- •Oxford Practice Grammar
- •1 What kind of word? (b)
- •2 What kind of word? (b)
- •3 Words in sentences (c)
- •1 Subject Verb
- •1 Parts of the sentence (a)
- •2 Sentence structure (a)
- •3 Word order (a)
- •4 Adverbials (b)
- •Indirect object or to? (a)
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Form (b)
- •2 Forms (b-c)
- •3 Forms (b-c)
- •1 Present continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •2 Present continuous or simple? (a-c)
- •3 Always (d)
- •I like/I'm liking etc
- •1 States and actions (a)
- •3 The verb be (b)
- •1 Positive forms (b)
- •2 Positive forms (b)
- •3 Negatives and questions (c)
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Form (b)
- •1 Past continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •2 Past continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •3 Past continuous or simple? (a-c)
- •B Form
- •C Irregular forms
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Irregular forms (c)
- •3 Review (a-d)
- •1 Just (a)
- •2 Just, already and yet (a)
- •3 For and since (b)
- •4 For and since (b)
- •B Ever and never
- •C First time, second time, etc
- •1 Gone to or been to? (a)
- •6 I've done it. I did it yesterday.
- •2 I've done it. I did it yesterday. (b)
- •3 Structures with for, since and last (c)
- •It hasn't rained today.
- •1 I've been or I was? (a)
- •4 Present perfect or past simple? (Units 14 and 15)
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •1 Will have done (a)
- •2 Will have done (a)
- •3 Was going to (b)
- •4 Was going to (b)
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •1 What or which? (a)
- •2 What or which? (a)
- •3 Who, what or which? (b)
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •3 I think so, etc (b)
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •1 I was given ... (a)
- •2 It is said that... (b)
- •3 He is said to... (c)
- •58 Have something done
- •1 Have something done (a-b)
- •2 Have something done (a-b)
- •3 Get something done (c)
- •59 To be done and being done
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •1 It is easy to drive the car (b)
- •2 The car is easy to drive (c)
- •3 Certain, sure and likely (d)
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •1 Afraid (a)
- •2 Afraid (a)
- •3 Afraid, anxious, ashamed and interested (a-b)
- •4 Sorry (c)
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •1 See it happen (b)
- •2 See it happening (c)
- •3 See it happen or see it happening? (d)
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •1 A carton of milk (a)
- •2 A man/he and the man/someone (c)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •4 Some (d)
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •1 Prison or the prison? (a)
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •2 So and such (c)
- •4 What (d)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •3 Each other (b)
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •Interesting.
- •1 Less (a)
- •2 Much faster (b)
- •3 Faster and faster (c)
- •4 The faster, the better (d)
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •3 Very cold, really hurting, etc (b-d)
- •116 Quite and rather
- •3 Quite or rather? (c)
- •117 Too and enough
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •122 During or while? By or until? As or like?
- •1 During or while? (a)
- •2 By or until? (b)
- •3 As or like? (c)
- •71 Afraid, anxious, ashamed, interested, sorry 72 Used to
- •2 Good, bad, etc (c)
- •1 Tell/ask someone to do something (a)
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •1 If or when? (b)
- •2 If and unless (c)
- •3 If and unless (c)
- •4 In case (d)
- •5 If, when, unless and in case (b-d)
- •149 Wish and if only
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •2 Although (b)
- •3 In spite of and although (e)
- •4 But, although, even though, in spite of and despite (a-e)
- •5 Although, even though, in spite of and despite (a-e)
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •Verbs with prepositions and adverbs
114 Yet, still and already
Still means 'going on longer than expected'. (It's late to be thinking about a holiday.)
Already means 'sooner than expected'. (It's early to have had a holiday.)
B Yet
Yet usually goes at the end of a negative statement or a question.
Vicky has got a present, but she hasn't opened it yet. Wait a minute. I'm not ready yet. Have they sent you your cheque yet? ~ No, not yet. I should get it next week.
C Still and already
In a positive statement, still and already usually go in mid position (see Unit 113B). Sarah isn't home yet. She's still at work. We wrote a month ago, and we're still waiting for a reply. I've only been at work an hour, and I'm already exhausted. There's no need to tell me. I already know.
We can also use still in a negative statement. It goes before haven't, can't, etc.
It's nearly lunch-time, and you still haven't opened your mail.
My friend is sixteen, and she still can't swim. Compare these sentences. The meanings are similar.
Rita hasn't booked a holiday yet. Rita still hasn't booked a holiday. Still is stronger than yet. It often expresses surprise that the situation has gone on for so long.
In a question still and already usually go after the subject.
Are you still waiting after all this time? Has Tom already been on holiday?
D No longer and any longer/any more
No longer means that something is finished. It goes in mid position (see Unit 113B). You can't buy these bikes now. They no longer make them. I used to belong to the sports club, but I'm no longer a member.
No longer can be a little formal. In informal speech we use not... any longer or not... anymore.
They don't make these bikes any longer/any more.
Rita has moved. She doesn't live here any longer/any more. Any longer/any more comes at the end.
12A Yet and already with the present perfect
114 Exercises
1 Yet, still and already (A)
Put in yet, still or already.
► Mark: I know it isn't lunch-time yet, but I'm really hungry.
Sarah: It's only eleven. And you've already had two coffees since breakfast.
Vicky: You've ……………….. got this library book, and it was due back ten days ago. Rachel: Well, I haven't finished it
Nick: Tom is a very slow eater, isn't he? He's having his soup.
David: And we've started our pudding.
3 Trevor: Has the postman been ? I'm expecting a letter from the bank.
Laura: Yes, he has, but that letter hasn't arrived.
2 Word order with yet, still and already (A)
Put the word in brackets into one of the sentences.
I've bought some CDs. I haven't played them, (yet) / haven't played them yet.
This calculator works. I've had it for ages, (still) This calculator still works.
I owe Emma £20.1 can't ask her for more, (already)
We've spent all our money. And we're only halfway through our holiday, (already)
I've cleaned this window. But it looks dirty, (still)
Our friend took some photos. We haven't seen them, (yet)
I can't understand the rules. I know you explained them to me. (still)
3 Still and any more (C-D)
Two people are talking about the place they live in. Write the replies using still or not... any more.
Old man: Young man:
There was a church. ~ Well, there's still a church.
You could see fields. ~ You can't see them any more. Now it's just houses.
Children played there. ~ Not now
Boats came along the river. ~ Oh, . Look at them.
The view was beautiful. ~ Well, . It's awful.
It was our home. ~ And
\ Yet, still, already, no longer and any longer/any more (A-D)
Put in already, any more, no longer, still and yet.
► It's still raining, look. How much longer can it go on?
The railway closed down years ago, so there's……………………. a railway station here.
They want to build a new hotel here, but they haven't got permission .…………………
Rita isn't going out with Nick. She told him she didn't want to see him……………………
Those people moved here only three months ago, and they're…………………..leaving.
115
Adverbs of degree, e.g. very,
quite
Laura is a bit tired. She's been Mark is quite tired. He's been Sarah is very tired. She's had to
working all morning. working all day. work late at the office.
An adverb of degree makes the meaning weaker or stronger. Here are some more examples.
small decree (weaker) medium degree large degree (stronger)
a little late fairly unusual absolutely sure really ill
slightly complicated pretty good completely mad
rather nice extremely cold
B Very cold, quite quickly, etc
An adverb of degree (e.g. very) goes before an adjective (e.g. cold) or an adverb (e.g. quickly).
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE ADVERB + ADVERB
It's very cold today. The time passed quite quickly.
Rita looked rather upset. We go on holiday fairly soon.
This dress is absolutely marvellous. United played extremely well.
Before a comparative we can use a bit, a little, a lot, far, much, rather and slightly. See also Unit 112B. I'm feeling a lot better today. These new trains go much faster.
C Really hurting, quite enjoys, etc
Some adverbs of degree can describe a verb.
They usually go in mid position (close to the verb — see Unit 113B).
My foot is really hurting. Laura quite enjoys shopping. I rather like this cake. Some adverbs of degree go at the end ol a sentence when they describe a verb. They are a bit, a little, a lot, awfully, much and terribly.
Mark travels a lot. I'll open the window a little. The animals suffer terribly.
Absolutely, completely and totally can go in mid position or at the end. We completely lost our way/We lost our way completely. I'm afraid I totally disagree./I'm afraid I disagree totally.
D Much
Now look at these sentences.
Positive:
I
like this town very
much, not
I
like this town much
Negative: / don't like this town very much, or I don't like this town much.
In a positive statement we use very much. In a negative statement we can use either very much or much.
116 More about quite and rather 117 Too and enough
115
Exercises
1
Very, quite, a bit, etc
(A)
Write
sentences using one of the phrases in brackets.
(a bit busy or very busy?) ……………………….. 4 ………… (fairly happy or extremely happy?)
(a bit thirsty or really thirsty?)
2 Very, quite and a bit (A)
Put in very, quite or a bit.
► The bus service is all right. The buses are quite frequent.
I couldn't sleep because of the awful noise. The disco was…………. noisy.
The weather was OK - at least it didn't rain. It was good.
The train was almost on time. It was just………….. late.
Someone paid a great deal of money for the house. It was………….. expensive.
There were some very small traces of mud on the boots. They were………….. .. dirty.
There was a medium amount of traffic on the road. It was…………….busy.