Sound [a]

Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.

It only doubles trouble and troubles others too.

9) Ship or Sheep U - 5 (Intonation: Making a List, Intonation of Enumeration)

10) Listening 1 U-5

11) Pronunciation Tasks U-4, p.10

12)

Sound [r]

The last part of the article is rather hard to grasp.

13) Ship or Sheep U – 6 (Intonation of exclamation.)

14) Listening I U-6

15) Pronunciation Tasks U-6, p.13

16)

Sound [p]

Rod often wants a cup of hot water from a pot.

17) Ship or Sheep U – 7 (Intonation of a Suggestion and a Command.)

18) Listening 1 U-7, 8

Literature:

1) Vasiliev V.A. English Phonetics. M., 1980

2) Leontieva S.F. English Phonetics

3) Kenworthy, J. Teaching English Pronunciation, Longman, 1987

4) Wells, J.C. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, Longman, 1990

UNIT 10

ASSIMILATION

Main Theoretical Concepts:

Assimilation is a modification in the articulation of a consonant under the influence of an adjacent consonant. It is the chief factor due to which the principal variants of phonemes are modified into subsidiary ones.

The consonant the articulation of which is modified is called the assimilated sound.

The consonant, which influences the articulation of the neighbouring consonant, is called the assimilating sound.

Assimilation may affect all the features of the articulation of a consonant or only some of them.

Types of assimilation.

1)

a) Assimilation affecting the point of articulation, i.e. the principal (alveolar) variants of the phonemes [t, d, n, l, s, z,] are replaced by their subsidiary dental variants.

b) assimilation, affecting both the point of articulation and the active organ of speech.

e.g. congress ['kPNgres] – the forelingual alveolar [n] is replaced by the back - lingual velar [N] if the prefix “con-“ bears either a primary or a secondary stress.

bacon ['beIkqn] → ['beIkN]

I can go [QI kqn 'gqu] → [QI kN 'gqu] – a vowel between [n] and [k] in an unstressed syllable is omitted in rapid speech so [n] → [N]

2) assimilation affecting the manner of the production of noise

e.g. give me ['gIm mI]

The constrictive noise fricative [v] before the occlusive nasal sonorant [m] at the word boundary in rapid speech is modified. So [v] → [m] - constrictive → occlusive sonorant.

let me ['lem mI] – [t] → [m] – occlusive noise plosive → occlusive sonorant

The manner of noise production is affected by assimilation in cases of:

a) lateral explosion: when a plosive is followed by [l]

e.g. pleasure, candle, cattle

The closure for the plosive is not realized till the off-glide for [l]: the sides of the tongue are lowered and the air escapes along them with lateral explosion.

b) loss of plosion or incomplete plosion in the clusters:

1. of 2 similar plosives [pp, pb, tt, td, kk, kg]

2. of 2 plosives with different points of articulation [kt, kC, dg, tb]

There is only one explosion for the 2 plosives. The closure of the organs of speech for the second plosive is made before the release of the first one.

e.g. act, fact, good girl

c) nasal plosion – a plosive followed by the syllabic [n, m] has no release, the air escapes through the nasal cavity

e.g. button, submarine

3) assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords

A voiceless consonant may be replaced by a voiced one under the influence of the adjacent voiced consonant or vice versa

e.g. goose ['gHs], goose berry ['guzbqrI] – voiceless [s] → voiced [z]

used ['jHzd], used to ['jHst tu] – voiced [z] → voiceless [s]

The English sonorants [m, n, l, r, j, w] are partly devoiced when they are preceded by the voiceless consonants [s, p, t, k]

e.g. small, please, try, slow, quick, twenty

4) assimilation affecting the lip position

The labialized subsidiary variants of the phonemes [k, g, t, s,] etc. are used under the influence of the following bilabial sonorant [w]

e.g. quick ['kwIk], twenty ['twentI], language ['lxNgwIG]

5) assimilation affecting the position of the soft palate

Nasal consonants influence oral ones

e.g. let me [lem mI'] – [t] → [m], oral → nasal

kindness [kQInnIs] – [d] → [n], oral → nasal

Practical Tasks:

1) Transcribe the text, underline the modified sounds, analyze and explain the changes.

2)