане был создан,

чтобы помочь ученым и правительственным чиновникам быть в контакте друг с другом.

11.5 лет назад Сеть стала величайшей в мире практикой/возможностью (utility), приводимой в движение достаточно дешевыми и мощными ПК и легким для пользования программным обеспечением.

12.Триумф техники, к лучшему или худшему, далек от завершения. 13.Помимо всего, что мы когда-либо делали, это более чем что-либо еще имеет

общее (have to do with) с коммуниникацией и информацией.

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14.Решающе важным является умение оценить воздействие этого сдвига (shift), поскольку цифровая революция намного более глубинна, чем простое изменение орудий (производства).

15.Интернет построен как на философии, так и на инфраструктуре открытости и! свободной коммуникации.

16.Рубикон перейден, мы в начале нового способа работы, совершения покупок, игр и общения.

17.Мы называем этот феномен электронной жизнью, но настанет день, когда он превратится в переходный термин, мы станем называть все это просто жизнью.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.What was the author's reaction when after a week's vacation

2.he discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages in his IN box?

3.How many of them were actually worth reading?

4.What did he do with the other messages?

5.How much time did it take him?

6.What are the conveniences provided by e-mail?

7.What does e-mail mean to sceptics?

8.How many e-mail users are there in the world?

9.Did anyone ever plan or predict e-mail?

10.What was Internet predecessor (предшественник)? It's aim? 11.What did scientists initially plan Internet for?

12.Can e-mail be called "means of literacy (грамотность)"? 13.What was a new corporate policy at the Stanford University? 14.Old e-mails - what shoud be done with them?

15.Is e-mail a blessing or a curse?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Eric Allman and his story.

2.The author's experiences with e-mail a/ in 1988; b/ in 1994.

3.E-mail as encouragement for the shy (in Jenn Shreve's opinion).

4.E-mail within a corporation.

5.E-mail as a fragile thing.

6.Importance of e-mail for scientists and programmers

Text IIB

PORTABLE DATABASES HELP

DOCTORS PRACTICE MORE EFFICIENT.

David Slawson was sitting at his desk one morning last February when a colleague called him to tell that one of his patients was in the emergency room (ER), suffering from pneumonia. The patient, an otherwise healthy 43-year-old woman, was in no immediate dander, but the ER doctor wanted to hospitalize her just to be safe. Few physicians would have stopped to question whether hospital care actually benefits such a client. But Slawson, a family practitioner at the University of Virginia , had an easy way to find out. He grabbed the mouse on his computer and, with a few clicks, pulled up a "prognosis calculator". By punching in basic facts about the woman, he determined, that her odds of dying would be 2.2 times HIGHER if she checked into the hospital (where germs are

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rampant and medical errors possible) than if she recuperated at home. Shown that number, the ER doctor quickly wrote a prescription and sent her on her way - saving her insurer thousands of dollars and, in all likelihood, hastening her recovery.

What Slawson had, and the emergency room didn't, is a new software program called InfoRetriever. IR as compact enough to run on a palmtop PC, yet potentially powerful enough to transform the practice of medicine. Besides quantifying the advantages of different treatment strategies, it calculates drug dosages, clarifies test results and summarizes current research findings on everything from arthritis to baby care. At Michigan State University and the University of Virginia, some 200 physicians are now road-testing the first palmtop version of InfoRetriever. And though most have used it for less than a month, few would deny that it's making better doctors of them. The program doesn't just enhance their efficiency. As Slawson's experience suggests, it can improve their decisions.

Medical practice has never been quite the scientific endeavor we imagine. Studies have shown repeatedly that doctors pay less attention to research findings than to colleagues and drug-company representatives - and that patients with identical conditions often receive radically different treatments, depending on which clinic they visit. Reformers have struggled since 1970s to promote a more consistent, "evidencebased" model of care, but managing the relevant data has proven a daunting hallenge. A physician would have to skim thousands of articles a year to find the clinically useful findings - and no one who collected them all would have time left for appointments. "The information explosion is one of the critical challenges facing physicians," says Dr. Sim Galazka of the University of Virginia. "We've got to find ways to sort out the evidence and apply it."

InfoRetriever grew out of a project that Dr. Mark Ebell launched from Michigan State back in 1994. Working with several colleagues, he started scouring 85 medical journals each month and summarizing clinically important findings in the Journal of Family Practice. The group's reviews and treatment recommendations still appear in the journal and in a monthly newsletter called Evidence Based Practice. InfoRetriever includes all of these digests, along with hundreds taken from other reliable sources, and the whole program can be updated quarterly through Internet downloads. But unlike Medline, a sprawling database that includes 11 million articles, IR stays tightly focused on patient care.

Besides fielding tough questions, InfoRetriever can alert a busy doctor to unimagined possibilities. Unlike the Physician's Desk Reference, it includes well-documented uses for prescription drugs. It also highlights research findings that no one is bothering to advertise. Last year, for example, the journal Neurology published a study showing that the vitamin riboflavin could relieve migraine headaches. "Nobody in primary care reads Neurology", says Slawson. "Even if they did, would they remember it five months later when a patient walks in? With InfoRetriever, you punch in "migraine" and you get a summary of the study."

Will your intern be performing such feats the next time you show up with a sprained ankle? Don't count on it. Ebell and his colleagues developed InfoRetriever on their own time, without corporate support. And though several university health systems now plan to adopt the program, no one is marketing it directly to individual practitioners. At the moment, only one physician in four is sure to change. "I see patients in the office and the hospital," says Ebell. "I do house calls. I'm on call at the hospital tonight. And the care I give depends on the information I command." Medicine has gotten too complex to practice from a dog-eared textbook. Fortunately, there is now an alternative. InfoRetriever and other portable database won't make doctors obsolete. But doctors who lack them may soon be just that.

Geoffrey Cowley, Anne Cowley

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Vocabulary.

efficient - эффективный

emergency room - пункт первой помощи otherwise - в других отношениях immediate - здесь: непосредственный danger - опасность

physician - врач, доктор

benefit - принести пользу/выгоду grab - схватить

pull up - здесь: вызвать на экран punch in - здесь: ввести determine - определить

odds - шансы germ - микроб

rampant - распространен recuperate - выздоравливать prescription - предписание, рецепт likelihood - вероятность

hasten - ускорять recovery - выздоровление retrieve - находить, спасать enough - достаточный

palmtop - размером с ладошку powerlful - мощный

transform - преобразовать quantify - подсчитывать advantage - преимущество calculate - подсчитывать treatment - лечение

drug - (амер.)лекарство clarify - освещать, разъяснять current - современный

research - научное исследование finding - открытия

deny - отрицать enhance - увеличивать improve - улучшать

endeavor - попытка, старание representative - представитель treatment - лечение

depending on - в зависимости от struggle - бороться

promote - продвигать, содействовать consistent - последовательный relevant - уместный

prove - доказать

evidenсe - здесь: реальный случай daunting - обескураживающий challenge - вызов, возможность skim - просматривать appointment - здесь: прием

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explosion - взрыв face - сталкиваться sort out - сортировать apply - применять

grow out of - вырасти из launch - начинать

scour - здесь: просматривать

newsletter - информационный бюллетень digest - краткое изложение

along with - наряду с reliable - надежный source - источник update - обновлять quarterly - ежеквартально download - загружать unlike - в отличие от

sprawl - здесь: разрастаться tightly - тесно, плотно care - забота, уход fielding - здесь: освещение

tough - трудный (для выполнения)

alert - насторожить, сделать бдительным reference - справочник

prescription - назначение

highlight - придавать большое значение bother - беспокоить(ся)

relieve - облегчать

primary care - первичная помощь punch in - войти

intern - молодой врач-стажер perform - выполнять

feat - подвиг sprained - растянутый ankle - лодыжка

count on - рассчитывать на support - поддержка adopt - принимать/вводить

be on call - быть на вызовах depend on - зависеть от command - владеть complex - сложный

dog-eared - с загнутыми углами (о страницах) obsolete - устарелый; ненужный

lack - не хватать

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex.3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Дэвиду Слоусону однажды позвонили его коллега и сказал, что одна из его пациенток находится в пункте скорой помощи, страдая от пневмонии.

2.43-летняя пациентка не была в непосредственной опасности, но врач первой помощи хотел госпитализировать ее - просто для безопасности.

3.Немногие врачи задаются вопросом, принесет ли лечение в больнице реальную пользу клиенту.

4.Но у Слоусона, семейного врача из штата Вирджиния, был простой способ выяснить, была ли в данном случае необходимость в госпитализации.

5.Он открыл в своем компьютере программу "подсчет прогнозов".

6.Введя основные данные об этой пациентке, он определил, что шансы умереть у

нее будут в 2,2 раза выше в больнице (где наличествуют микробы и существует вероятность врачебной ошибки).

7.Увидев эти данные, врач первой помощи выписал пациентке рецепт и отправил ее домой - сохранив тем самым тысячи долларов ее страховой компании и,

вероятнее всего, ускорив ее выздоровление.

8.То, что было у Слоусона и чего не было у врача первой помощи, - это новая программа InfoRetriever (поиск информации).

9.Программа настолько компактна, что может работать (run on) в переносном компьютере (laptop PC), но достаточно мощная, чтобы трансформировать медицинскую практику.

10.Помимо подсчета преимуществ различных стратегий лечения, она подсчитывает предписываемые(prescribed) дозы лекарств, дает объяснения

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результатов анализов, кроме того, она суммирует текущие научные открытия по всем заболеваниям.

11.Многие врачи, которые начали пользоваться этой программой, говорят, что она не только повышает их эффективность, но и помогает им принимать решения о стратегии лечения.

12.Информационный взрыв - это то, с чем сталкиваются врачи, и InfoRetriever помогает им справляться (to solve) с этой проблемой.

13.InfoRetriever вырос из проекта, который был начат доктором Марком Эбелем и его коллегами.

14.В 1994 г. они начали ежемесячно просматривать 85 медицинских журналов и суммировать клинически значимые открытия в журнале "Journal of Family

Practice".

15.Обзоры данной группы и рекомендации по лечению до сих пор публикуются в вышеназванном (above) журнале и в ежемесячном бюллетене, освещая наиболее трудные вопросы.

16.Доктор Эбель и его коллеги разрабатывали InfoRetriever в свое свободное время, не имея корпоративной поддержки.

17.И хотя несколько университетских систем здравоохранения планируют ввести у себя эту программу, никто не продвигает (to promote) ее напрямую для индивидуальных практикующих врачей.

18.Медицина стала слишком сложной, и InfoRetriever дает возможность врачу владеть наиболее полной информацией.

19.Он не сделает врачей ненужными (obsolete), но, напротив, поможет им работать наиболее эффективно.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.What is a InfoRetriever?

2.What are its functions?

3.How many physicians are testing it now?

4.How do they estimate (оценивать) its work?

5.What is InfoRetriever based on?

6.What did InfoRetriever grow out?

7.Do these people go on working on it?

8.What does InfoRetriever include?

9.Did Dr. Ebell and his colleagues have the corporate support?

10.Will InfoRetriever make doctors obsolete?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Dr. Ebell and his colleagues' work.

2.Possibilities of InfoRetriever.

3.Real cases of treatment described here.

Text II-C

COMMUTERS

People do not travel for pleasure on the roads and trains leading into cities on weekday mornings; they are commuting. Commuters represent the antithesis of Robert Louis Stevenson's view of travelling that 'For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel's sake.' Commuters travel because they have to; the destination is the only thing that matters.

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Commuting is modern. Up until the 1950s most workers lived in the shadow of their workplace and within earshot of its whistle or hooter; people walked or cycled to work, even going home for their lunch. As cities grow and as the pressure on city centre property increases, so ever more people have had to move further away from their place of work. The suburbs grow and this results in the horrendous rush hours, many of which tail back to the suburbs themselves. To ease the commuter congestion city governments build new roads, especially ring roads, but these generate more traffic, adding to the traffic jams and bad health. San Francisco introduced BART to take the pressure off its roads, but after an initial positive response the scheme was overtaken by the sheer magnitude of commuter growth.

Trains and subway systems are little better. In Tokyo 'pushers' are employed to squeeze commuters into carriages, in London and New York the underground systems are near capacity and unpleasant to ride. In Paris petty crime on the Metro is rife. In Soweto the trains are so crowded that commuters hang on to the outside of the 'black only' trains. The associated health hazards are rivalled by those caused by traffic accidents and the stress-related diseases created by the tension in all forms of commuting.

The bigger the city, the larger the longer the distances travelled. Many commuters see neither their house nor their children in daylight for almost six months of the year. In a large city like London the average daily time spent commuting to and from work is almost two hours. As a working day is eight hours or less, this means that the average commuter really 'works' in excess of a six day week. Cities which try to alleviate the lot of the commuter are those which are most worth living in, but it is a hard and uphill task to do anything constructive. Special 'Kiss and Ride' metro stations surround Washington, but are as little used as the "Ride-Qn" buses. People appear to prefer the traffic jeans on the Beltway.

Although most people dislike the unpleasant 'dead time' of commuting, some people turn it to their advantage. J.M. Keynes wrote his General Theory en route from London to Cambridge, and there are classes in French, business studies, bridge and chess (among other topics) on commuter trains into the London main-line stations. Other people, especially those who can afford the comfort of first-class tickets, catch up on their reading, do the preparation for the day's work, use their computers or the train telephones, or listen to music. Others take the view that commuting should make you fit. They walk, run, cycle, row, sail, skate and skate-board into work

By Barrie Sherman

Vocabulary.

commute - амер.: совершать регулярные поездки

commuter - амер.: челковек, имеющий сезонный билет; пассажир leading (to) - ведущий (в)

antithesis - контраст, противоположность for the sake (of) - ради

shadow - тень

within earshot - в пределах слышимости whistle - свисток

hooter - гудок pressure - давление

property - недвижимость increase - возрастать further - дальше

suburb - пригород

result (in) - сказаться в, иметь результатом

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horrendous - ужасный, ужасающий rush our - час пик

tail back - сплошная череда машин, затор ease - облегчать

congestion - скопление, затор generate - производить, порождать traffic jam - дорожная пробка response - реакция

subway - амер.: метро growth - рост

push - толкать

employ - нанимать, брать на работу squeeze - втискивать, вжимать carriage - вагон

capacity - мощность ride* - ехать

petty crime - мелкое преступление rife - частый

crowded - переполненный hang* - висеть

associate (with) - ассоциировать (с) hazard - опасность, риск

rival - соперничать, конкурировать tension - здесь: давка

cause - вызывать, быть причиной traffic accident - дорожная авария desease - заболевание

average - средний in access - сверх

alleviate - облегчать, смягчать surround - окружать

turn* into - превращать (в) advantage - преимущество en route - по пути

afford - позволять (финансово)

be* fit - быть в хорошей физической форме

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.По дорогам, ведущим в город, каждое утро рабочего дня люди едут не ради удовольствия.

2.В отличие от Р.Стивенсона, который говорил : "Я путешествую ради самой поездки", эти путешественники ездят потому, что они вынуждены это делать.

3.Пункт назначения - единственное, что значимо для них.

4.До 1950-х гг. большинство рабочих жили в пределах слышимости фабричного гудки.

5.По мере роста городов возрастала стоимость недвижимости в центре города, и люди вынуждены были переезжать дальше от места работы.

6.В крупных городах в "час пик" на улицах образуются заторы.

7.Чтобы снять заторы на дорогах, правительство строит новые дороги, особенно кольцевые, но они в результате порождают еще большие заторы.

8.Электрички (local trains) и метро не спасают ситуацию.

9.В Токио есть особая профессия - "толкачи", их обязанность - впихивать пассажиров в вагоны.

10.В Париже в метро часты случаи мелких преступлений.

11.В Совето поезда настолько переполнены, что пассажиры практически висят на вагонах с надписью "для черных".

12.Риск для здоровья ассоциируется со стрессовыми заболеваниями, вызванными давкой в транспорте.

13.Чем больше город, тем больше пассажиров и тем длиннее преодолеваемые расстояния.

14.Многие из вынужденных путешественников не видят ни свой дом, ни детей в дневное время почти по 6 месяцев в год.

15.Поскольку рабочий день составляет 8 часов, это означает, что среднестатистический (average) "путник" на самом деле "работает" сверх этого времени.

16.Городские власти (authorities) стараются смягчить ситуацию, но не могут придумать ничего конструктивного.

17.Хотя большинство людей не любят это неприятное "мертвое время", некоторые превращают его в преимущество.

18.Дж.М.Кейнес написал свою "Общую теорию" по пути из Лондона в Кембридж; существуют курсы французского языка, бриджа и т.д.

19.Другие люди, особенно те, кто могут позволить себе билеты первого класса, используют время на чтение, подготовку к дневной работе, работают на компьютере или слушают музыку.

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20.Третьи считают, что дорога должна способствовать тому, чтобы поддерживать себя в хорошей физической форме.

21.По пути на работу и обратно они занимаются различными видами спорта.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.What for do people commute?

2.Do commuters like travelling?

3.What was the situation like in 1950s?

4.What was the city growth resulted in?

5.What do city authorities do to ease the commuter congestion?

6.Is it a good way out?

7.Are trains and subway systems better?

8.What are health hazards associated with?

9.How long is the working day of an average commuter?

10.How do commuters turn the "dead time" into their advantage?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Commuting.

2.Train and subway system.

3.Exercising minds and bodies while commuting

TEXT II-D.

A CASE FOR SMOKELESS ZONES

(ALAN ROAD reports on the new moves to ban smoking in Britain’s offices).

When tobacco clouds from the pipe of a pensive draftsman activated the smoke detection system in an office of a giant multi-national company recently, fire appliances were dispatched from three neighbouring authorities to deal with the imagined danger.

While medical research has conclusively identified tobacco as a threat to the smoker’s own health, the dangers to innocent bystanders of what might be called nicotine fallout have yet to be proved beyond doubt. This has not prevented unilateralists calling for the banning of smoking in an increasing number of offices.

Nicotine traps

David Simpson, a director of ASH, the anti-tobacco group, says that unsolicited inquiries from the public about workplace policies on smoking are growing apace. “In the past six months a lot more calls have been coming from the employers’ side,” he pointed out.

Indeed, so impressed have he and his colleagues been by this phenomenon that they are planning to set up a management consultancy to advise large companies on formulating no-smoking policies.

Staff in the Normaliar Garrett product support division at Bournemouth Airport were happy enough to welcome the introduction of a no-smoking rule for their newlyopened office accommodation, says personnel manager Andy Braley.

All too many employers seem more concerned with the wellbeing of the hi-tech equipment than of their staff. Some, says David Simpson, ignore doctors’ pleas that certain workers should not be obliged to share offices with the smokers. “Yet down the corridor they have installed a mainframe computer and readily enforce a smoking ban there”.

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Nor are trade unions above criticism. One has threatened legal action against a secretary who collated photographic evidence of the caused by smokers inn her office. Local authorities have led the way with the introduction of office smoking bans.

Ashfold Borough Council are in the middle of a two–year transition period. “It may sound long–winded,” says personnel officer John Styles, “but the only way a decision can be enforced is if it is backed up with a collective agreement.” And so a detailed questionnaire was circulated to the counsil’s500 office workers, who opted – with very few exceptions – for a smoking ban.

Lawyer Gillion Howard approves of Ashford’s softly-softly approach. “You can’t a no-smoking rule overnight,” she told me. A tribunal recently ruled that a firm of Birmingham insurance brokers who had done just that were in breach of contract, said Ms Howard, who specialises in occupational health matters and has advised a number of Industrial Society clients on smoking policies.

Pipe dream

“If you’re going to have a rule that a whole building goes non-smoking, then you’ve got to allow employees to go into the open air and have a drag,” she warned.

While she concerned that the dangers of passive smoking are yet to be recognized by the courts, she forecast that the day will come when will be so certain and so wellpublicised in the press that employers will be obliged to take precautionary measures to protect their non-smoking. Meanwhile, she urges employers not to postpone action till then.

One positive step they can take immediately is to recruit only non – smokers. The Royal College of Nursing who recently advertised the post of PA to the general secretary, stipulated that applications from smokers would not be welcome , she recalled. “ It is lawful to refuse to employ someone because they smoke,” Miss Howard emphasised. “There is no anti-discrimination legislation for smokers.” Contracts for new recruits could, therefore, contain an undertaking that they agree to no-smoking rules. “If employees break the terms of that contract, they can be counselled, warned verbally and in writing and then dismissed.”

Clean air for non-smokers may soon no longer be a pipe dream.

Vocabulary move - движение ban - запрещать

clouds - мн.ч. здесь: клубы pipe - трубка

pensive - задумчивый, мечтательный draftsman - составитель законопроектов detection - определение, выявление giant - гигантский, огромный

recently - недавно

fire appliance - противопожарная установка authorities - власти

deal (with) - иметь дело (с) imagined - воображаемый conclusively - здесь: убедительно identify - выявит, определить threat - угроза

innocent - невинный

bystander - свидетель, очевидец

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fall-out - осадки prove - доказать

beyond doubt - вне сомнения prevent - предотвратить unilateralist - выступающий заодно increasing - растущий

trap - ловушка

unsolicited - незапрашиваемый inquiry - исследование

apace - быстро point out - указывать

impressed - потрясенный support - поддерживать

division - подразделение, отделение introduction - здесь: введение

personnel manager - начальник Отдела Кадров be concerned with - беспокоиться (из-за) well-being - здесь: состояние

plea - просьба, мольба certain - щпределенный obliged - обязанный

share an office - быть в одном офисе install - установить

enforce - проводить в жизнь trade union - профсоюз threaten - угрожать

collate - сличать, тщательно сравнивать evidence - доказательство, улика danger - опасность

cause - вызывать, быть причиной council - совет

transition - переходный

long-winded - многоречивый, скучный back-up - поддерживать

detailed - подробный questionnaire - анкета circulate - распространять opt (for) - выбрать (из других) lawyer - юрист

approve - одобрить soft - мягкий introduce - вводить

overnight - за одну ночь, мгновенно tribunal - трибунал, суд

insurance - страховой breach - нарушение

occupational - профессиональный advise - советовать

allow - позволять

have a drag - сленг: сделать затяжку warn - предупреждать

concede - допускать, соглашаться

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recognise - признавать court - суд

forecast - предсказывать

precautionary measures - меры предосторожности protect - защищать

meanwhile - тем временем urge - убеждать, настаивать postpone - откладывать immediately - немедленно recruit - принимать на работу stipulate - ставить условием application - заявление

recall - вспоминать lawful - законный refuse - отказывать(ся)

emphasise - подчеркивать, выделять legislation - законодательство undertaking - обязательство

break the terms - нарушить условия counsel - советовать

verbally - вербально, устно dismiss - увольнять

Word Study.

Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Когда клубы дыма от трубки задумчивого составителя законопроектов активизировали детекторную систему в офисе одной гигантской компании, и соседи принесли антипожарные устройства, чтобы справиться с воображаемой

опасностью.

2.Табак является угрозой для здоровья курильщиков, но сейчас известно всем, что находиться в одном офисе с курильщиками вредно и для некурящих.

3.Люди, думающие о здоровье нации, призывают к введению запрета на курение в общественных местах и, в частности, в офисах.

4.Работодатели слишком озабочены состоянием высококлассной техники, но не состоянием здоровья своих сотрудников.

5.Но профсоюзы находятся вне критики.

6.Местные власти проводят в жизнь запрет на курение в офисе.

7.Но они считают, что запрет можно ввести только при наличии коллективного соглашения.

8.Одна фирма распространила подробную анкету среди 500 своих сотрудников, которые - за исключением немногих - выступили за запрет на курение.

9.Конечно, нельзя ввести зарпет за одну ночь (мгновенно).

10.Необходима широкая рекламная кампания (campaign), чтобы убедить людей отказаться от курения (give up smoking).

11.Сейчас уже вполне законно отказывать курящим в приеме на работу.

12.Новые сотрудники должны подписывать контракт, согласно которому они обязуются не курить в офисе.

13.Если они нарушают данное правило, сначала последует устное предупреждение, затем - письменное, после чего они могут быть уволены.

14.Такая политика требует времени, но это делается в целях защиты здоровья нации.

Comprehension Check.

Answer the following questions:

1.How does medical research identify the threat of tobacco to people?

2.What are many employers concerned with?

3.What do local authorities of Ashford do to introduce the office smoking ban?

4.Is is legal to refuse to recruit someone because they smoke?

5.What do newly-written contracts contain?

6.What will be done with those who break the no-smoking rules?

Topics to discuss.

1.Tobacco danger for non-smokers.

2.Soft approach to introducing a smoking ban.

3.Contracts for new recruits.

Grammar Exercises

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Ex.1 Find the subject and state what it is expressed by . Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.What I want is fresh air.

2.The young must be in the first ranks.

3.Learning about other cultures is interesting.

4.Three and four make seven.

5.Everyone was silent for a minute.

6.The wounded were taken great care of.

7.His being late influenced his career.

8.To live is to work.

9.Watching the sunrise, the couple felt happy.

10.A journalist knocked on our door one afternoon.

12.Who is to blame?

13.After the show, the crowd applauded and screamed for fifteen minutes.

14.Should we leave now?

15.In a couple of months, Ellen and Mary became close friends.

16.One wants to live forever.

17.His was a happy life.

18.For over an hour, my father and uncle have been fixing the furnace.

19.Being polite to other people is important.

20.Jim has always been a good problem solver.

21.For her to come was impossible.

Ex.2 Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the pronoun it used as the subject.

1.It isn’t hard to make friends.

2.How far is it from your home to the office?

3.It’s six o’clock now. I think it’s too early to get up.

4.The teacher said that it was important for the students to finish the experiment in time.

5.It’ll be interesting for us to meet again.

6.I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.

7.We decided to stay at home because it was snowing hard.

8.It’s wrong to cheat during a test.

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9.The door suddenly opened. It was opened by a young girl who was looking rather strange.

10.Let’s go out if it stops raining.

12.It was growing dark and we hurried to return home.

Ex.3 Insert there or it. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The clock struck nine ….. was no sign of any of the other guests.

2.….. is important to be polite to other people.

3.I am afraid ….. is no use even trying to prevent it.

4.We were sure ….. was a rule for such cases, but we couldn’t remember it, though.

5.….. was quite chilly in the dining-room.

6.Then ….. was a sudden burst of applause, ….. was unexpected for the actors.

7.….. was five kilometres from the rancho to the town, …..was quite possible to drive to town every day.

8.….. was easy for the students to speak English to us.

9.….. remained only to sign the will.

10.….. isn’t much fun to have a cold.

11.….. grew dark outside.

Ex.4 Find the predicate. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The oceans affect weather.

2.Twenty rolls of wallpaper were delivered to the office.

3.She couldn’t help crying.

4.Nothing is going to happen to you, I suppose everything will be O.K.

5.I will have gone by then.

6.Everyone remained silent.

7.They must have played soccer for three hours without stopping.

8.Will the universe expand forever?

9.According to the scientists’theory, the universe began with a huge explosion.

10.He went on eating in silence.

11.She used to meet with her friends at a small cafe.

12.In May, I will have worked at Kodak for 5 years.

13.From now on, the entire family must help with the housework.

14.At last, an honest person is running for mayor.

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15.Every Tuesday night between eight and nine o’clock, Helen would practice her roller skating.

16.Are you taking an aerobics class?

17.The cars and trucks are covered with snow.

18.I thought that all I was doing was tying to help her.

Ex. 5 Fill in the blanks with one of the following link -verbs.

To sound, to become, to seem, to appear, to come, to be, to look, to get, to fall, to go

1.His brother often …... relaxed and happy.

2.Tracy ….. a medical technician.

3.This sunny weather ….. a pleasant surprise.

4.You often ….. worried.

5.Hurry up! It ….. late.

6.The child soon …. fast asleep in her mother’s arms.

7.The dreams of his life ….true.

8.He understood that he was in a trap. His face …. tense.

9.Jerry ….sleepy today.

10.We …. awake all night.

11.Aunt Claudia sometimes ….a little strange.

12.Ronda always ….the best debater on the team.

13.Andrew ….more and more alarmed.

14.The actress …. rapidly famous.

15.On seeing him she ….as pale as death.

Ex.6 Translate the following into Russian paying attention to the predicatives. State by what part of speech they are expressed.

1.Further events were of great significance.

2.Beauty is everlasting.

3.You are nobody.

4.This orange tastes bitter.

5.I’m afraid I can’t keep my word.

6.She is a very talented singer.

7.He was the first to rush into the room.

8.His first wish was to go away and the sooner, the better.

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9.The events were beyond her understanding.

10.My favourite sport is jogging.

11.Eliza was greatly surprised.

Ex.7 Open the brackets using the infinitives in the proper form. Pay attention to the rules of agreement.

1.“Little Dorrit” (to be written) by Ch. Dickens.

2.There (to be) much traffic at night and many people on the streets.

3.Neither I or my brother (to be) to blame.

4.Everybody (to be) glad to see him again.

5.The day was warm and many people (to be sitting) at their doors.

6.Their (to be) plenty of rooms at the hotel.

7.Twenty divided by five (equal) four.

8.My brother as well as I (to be) ready to help you.

9.Three metres (to be) not enough for this dress.

10.Official news (to be) sad.

11.Don’t move! The police (to be) all over the place.

12.It (to be) only you who can find the way out of this situation.

13.It (to be) all the money? You are kidding!

14.Classical and light music (to have) both their admirers.

Ex.8 Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the kind of object.

1.She pretended not to hear.

2.He found it impossible to make one more step.

3.The policeman ordered them to stop.

4.The parents were proud of their children.

5.Why do you insist on my doing it?

6.When he came home, he found a lot of guests in his dining-room.

7.I envied him all my life.

8.We are going to buy little Tommy a toy on his birthday.

9.The teacher dictated to the students the names of the books to be read for their examination.

10.I’ll give my present to you tomorrow.

11.Forgive me my being rude to you.

12.The captain asked the soldier his name.

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13.I’ll retell this story to you later.

14.I am glad to hear these words, I hope they are sincere. Ex.9 Translate into English.

1.Объясните мне, пожалуйста, значение этого слова.

2.Он посвящал своему хобби все свободное время.

3.Студентам преподают немецкий как второй язык.

4.Это задание было дано ей, а не вам.

5.Что вам сказали?

6.Ей простили ее ошибку.

7.Передайте мне соль, пожалуйста.

8.Оставьте записку для него у секретаря.

9.Нам показали список гостей, которые будут приглашены.

10.Ему потребовалось совсем немного времени для того, чтобы выучить эти правила.

11.Я сказал тебе об этом заранее, чтобы ты была готова услышать это сообщение спокойно, хотя бы внешне.

12.Вот статья, отдай ее редактору.

13.Отец велел не уходить из дома до его возвращения.

14.Я не пыталась влиять на него, он уже принял решение.

15.У меня к вам есть несколько вопросов.

16.Помоги мне решить эту задачу, пожалуйста.

Ex.10 Find the attribute and say by what it is expressed. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.This information is very important.

2.There are many new methods of teaching.

3.It was not a matter to be discussed even with her close friend.

4.Our plans have suddenly changed.

5.She was always the last to leave the classroom.

6.A tender smile lit Mary’s face.

7.There was something mysterious about this man.

8.What time do you usually have dinner?

9.His mother’s nerves would never stand this news.

10.Imagine the idea of his coming into my life again!

11.The problem mentioned in the article turned out to unexpectedly interesting.

12.His business instinct was faultless.

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13.She always said some polite words to the people she had dinner with.

14.She was pale with terror.

15.An officer, standing beside her, was unknown.

Ex.11 Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.In two days she was well again.

2.After receiving her answer to his proposal, he felt ill at ease.

3.She had to talk to him because of her being too polite.

4.They were a bit surprised at seeing me.

5.Why do you always look at things with such practical eyes?

6.He usually drank his wine at one gulp.

7.They decided to meet near the entrance to the theatre.

8.The effect of the medicine was unexpectedly strong.

9.She darted on like a wind but it was too late, her rival had come to the goal long before her.

10.We came back because of heavy snow.

11.They have gathered to discuss some problems.

12.The performance is rather good, I should say.

13.David and Mary often sat side by side among the hills.

14.When questioned, she explained everything.

15.She left the room without saying good-bye to anybody.

16.He stopped and looked at his wife, his eyes extremely proud.

17.My sister does everything much better then I.

18.He stared at her embarrassed as if he did not understand her.

Ex.12 Complete the following sentences using your own possible adverbial modifiers.

a)of time:

1.The parents hope to see their son ….

2.We often went to the theatre ….

3.…. I couldn’t understand her.

4.She smiled ….

5.It was raining ….

6.They will be ready ….

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7.You should be careful …

8.…. he nodded and left.

b)of place:

1.She sat …looking at ….

2.He was waiting for us ….

3.We were seated ….

4.John put his hand ….

5.Mary enjoyed walking ….

6.Our guide offered us to pass …

c)of degree:

1.I see you are ….happy.

2.We were …. priviledged to be invited to this dinner party.

3.This work tired us ….

4.The effect of her words was …. unexpected for her.

5.The weather is …. very nasty today.

6.I am …. surprised to see you safe and sound. The situation was …. dangerous.

d)of manner and attending circumstances:

1.They returned …

2.She behaved ….

3.We were talking … not to disturb the neighbors ….

4.I can’t imagine him acting ….

5.“Who’s there?” she asked ….

6.He put on his coat ….

Ex.13: Add to where necessary. blank.

3.Could you please ______ open the window?

4.The students must ______ learn all of the irregular verbs.

5.Sally has ______ do her history report tonight.

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6.I think you should ______ take better care of yourself.

7.I ought ______ go to the post office this afternoon.

8.Would you ______ speak more slowly, please?

9.We may ______ go to Argentina for our vacation.

10.Will you please ______ mail this letter for me?

11.Tom and I might ______ play tennis after work tomorrow.

12.You had better ______ see a doctor.

13.We can ______ go shopping tomorrow.

14.The students have ______ take a test next Friday.

15.I have got ______ go to the post office this afternoon.

16.Shouldn't you ______ save a little money for a rainy day?

17.Poor Edward. He has ______ go to the hospital for an operation.

18.Alex! Stop! You must not ______ run into the street when there's traffic!

19.May I please ______ have the salt and pepper? Thanks.

20.You'd better not ______ come to the meeting late. The boss will ______ be angry if you're late.

21.I've had a lot of trouble sleeping the last few nights. I've got _____ get a good night's sleep! I can barely ______ stay awake in class.

Ex.14: Complete the dialogues. Use should, ought to, or had better. Choose from the expressions in the list or use your own words. borrow some money

call the landlord and complain call the police

drink a glass of waterfind a new apartment

find a new girlfriend get a job

go back to the restaurant and ask if someone found them hold your breath marry somebody who is rich

put cotton in your ears see a dentist

send her a dozen roses soak it in cold water

speak English outside of class

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1.A: I have a toothache. This tooth hurts. What should I do?*

B:You shouldl ought tolfiad better see a dentist.____

2.A: I have the hiccups. What should I do?

B:______________________________________

3.A: Ah wants to improve his English. What should he do?

B:______________________________________

4.A: I don't have any money. I'm broke. I can't pay my rent. I don't have enough money to pay my bills. What should I do?

B:________________________________

B:__________________________

6.A: I cut my finger. I got blood on my sweater. My finger is okay, but I'm worried about my sweater. What should I do?

B:______________________________________

7.A: Tom's spelling isn't very good. He makes a lot of mistakes when he writes compositions. What should he do?

B:_______________________________________

8.A: Ann bought a new tape recorder. After two days, it stopped working. What should she do?

B:_______________________________________

9.A: The refrigerator in my apartment doesn't work. The stove doesn't work. The air conditioner doesn't work. And there are cockroaches in the kitchen. What should I do?

B_______________________________________

10.I asked Mary to marry me. She said no. What should I do? B_______________________________________

11.I left my sunglasses at a restaurant yesterday. What should I do? B____________________________________________

12. . A My husband/wife snores. I can't get to sleep at night. What should I do?B:

_______________________________________

Ex. 15: Complete the sentences. Use have to, has to, or had to in each.

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2.I can't go to the movie tonight because _________

3.I couldn't go to Pete's party last Saturday because __

4.Josh can't go downtown with us this afternoon because

5.When I was in high school, ________________

6.If you want to travel abroad, _______________

7.I'm sorry I was absent from class yesterday, but.

8.Erica can't come to class tomorrow because __

9.I need a car because ________________

10.When I worked in my uncle's restaurant,

11.If you want to enter the university, ___

12.We wanted to go on a picnic yesterday, but we couldn't because

Ex.16: Complete the sentences with than or to.

1.When I'm hot and thirsty, I prefer cold drinks ___w____ hot drinks.

4.I prefer chicken __________ beef.

5.I like chicken better _________ beef.

6.I'd rather eat chicken _________ beef.

7.When I choose a book, I prefer nonfiction _________ fiction.

8.I like rock 'n roll better __________ classical music.

9.Tina would rather lie on the beach _________ go swimming.

10.Tina likes lying on the beach better _________ going swimming.

11.Tina prefers lying on the beach _________ going swimming.

12.My parents would rather work_________ retire. They enjoy their jobs.

13.Do you like fresh vegetables better _________ frozen or canned vegetables?

14.I would rather take a picture of a wild animal _________ kill it with a gun.

15.Mr. Kirn prefers tea _________ coffee with his evening meal.

16.I prefer visiting my friends in the evening _________ watching TV by myself.

17.My brother would rather read a book in the evening _________ visit with friends.

18.My sister likes her math class better _________ her biology class.

Ex.18: Complete the sentences with prepositions. This exercise contains

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prepositions that follow adjectives.

2.I don't understand that sentence. It isn't clear ______ me.

3.Mark Twain is famous ______ his novels about life on theMississippi in the nineteenth century.

4.I'm hungry ______ some chocolate ice cream.

5.Our daughter graduated from the university. We're very proud ______ her.

6.A lot of sugar isn't good ______ you. Sugar is especially bad ______ your teeth.

7.Who was responsible ______ the accident?

8.My coat is similar ______ yours, but different ______ Ben's.

9.Some people aren't friendly ______ strangers.

10.My daughter is crazy ______ horses. She is very interested ______ horses.

11.Sara knows what she's talking about. She's sure ______ her facts.

12.Are you aware ______ the number of children who die each day throughout the world? According to one report, 40,000 children die each day throughout the world, mostly due to malnutrition and lack of minimal medical care.

Ex.19:Find out the Subject and the Predicate

1.Courses vary in length - from a few months to two years.

2.In order to enter a university or polytechnic in Britain, you should have two or three

"A" levels with good marks.

3.Do young people pay less in their own state?

4.The undergraduate education culminates in a Bachelor's Degree.

5.During the last two years the undergraduates major in one special subject.

6.To obtain the Master's Degree a graduate student should work for two or sometimes three years.

7.For classes like history, literature, or even science there are essay questions, for math there are problems to solve.

8.Discussion often centres on the design of secondary and higher education programs.

Ex 20:Choose the verb (in brackets) that agrees with the subject

1.Colleges of education (train, trains) teachers.

2.Postgraduate courses (exist, exists) for the degrees of MA, M Sc and Ph.D.

3.In you have a high IQ score the teacher (give, gives) you more interesting work to do.

4.Further education at special colleges is mainly vocational, and (lead, leads) to a certificate, or a diploma, not a degree.

5.The academic programs (differ, differs) greatly in various universities.

6.An ever increasing number of students (hold, holds) jobs besides studying.

7.This (mean, means) that just about any student who really (want, wants) to can

finance his education.

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8. Young people usually (go, goes) to the university in the state they (live, lives).

Ex.21:Choose the correct form of each present tense verb

1.A university (offers, offer) both the B.D. and graduate degrees such as the M.A. and Ph.D.

2.Why (does, do) people go to university?

3.Education in Great Britain (is, are) compulsory from 5 to 16.

4.University and Polytechnic degree courses (lasts, last) three or four years.

5.(Does, do) a student wear a uniform?

6.Private universities (is, are) generally small and, therefore, very competitive.

7.In the USA the word "school" (describes, describe) any place where people learn.

8.(Does, do) students have a lot of tests and exams?

Ex.22: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Some of the sentences express true situations, and some of the sentences express contrary-to-fact situations.

1.Maybe I will have enough time tonight. If I {have) have enough time, I (write)

______Will write________ a letter to my cousin.

2.I won't have enough time tonight. But if I (have) had enough time, I (write)

_____would write______ a letter to my cousin.

3.Maybe I will have enough money. If I (have) ________ enough

money, I (buy) _________________ a ticket to the rock concert.

4.Unfortunately, I don't have enough money. But if I (have) ________ enough money, I (buy) _________________________ a ticket to the rock concert.

5.Maybe I will buy a car. If I (buy) _________ a car, I (drive) ________________ to Springfield next month to visit my friend.

6.I'm not going to buy a car. But, if I (buy) ____________ a car, I (drive)

____________ to Springfield next month to visit my friend.

7.The weather is terrible today. But if the weather (be) _________ good, I (go)

____________________ for a five-mile walk.

8.Maybe the weather will be nice tomorrow. If the weather (be) _________ nice, I

(go) __________________ for a long walk.

9.I know that you don't want to go to a movie tonight. But if you (want)

___________ to go to a movie, I (go) __________ with you.

10.What would you like to do tonight? Do you want to go to a movie? If you (want)

_________ to go to a movie, I (go) ___________ with you.

Ex.23: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.

1.I didn't feel good yesterday. If I (feel) _____________ better, I (come)

___________________ to class yesterday.

2.I don't feel good today. If I (feel) _____________ better, I (take)

___________________ a walk in the park today.

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3.I have a cold today, but I will probably feel better tomorrow. If I (feel) _________

better tomorrow, I (go) ________________ to class.

4.I'm sorry that you didn't come to the party. If you (come) ________ ________, you (have) ____________________ a good time

5.I didn't know that Bob was sick. If I (know) _____________ that he was sick, I (take) ____________________ him some chicken soup.

6.I'm tired. If I (be, not) __________ tired, I (help) __________ you.

7.Snow is predicted for tomorrow. If it (snow) __________ tomorrow I (stay)

________________ home.

8.I may have a dollar. Let me look in my wallet. If I (have) ________ a dollar, I (lend) ________________ it to you.

9.I don't have any money. If I (have) __________ a dollar, I (lend)

________________ it to you.

10.I didn't have a dollar yesterday. If I (have) _________ a dollar yesterday, I (lend)

___________________ it to you.

11.I didn't know it was your birthday yesterday. I wish you (tell) _____________

me. I (get) ____________________ you present if I (know) ________________ it was your birthday yesterday.

13.Why didn't you tell me when your plane was supposed to arrive? If you (tell)

_____________ me, I (pick) ___________________

SPEECH EXERCISES

Ex. I Study the word combinations:

Complete the sentences that follow and translate them into Russian:

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1. Could you stop (make) so much noise? 2. Does your job involve (meet) a lot of people? 3. We decided (take) a taxi home. 4. I don’t know whether (go) to the party or not. 5. I enjoy (travel). 6. Jim explained how (get) to the station. 7. If you want (be) a good student, please avoid (miss) your classes. 8. He denied (steal) the money. 9. They had to put off (travel) abroad because their son got ill. 10. They didn’t agree (lend) me more money. 11. I was warned not (touch) anything. 12. I can’t stand (live) in the country. 13. I tried to be serious but couldn’t help (laugh). 14. I’m fed up with (work) for this company. 15. I’m looking forward to (see) you next Monday. 16. He learned how (write) programs for his computer when he was twelve. 17. They accused me of (tell) lies. 18. He insisted on (move) to NY 19. When I met him he pretended not (see) me. 20. Has Sue succeeded in (find) a job yet? 21. He never apologized for (be) so rude to me. 22. The man was suspected of (be) a spy. 23. Ask Jack. He’ll tell you what (do). 24. I’ve always dreamed of (live) on a small island somewhere in the Pacific. 25. I don’t fee like (study) today.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Дик поблагодарил меня за помощь. 2. Он извинился за то , что заставил нас ждать. 3. Я всегда мечтал быть богатым. 4. Мы думаем о покупке нового дома. 5. Я поздравляю вас со сдачей экзамена. 6. Тому удалось купить новую квартиру. 7. Покажите мне, как пользоваться этой машиной. 8. Ему не удалось перевести текст. 9. Он привык жить один . 10. Напомни мне позвонить маме.

Ex. 2 Study the expressions with verbs and try to memorize them:

Insert the correct verb-noun combinations and translate into Russian:

1. Could you wait a little? I have to ... a phone call. 2. The Russian Government shall

... an official statement. 3. This deases was ... many years ago. 4. They got very interested in the experiments we were ... last year. 5. We’ll have to ... a holiday this summer. 6. You’ll ... a very good manager, I think. 7. They asked me to come to the Congress and ... a report there. 8. He ... a good job, and I think of employing him. 9. I’m sorry, but I’m very busy as we have to ... a lot of arrangements for the Conference. 10. Your suggestion ...

sense. We’ll think it over. 11. He is ... some research in molecular phisics. Ex.3 . Study the verbs and use them in the sentences that follow:

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1. We should ... urgent measures against land contamination. 2. Please, ... a photo of that wonderful view. 3. The expert refused to ... a price on the Rubense painting. 4. Who will .. care of this? 5. We have an honor to invite you to come to London and ...

part in the Conference devoted to the problems of telecommunications. 6. You should

... an end to your bad behavior. 7. Don’t ... all the blame on me. 8. It’s easier to ... a machine to pieces than to ... it together again. 9. Why aren’t you ... notes of the lecture? 10. They ... my temperature and blood pressure. 11. It’s extremely important to ... control over new achievements of genetics. 12. This professor ... forward a new theory. 13. I have no proof but you may ... my word for it. 14. thank you for all the troubles you’ve ... to help my son. 15. I think we shall ... aside this question for a week or two. 16. 14. thank you for all the troubles you’ve ... to help my son. 15. I think we shall ... aside this question for a week or two. 16. You’d better ... off this plain dress and ... on your pale green suit.

Ex 4

ATTENDING A CONFERENCE

Read and try to reproduce the Chairman’s Opening Speech: “Ladies and Gentlemen! I declare the Conference open.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee and in my own name I wish to welcome the guests and participants of the Conference to St.Petersburg!

The first matter is to read the agenda and to explain briefly the work to be done and problems to be discussed: ... I wish you every success.

I am very happy to be able to introduce to you our honorary guests and our speakers. Professor Jones is the first to take the floor....”

How to lead the discussion:

1. Getting started.

Okay, are we ready to start? Is everyone ready to begin? Shall we wait for anybody?

2.Introducing the subject

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How do you feel about it?

What’s your opinion of that?

Have you got any views on this?

What’s your reaction to this?

4.Giving an opinion

* Mind that the negative form is used in the first part of the complex sentence

7.Clarifying

Highly informal - What are you talking about?

-What did you say?

-What?

8.Dividing responsibilities

Who is going to be responsible for that?

Could you deal with that?

Can you take care of that?

9. Reaching agreement and summing up

Do we agree that ... ?

So, to sum up, we have decided to ... .

I know you’re not going to agree with me but we have no choice. We can discuss it later when we get the necessary information.

10. Keeping the discussion moving

Perhaps we should go on to the next point.

We have only ten minutes left, so we’d better move on.

Ex. 5 Read the essay and try to:

1mark the points where a new paragraph begins.

2write out verbs expressing opinions.

3underline all link words.

4render it in Russian.

It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase supposes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustable and economically realistic source of power and that it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, barring accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station may be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever an anti-nuclear lobby says, it is naive to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear power stations pose a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Furthermore, it is questionable whether nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have been very costly accidents in the USA and in the Soviet Union. The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of the market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the extinction of the human race. Thus,

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if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programs are proliferating. Such a proliferation assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.

1. Write the minutes of the discussion: The subject (item of the agenda) Advantages/ arguments for Disadvantages/ arguments against Conclusion

2.Try to practice “leading a discussion”. Give your opinions and ask for others’ views on every important statement.

3.Act the Conference “On the Uses of Nuclear Power”.

Roles to perform: The Chairman

Those who support nuclear energy uses Their opponents

Honorary guests

*You are expected and welcome to present your own opinions and arguments on the subject.

Improve your interpreting skills:

Ex.1. Colony in Space