Sound [qi]

• The kite went higher and higher into the bright blue sky.

• There was a young lady of Niger who smiled as she rode on a tiger. By the end of the ride was a lady inside and the smile – on the face of the tiger.

7) Ship or Sheep U – 16

8) Listening I U – 16

9)

Sound [oi]

Boys often talk at the top of their voices.

10) Ship or Sheep U – 17

11) Listening I U - 17

12) Pronunciation Tasks U - 27 Syllables and Stresses

U – 28 Patterns of Stress in Words

U – 29 Stress Patterns in Numbers

U – 30 Finding out About Stress Patterns

U – 31 Pronouncing Unstressed Syllables.

Literature:

1) Vasiliev V. A. English Phonetics. M., 1980

UNIT 18 – 19

SENTENCE – STRESS

Main Theoretical Concepts:

Sentence – stress is the greater prominence with which one or more words in a sentence are pronounced as compared with the other words of the same sentence. The greater prominence is achieved by a combination of the following means:

1. by uttering the stressed syllable with greater muscular tension;

2. changing the pitch level or pitch direction with which the stressed syllable is pronounced;

3. pronouncing the stressed syllables longer than they would be pronounced when unstressed;

4. pronouncing the vowel of a stressed syllable without changing its quality.

Sentence – stress serves to single out words in the sentence according to their relative semantic importance.

e.g. But Andrew was not calm (Andrew, not, calm are stressed because they are most important semantically)

Intonation patterns containing a number of syllables consist of the following parts: the pre – head, the head, the nucleus and the tail.

The pre – head includes unstressed and half – stressed syllables preceding the first stressed syllable.

The head includes the stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with the first stressed syllable.

The last stressed syllable is called the nucleus.

The unstressed and half – stressed that follow the nucleus are called the tail.

e.g. It was a very sunny day yesterday.

It was a … - the pre – head

…very sunny – the head

…day… - the nucleus

…yesterday. – the tail

The rises and the falls that take place in the nucleus or start with it are called nuclear tones.

The nucleus is the most important part of the intonation pattern as it defines the communicative type of the sentence, determines the semantic value of the intonation–group, indicates the communicative center of the intonation–group or of the whole sentence.

The communicative center is associated with the most important word or words of the intonation–group or of the sentence.

The nuclear tone of the final intonation–group is determined by the communicative type of the whole sentence.

The communicative types of sentences are differentiated in speech according to the aim of the utterance from the point of view of communication, i.e. in order to show if the sentence expresses a statement of fact, a question, a command or an exclamation.

There are four communicative types of sentence:

1. Statements

e.g. I like music.

2. Questions

e.g. Can you prove it?

3. Imperative questions or commands

e.g. Try it again

4. Exclamations

e.g. Right you are!

The intonation pattern of the non–final intonation–group, mainly its nuclear tone, is determined by the semantic value of the intonation–group and by its connection with the following one.

The falling nuclear tone shows that the non–final intonation–group is complete, important by itself and is not closely connected with the following intonation – group.

A longer pause after an intonation–group pronounced with the falling tone makes the intonation–group even more significant.

e.g. I'll tell him all when he comes.

The rising nuclear tone shows that the non–final intonation–group is closely connected in meaning with the following intonation–group, is not important by itself and implies continuation.

e.g. Generally speaking, I pre fer tennis.

The intonation pattern is also modified by the speaker's attitude towards his utterance:

e.g. Why? – detached, even unsympathetic

Why? – wondering

In English notional words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) are generally stressed. Form – words and most pronouns (personal and possessive mainly) are generally unstressed. But any part of speech may be stressed if it is semantically important.

E.g. What is he going to do? – do is the communicative center.

What is he going to do? – he is the communicative center.

Methods of Indicating Intonation on the Staves.

Unstressed syllables are represented by dots, stressed syllables are marked by dashes or curves.

A dash represents a level tone.

__________

A downward curve represents the final fall.

__________

An upward curve represents the final rise.

__________

Two parallel lines (staves) represent the upper and the lower limits of human voice or the range of the voice.

_________

The temporal component of intonation can be indicated graphically only as far as pauses are concerned.

Two vertical bars _________ denote a long pause, which usually occurs at the end of a sentence.

A single vertical bar _________ denotes a short pause inside a sentence.

Practical Tasks:

1) Read the situations to yourself and according to their contents mark the intonation of the sentences in bold type.

2) Read each of the following sentences shifting the position of the last stress according to the following pattern

e.g. Lanny turned into Adderley Street

a) Who turned into Adderley Street?

Lanny turned into Adderley Street.

b) Where did Lanny turn?

Lanny turned into Adderley Street.

3) Answer the theoretical questions.

4) Write down the terms dictation.

5) Ship or Sheep U – 18 (Review)

6) Listening I U – 18

7)