Sound [q]

One of the policemen told them that there was a photographer at the corner.

2) Ship or Sheep U-13

3) Listening I U-13

4) p. 154 ex. 9

5) p. 154 ex. 10

6) p. 154 ex. 11

7) p. 154 ex. 12

Control Questions:

1) What is elision?

2) Give the examples of contemporary elision. Name the possible cases.

Literature:

1) Vasiliev V. A. English Phonetics. 1980, p.75-86

2) Leontieva S.F. A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics. M., 1989, p. 150 -151.

TEST

Theoretical Questions:

1. Give the definition of

• assimilation

• accomodation

• elision

2. The main types of assimilation, its direction, its degrees; the conditions. Give examples.

3. Types of accomodation.

4. Kinds of elision

Practical Control Tasks:

1. Read the words, observe the stronger aspiration of [p, t, k] before long vowels and diphthongs. Compare with the Russian [п, т, к] pronounced without aspiration.

port tar car порт

Peter table cable торт

power tower cow кот

pit tip cat пар

2. Describe the difference in the transition from [p] to [L] in the words port and spot.

3. Read the pairs of words, describe the mechanism of voiceless fortis, voiced lenis difference, which is functional here.

plight – blight try – dry crate – great

found – bound tune – dune piece – bees

penny – Benny park – bark twelve – dwell

4. Describe the mechanism of the articulatory difference between the [e] in hen, hell and between the [H] in tool, tune

5. Read the word combinations below. Observe and explain the mechanism of articulation of two plosionless stops.

help Peter – сноп пшеницы

club building – клуб был полон

at times – оттуда

good day – под домом

black coffee – как когда

6. What mechanism is affected by assimilation in the pronunciation of [r] in the words string, strike, of [m] in the words smell, smoke or [j] in the words student, suit?

7. Explain the mechanism of [k] to [D] transition in the combination like that. What mistake can be made by the Russian students in the articulation of [kD]?

8. Pronounce the words and word combinations. Underline the sounds affected by assimilation, describe its type.

breadth, wealth, at that, afraid, apron, thrive

9. Pronounce the words correctly, underline the two plosives, explain the articulatory difference in the CC transition in English and in Russian.

apt – аптека helped – обточка fact – факт

shopkeeper – шапка begged – когда

10. Arrange these English and Russian words under the headings: (1) aspiration, no aspiration; (2) palatalization a) loose CV transition, b) close CV transition; (3) labialization, labialization with the lip protrusion.

top, bee, pit, built, port, meal, cope, deep, beauty, tarn, corn, music, pepper, onion, peace, come, lean, car, cable, lion, dean, топь, поле, тина, Коля, тесто, роль, сила, лом, ток, день, пень, соль, ряд, пел, рёв, бук, кило, мел, вилы, полк, ком, дуло, coop, tool, tall, call, gorge, goose, doom, dawn, room, thorn.

11. Arrange these words under the headings: (1) lateral plosion, (2) nasal plosion, (3) loss of plosion (two plosionless stops).

actor, curdled, muddle, needless, mottled, Britain, begged, oughtn't, at last, what kind, admit, back, madness, witness, big books, partner, slept, cotton, great number, sudden, captain, top coat, red light, black goat, ripe cheese, huddle, at night, good looks.

12. Explain how assimilation affects the place of articulation in the vowels.

[tR – kR, kJ – kR, kHl – kJn, jes – pjHtq, Jl - kJp]

13. Transcribe these words and word combinations. Read them. Explain possible mistake in the CC transition.

anecdote, birthday, blackboard, medicine, this book, let's go, what's the time, sixth, his thing, pass them, is that, fifths, Smith's there, soothes them, in the

14. Give your own examples and explain the difference between the English and Russian articulatory transition in cases of (1) aspiration, (2) palatalization, (3) labialization.

15. Give your own examples and explain the difference between the English and Russian articulatory transition in cases of assimilation affecting (1) the work of the vocal cords, (2) the place of articulation and the active organ of speech, (3) the manner of noise production, (4) the position of the soft palate.

16. Give your own examples and explain the difference between the English and Russian articulatory transitions in cases of the (1) nasal plosion, (2) lateral plosion, (3) loss of plosion.

17. Give your own examples to illustrate different cases of elision.

UNIT 14

SYLLABLE FORMATION

Main Theoretical Concepts:

Syllable – is one or more speech sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a whole word, e.g. lamp; or a part of it, e.g. second.

1. In English the syllable is formed:

a) by any vowel (a monophthong or a diphthong) along or in combination with one or more consonants

e.g. are [R] = vowel (+ consonant)

b) by a word – final sonorant (lateral or nasal) immediately preceded by a consonant

e.g. bottle = bo – ttle [bP-tl] – consonant + sonorant

2. But if sonorants in word – final position are preceded by a vowel sound they are not syllabic

syllabic non – syllabic

sadden sand

doesn't don't

3. [w, j] are never syllabic, they are always syllable initial.

The syllabic consonants are [n, l]. There are few words with the syllabic [m]. The syllabic [N] occurs as a result of progressive assimilation of the forelingual consonant [ n] to the preceding back lingual consonant [k, g]

e.g. [beI - kqn] → [beI - kN]

4. Many English words are pronounced with a neutral vowel before the final sonorant. The sonorant becomes non – syllabic

e.g. radical [rx - dIkl] or [rx – dI - kql]

5. Many English words are spelt with a vowel letter before the final sonorant and have only one pronunciation with a syllabic final consonant

E.g. garden [gRdn], season [sJzn]

6. The sonorant [n] is always syllabic in the contracted negative forms of auxiliary and modal verbs

E.g. isn't couldn't mightn't

wasn't hasn't oughtn't

haven't wouldn't

7. The sound may lose their syllabic character when they occur in the middle of a word before a vowel belonging to a suffix

syllabic non – syllabic

listen [lI-sn] listening [lIs-nIN]

drizzle [drI-zl] drizzling [drIz-lIN]

8. Every syllable has a definite structure of form depending on the kind of speech sound it ends in. There are two types of syllable distinguished from this point of view.

1) a syllable which ends in a vowel sound (an open syllable)

2) a syllable which ends in a consonant sound (a closed syllable)

They are phonetic syllables.

Practical Tasks:

1)