МД-102 / Subj / 771-Английский язык. Пособие по практической грамматике

Придаточные условные предложения присоединяются к главным с помощью союзов if – если; unless – если не; provided – при условии …

Изучите правила перевода условных предложений.

Реальное условие

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Нереальное условие

Обратите внимание на смешанные случаи употребления времен в условных предложениях II и III типа.

If I were acquainted with this professor, I should have rung him up yesterday. – Если бы я был знаком с этим профессором, я бы позвонил ему вчера. Условие относится к настоящему времени (II тип), а следствие

— к прошедшему (III тип).

If I had written my essay yesterday, I should be free now. - Если бы я написала своё сочинение вчера, я бы сейчас была свободна. Условие относится к прошедшему времени (III тип), а следствие — к настоящему

(II тип).

Обратный порядок слов (инверсия) в придаточных предложениях условия

В условных предложениях союзы if, provided, in case и другие могут быть опущены, если в придаточных предложениях имеются глаголы had, were, could, might, should. В таких случаях эти глаголы ставятся перед подлежащим.

Had he translated this article, he would have given it to me. – Если бы он

перевёл эту статью, он бы дал её мне.

Were he older, he would understand it. – Если бы он был старше, он бы понял это.

Нереальное условие может быть выражено не только придаточным предложением, но и существительным со значением действия, события или признака, вводимого сочетаниями but for... , if it were not for... , had it not been for... (ср. рус. если бы не):

But for the strength of their character, the first settlers might not have survived the first winter in America. — Если бы не сила характера, первые поселенцы могли бы не выдержать первую зиму в Америке.

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Предложения с wish

После глагола to wish, где в придаточном предложении выражается сожаление о ситуации, имеющей место в настоящем или относящейся к прошлому, употребляются формы, совпадающие с формами прошедшего неопределенного или прошедшего совершенного времени соответственно.

При этом утвердительная форма указывает на сожаление о благоприятном, но не осуществленном действии, а отрицательная форма — на сожаление по поводу напрасно совершенного неблагоприятного действия. Подобные предложения обычно переводятся на русский язык предложениями: Как жаль, что...; Хотел бы я, чтобы....

I wish I knew how to do it. – Хотел бы я знать, как это делать.

I wish I could speak Spanish. — Жаль, что я не говорю по-испански. I wish I didn't live here! — Как жаль, что я здесь живу!

I wish I had gone there. – Я хотел бы туда пойти. (Жаль, что я туда не пошел).

I wish I hadn't called you. — Я жалею, что позвонил тебе. I wish I had called you. — Жаль, что я не позвонил тебе.

Practice

Ex.1. Compare the sentences. Translate them.

1.If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)

2.If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy)

3.If we had played a little better, we could have won the game. (We didn't play well, so we lost the game)

4.If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer. (You didn’t buy a computer because you didn’t have money)

5.If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. (You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough)

6.I wish I knew Steve’s telephone number. (I don’t know it)

7.If only I had told my parents about this misunderstanding. (I didn’t tell them about it)

Ex. 2. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets, pay attention to the types of conditional sentences. Translate the sentences.

1)If the taxi (to arrive) late, we’ll miss the appointment.

2)If you (to meet) Jack, please tell him that we need him badly.

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3)(To get) I any discount if I pay in cash?

4)Someone may have an accident unless we (to improve) safety standards.

5)If I were you, I (to accept) the offer.

6)If I saw him, I (to tell) him about your request.

7)If I (to have) time, I’d go with you.

8)If James (to change) his job, he would earn more money.

9)If they (to help) us, we shouldn’t have finished the work.

10)You’d have got a higher mark if you (to study) harder in winter.

11)They would have bought this flat if it (to be) too expensive.

12)But for the financial crisis the company (to fail).

Ex. 3. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1.The company will ask the bank for a credit if it (not to have) enough money for a new branch.

2.If the company (not to meet) the demands of consumers, its goods would not be recognized in the market.

3.If the price of the good had not be raised, the company (not to make) any profit.

4.If you (to translate) this article into Russian, you should use it in your report.

5.If it (to rain), we shan't go to the country on Sunday.

6.I shan’t be able to translate this article unless I (to find) a dictionary of finance terms.

7.If I had seen him, I (to tell) him about their plans.

8.If I weren’t so busy, I (to do) it for you.

9.If you (to be) very early, don’t expect them to be ready.

10.He (to act) differently if he had been given an answer two days ago.

11. If the company (make ) a profit last year, each shareholder would have

received a part of it.

Ex. 4. Match these parts to make conditional sentences

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Ex. 5. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.

I can’t write to her because I don’t have her addre ss.

-I could write to her if I had her address.

a.I’d like to go abroad but I can’t afford it.

b.I’m not going to buy that car because it’s so expen sive.

c.We can’t go out because it’s raining.

d.She won’t come to the party because she’s away on h oliday.

e.The central heating isn’t working so we can’t turn it on.

Ex. 6. Make conditional sentences.

1. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you had problems. If ...

2.This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living

because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If ...

3.He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask his advice because I am not

acquainted with him. If ...

4.We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If ...

5.Не always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If ...

6.The boxes were so heavy that I could not carry them. That's why I took a taxi.

If ...

7.I had a bad headache yesterday, that's why I did not come to see you. If ...

8.He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If …

9.The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If ...

10.It is late, and I have to go home. If ...

11.He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If ...

12.The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If ...

13.They spent a year in Rome, so they speak Italian fluently. If ...

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Ex.7. a)Use the correct form of the verb in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1)I wish I (to know) Italian. The delegation from Italy has come to the factory.

2)I wish we (not to have) so many meetings.

3)I wish we (to advertise) our furniture on television. The sales are low.

4)I wish I never (to suggest) this idea.

5)Don't you wish you (to see) that performance before?

6)I wish I (to have) a discount for the flight. The prices are so high.

7)I wish I (to consult) the lecturer when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me.

b) Change the sentences using I wish…

Pattern: It's a pity you are ill. – I wish you were not ill.

1)My friend regrets not having entered the Academy

2)He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test-paper in German.

3)Unfortunately she won't return before Christmas.

4)It's a pity that you did not send for the doctor last night.

5)I must get in touch with Sue. But I don’t know her number.

6)It’s a pity I’m working next weekend.

Ex. 8. In what situations can you hear these sentences? Add the first phrases.

1. - …………………………….

-You’ll get a discount if you pay in cash.

2.- ……………………………

-If I only had the time, I’d do it gladly.

3.- ……………………………

-If you are going to America, you will need a visa.

4.- ……………………………

-If I were you, I would take the money.

5.- ……………………………

-You will fail your exams unless you work harder.

6.- …………………………….

-You wouldn’t believe it unless you saw it.

Ex. 9. Let’s dream. What would happen / what would change in your life if you had…………..?

lived…………?

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knew ………..? could………...? found………...? got……………? lived…..……...? met…………...?

Add some more ideas.

Ex.10. Choose the correct option.

1.He wished he _____her the money. She never returned it. A had lent

B hadn't lent

2.If I____you, I____him. It's high time you_____his advice.

A were, would contact, would take B were, would contact, took

3.If the computer crashes, ______someone from the IT department. A you’d call

Byou’ll have to call

4.If she _____half an hour earlier, she____to see him before the departure. He was eager to say good-bye to her.

Acame, would be able

B had come, would have been able

5. You were not attentive. If you_____so nervous, you_____ much better and

_______ so many mistakes.

A had not been, would have spoken, wouldn't have made

B were not, would speak, wouldn't make

6.We_____the train if we_____faster.

A would catch, had walked

B would have caught, had walked

8.But for your help we_____in time.

A hadn't finished

B would not have finished

Ex. Translate these sentences from English into Russian

1. A bank would not consider lending money to help start a business unless you

could show it a detailed business plan.

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2.Unless you have sufficient funds or family or friends who are willing and able to financially support your business, you will most likely need to obtain a business loan from a bank.

3.If you are advertising your business through a website you must make sure it appears on a search engine, which can be achieved through the use of Google Ad Words.

4.We can’t continue our research unless we get more finance.

5.Were it all true it would still not excuse their actions.

6.If everyone wanted to be an entrepreneur and succeeded, businesses would be on such a small scale that the nation would not prosper.

7.If you price under market, you will run into serious financial problems.

8.If we hadn’t introduced technical innovationslast year? We wouldn’t be competitive in the market now.

9.If he had failed to sign the contract, he would have lost his job.

10.Many people would have given up if they had faced similar difficulties.

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