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2.Why is security of personal communication succumbing to the government?

3.What did the graduate students of the University of California do?

4.What kept cyberthieves from snatching digital cell-phone codes?

5.How much did such theft from old-style analog cell phone cost phone

customers?

6.What does breaching digital phone's protection mean for cell phone-users?

7.Whay was the researcher's cellular code-cracking made easier?

8.What do coding experts think about the phone codes' flaw?

9.What organisations were kept from providing the best code protection available for evrynbody?

10.Who tried to persuade them doing so?

11.What are these agencies pushing Congress to do?

12.How do they explain it?

13.What does cloning of the cell-phone codes show?

14.What is meant by the "government's obsession"?

Topics to discuss.

1.Attempts of the government to have decoding technology for any encrypted information?

2.Privacy at risk.

Text 3:

Small Town Crime

Graham Harrison was an ambitious young policeman from the big dry, so he was disappointed with his first job on duty in Parley; all he had to do was patrol the older

part of the town, instead of hunting for bank robbers, gangsters and terrorists.

Sergeant Maidment, who had lived there all his life, advised him to walk around quietly and be friendly. He explained that most of the inhabitants of those streets were

too old to commit any serious crimes, and warned him not to interfere unless it was really necessary.

As Graham turned into Harcourt Road, an old-fashioned street with a row of terraced houses, he wondered if he would ever have the opportunity of distinguishing himself

in a small provincial town like Parley. But then he saw a crowd of people on the

pavement. Two middle-aged women were fighting. One of them was bleeding from a bad cut on the forehead; she had her hands round her opponent's throat and was trying

to strangle her. The other woman was screaming. Some of the neighbours were trying

to separate them, but a small boy stood in the doorway of his house, laughing and cheering.

Graham ordered the women to stop fighting. He took their names and addresses and asked the neighbours how the fight had started. It seemed that Sarah Hardcastle, who

lived at number 14, had accused Jean Morris, who lived at number 10, of knocking on her door several times while she was doing her ironing and then running indoors

again. Jean denied it. On the contrary, she accused Sarah of knocking on her door.

Then Sarah had thrown the iron at Jean and hit her on the forehead. Sarah admitted that she had attacked Jean but she refused to apologise. Graham offered to take Jean

to hospital but she said she didn't need treatment. In the end, they agreed to go indoors

and one of the neighbours invited Graham to have a cup of tea. Once the street was quiet again, he went to report to Sergeant Maidment.

The Sergeant listened to his report, and then he smiled. 'Well, Sarah Hardcastle and Jean Morris have hated one another since they were girls,' he said. 'In those days in a

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town like Parley, most men married the girl next door, so they both had their eye on

Charlie Walker. But he married Nora Bames, from Windsor Street, instead. So if Sarah and Jean hate each other, they hate Nora even more. When she and Charlie

celebrated their silver wedding last week, Sarah and Jean complained to us about the row and threatened to take Charlie and Nora to court. Charlie rang me up and begged

me to sort it out. I managed to calm them down, the Walkers apologised for making a noise, and that was the end of it. But it spoilt the party.

'I don't suppose you ever played a game as a boy of tying the knockers of two terraced

houses together with string. If you rap one and run away, the person who opens the door automatically pulls the string and knocks at the other house. Hasn't it struck you

that.the houses concerned were number 10 and number 14 Harcourt Road? No

wonder young Jimmy Walker was laughing and cheering in the doorway of number But I expect he had cut the string by the time you arrived. He'd already had his

revenge!'

Vocabulary

be disappointed(with) - быть разочарованным patrol - патрулировать

hunt - охотиться robber - грабить advise - советовать inhabitant - житель commit - совершать warn - предупреждатть interfere - вмешиваться unless - если не

old-fashioned - старомодный row - ряд

wonder - интересоваться distinguish oneself - отличиться crowd - толпа

pavement - трутуар

bleed - истекать кровью, кровоточить forehead - лоб

opponent - противник throat - горло strangle - задушить scream - орать

cheer - подбадривать accuse - обвинять knock - сутчать iron - утюг; гладить deny - отрицать

on the contrary - напротив hit - ударять, бить

admit - допускать, признавать refuse - отказываться apologise - извиняться treatment - здесь: лечение hate - ненавидеть

complain - жаловаться

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threaten - угрожать court - суд

beg - умолять

sort it out - выяснить, разобраться calm down - успокаивать

tying - связывание knocker - стучащий string - бечевка, веревка

strike* - здесь: прийти в голову revenge - месть

Comprehension Check.

Ex. Answer the following questions: 1. How many policemen were there in Farley?

2.Where was Graham Harrison from?

3.Whay was he disappointed with his first job on duty in Farley?

4.What did Sergeant Maidment advise him to do?

5.Was there an opportunity to distinguish oneself in this provincial town?

6.What scene did he see in the street?

7.What did the ladies accuse each other of?

8.What did he offer to the old fighting ladies?

9.What case did the sergeant explain him later?

10.What game was played there?

11.Did anyone in the street guess(догадаться), what it was?

Topics to Discuss.

1.Crimes in a small town.

2.A scene in the street.

3.Many-year hatress (ненависть)of the two ladies.

4.The boy's "game".

Text4:

Torts

Defamation of Character

(1) A person's reputation is a valuable asset. Therefore, every person is protected from false statements made by others during his or her lifetime. This protection ends upon a person's death. The tort of defamation of character requires a plaintiff to prove that (1) the defendant made an untrue statement of fact about the plaintiff and (2) the statement was intentionally or accidentally published to a third party. In this context, publication simply means that a third person heard or saw the untrue statement. It does not just mean appearance in newspapers, magazines, or books.

(2) The name for an oral defamatory statement is slander. A false statement that appears in a letter, magazine, book, photograph, movie, video, and the like is called libel. Most courts hold that defamatory statements in radio and television broadcasts are considered libel because of the permanency of the media.

(3) The publication of an untrue statement of fact is not the same as the publication of an opinion. The publication of opinions is usually not actionable. «My lawyer is lousy» is an opinion. Since defamation is defined as an untrue statement of fact, truth is an absolute defense to a charge of defamation.

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Invasion of the Sight to Privacy

(4) The law recognizes each person's right to live his or her life without being subjected to unwarranted and undesired publicity. A violation of this right constitutes the tort of invasion of the right to privacy. Examples of this tort include reading someone else's mail, wiretapping, and such. Publication to a third person is necessary. In contrast to defamation, the fact does not have to be untrue. Therefore, truth is not a defense to a charge of invasion of privacy. If the fact is public information, there is no claim to privacy. However, the fact that was once public (e.g., the commission of a crime) may become private after the passage of time.

(5) Placing someone in a «false light» constitutes an invasion of privacy. For example, sending an objectionable telegram to a third party and signing another's name would place a purported sender in a false light in the eyes of the receiver. Falsely attributing beliefs or acts to another can also form a basis of a lawsuit. Public Figures as Plaintiffs

(6) In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the U.S. Supreme Court held that public officials cannot recover for defamation unless they can prove that the defendant acted with «actual malice». Actual malice means that the defendant made

Vocabulary.

tort - правонарушение

defamation of character - клевета, очернение репутации valuable - ценный

asset - имущество, достояние therefore - следовательно protect - защищать

false - ложный, недостоверный statement - утверждение require - требовать(ся) plaintiff - истец

defame - порочить, клеветать defamation - диффамация, клевета

defamatory - позорящий, клеветнический, порочащий prove - доказывать

defendant - ответчик, обвиняемый intentionally - умышленно, преднамеренно accidentally - случайно, непредумышленно

publish - здесь: обнародовать, довести до сведения appearance - появление

oral - устный

slander - клевета письменная slanderer - клеветник

libel - клевета устная hold* - признавать, решать broadcast - вещать

consider - считать, рассматривать

permanency - постоянство, непреходящая ценность media - масс-медиа, средства массовой информации opinion - мнение

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actionable - обладающий исковой силой, дающий право на иск actionability - исковая сила

lawyer - юрист

lousy - разг.: гнусный since - поскольку

define - определять, давать определение defense - защита

charge (of) - обвинение (в) invasion - вторжение

right to privacy - право на тайну recognise - признавать

subject to - подвергать

unwarranted - необоснованный, неуполномоченный undesired - нежелаемый, нежелательный

publicity - гласность, широкая известность violation - нарушение

constitute - составлять, представлять собой wiretapping - подслушивание телефонных разговоров publication - предание гласности

commission - совершение crime - преступление passage - течение (времени)

objectionable - неприятный, нежелательный, вызывающий возражения signing - подписание

purport - претендовать, подразумевать sender - отправитель

receiver - получатель attribute - приписывать

lawsuit - иск, судебное дело/процесс public figure - общественный plaintiff - истец

public official - государственное должностное лицо recover - получать возмещение по суду

malice - злой умысел

malicious - умышленный, злонамеренный

reckless disregard - безответственное пренебрежение falsity - ложность, недостоверность, ложь requirement - требование

extend - распростаняться (на) personality - личность, лицо

public figure - общественный деятель celebrity - знаменитость

Ex. Answer the following questions.

1.How can a person's reputation be protected?

2.If a plaintiff sues somebody for defamation of character, what must he prove?

3.What does "publication of an untrue statement" mean in this case?

4.What is the name for and oral defamatory statement?

5.What does libel mean?

6.What examples of invasion of the right to privacy are given in the taxt?