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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5733_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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constipation, and potential for dependence and addiction. It can also cause
histamine release, leading to itching and allergic reactions.
Addiction Potential: Phenampromide, like other opioids, has a significant
potential for abuse, addiction, and physical dependence. Prolonged use
can lead to tolerance, where higher doses are required to achieve the same
effects, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. Phenampromide
can be administered orally, intravenously, or via other routes depending
on the formulation. However, intravenous administration is generally
associated with a higher risk of abuse and adverse effects.
Chemical Stability: Information regarding the chemical stability of
phenampromide, including factors such as pH sensitivity, temperature
stability, and susceptibility to degradation, may be available in specific
drug formulation studies or pharmaceutical databases.
Route of Administration: Phenampromide is a drug that belongs to the class of
opioid analgesics. It is primarily administered orally in the form of tablets or
capsules. However, it's important to note that the route of administration can vary
depending on the formulation and specific medical circumstances. In some cases,
phenampromide may also be administered via injection, particularly in a hospital
setting or under medical supervision. However, injection routes are less common
compared to oral administration. As always, the route of administration should be
determined by a qualified healthcare professional based on individual patient
needs and medical considerations.
Pharmacological actions:
Analgesia: Phenampromide acts as an analgesic by binding to opioid
receptors in the CNS, particularly mu-opioid receptors. This binding
results in the modulation of pain perception and transmission, leading to
pain relief.
Central Nervous System Depression: Like other opioid analgesics,
phenampromide can cause CNS depression, including sedation,
respiratory depression, and drowsiness. These effects are dose-dependent
and can be dangerous if the drug is abused or taken in excessive amounts.
Antitussive: Phenampromide also has antitussive properties, meaning it
can suppress coughing. This action is mediated through its effects on the
CNS, where it reduces the sensitivity of the cough reflex.
Euphoria and Mood Alteration: Opioid drugs like phenampromide can
produce feelings of euphoria and mood alteration due to their effects on
the reward pathways in the brain. These effects contribute to the drug's
potential for abuse and addiction.
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Gastrointestinal Effects: Phenampromide can cause constipation by
reducing gastrointestinal motility. This effect is also mediated through its
actions on opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
Analysis
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC is a widely used
technique for drug analysis. It can be used to separate, identify, and
quantify the constituents of a mixture. With appropriate sample
preparation, HPLC can analyse Phenampromide in pharmaceutical
formulations or biological samples.
Gas Chromatography (GC): GC is another chromatographic technique often
used for drug analysis. It is particularly useful for volatile and thermally
stable compounds. Phenampromide can be analysed using GC coupled
with various detectors like mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identification
and quantification.
Mass Spectrometry (MS): Mass spectrometry is a powerful technique for
the structural elucidation and quantification of compounds. It can be used
standalone or coupled with chromatographic techniques like GC or HPLC.
MS can provide detailed information about the molecular weight,
fragmentation pattern, and structural characteristics of Phenampromide.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy is useful for identifying
functional groups present in a compound. It can provide information
about the molecular structure of Phenampromide and can be used to
confirm its identity.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy is
another powerful technique for structural elucidation. It can provide
detailed information about the connectivity of atoms within a molecule. By
analyzing the NMR spectra of Phenampromide, researchers can confirm
its structure and detect any impurities.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy: UV-Visible spectroscopy can be used to analyze
the electronic transitions within a molecule. While Phenampromide may
not have extensive applications in this area, UV-Vis spectroscopy can still
be useful for certain analyses, such as determining the concentration of
solutions containing Phenampromide.
X-ray Crystallography: X-ray crystallography is an advanced technique
used to determine the three-dimensional structure of crystalline
materials. While not commonly applied to every drug, it can provide
detailed structural information about Phenampromide if its crystalline
form is available.
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PHENAZOCINE
Scientific Name:
(2R,6S,11R)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-6,11-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-2,6-
methano-3-benzazocin-8-ol.
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: Phenazocine typically presents as a white to off-white
crystalline powder or as crystals.
Odour: It may not have a distinct odour in its pure form.
Melting Point: The melting point of phenazocine is reported to be around
186-188°C.
Solubility: It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
like chloroform and ethanol.
Chemical Properties
Chemical Structure: Phenazocine belongs to the benzomorphan class of
opioids. It has a complex structure consisting of multiple rings, including a
benzene ring and a morphine skeleton.
Binding Affinity: Phenazocine binds primarily to the μ-opioid receptors in
the central nervous system. It also interacts with kappa (κ)-opioid
receptors. Its affinity for these receptors contributes to its analgesic
effects.
Analgesic Activity: Phenazocine exhibits potent analgesic activity, similar
to morphine. It is used primarily for the relief of moderate to severe pain,
such as postoperative pain or pain associated with cancer.
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Pharmacokinetics: Phenazocine is usually administered via intramuscular
or intravenous injection due to its poor oral bioavailability. It undergoes
extensive metabolism in the liver, primarily through conjugation
reactions, and is excreted mainly via the kidneys.
Side Effects: Like other opioids, phenazocine can cause side effects such as
respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and
potential for dependence and tolerance with prolonged use. It can also
lead to CNS effects such as dizziness, confusion, and euphoria.
Physical Properties: Phenazocine is typically found as a white to off-white
crystalline powder. It is soluble in organic solvents like ethanol but has
limited solubility in water.
Chemical Stability: Phenazocine is relatively stable under normal storage
conditions. However, like many pharmaceuticals, it may degrade over time
if exposed to heat, light, or moisture.
Synthesis: Phenazocine can be synthesized through various chemical
routes, typically involving the condensation of appropriate precursors
followed by subsequent chemical modifications to yield the final
compound.
Route of administration: Phenazocine is primarily administered via
intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion. It is a potent analgesic (pain-
relieving) medication belonging to the class of opioid agonist-antagonist drugs.
This means it interacts with opioid receptors in the central nervous system to
produce analgesia (pain relief) but may also exhibit antagonist effects at other
opioid receptors. Phenazocine is typically used for moderate to severe pain
management, such as postoperative pain or pain associated with labour.
Pharmacological Action:
Analgesia: Phenazocine primarily acts as an analgesic by binding to opioid
receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the mu, kappa,
and delta receptors. Its analgesic effect is comparable to that of morphine
but with less respiratory depression.
Agonist-Antagonist Activity: Phenazocine is considered a mixed agonist-
antagonist because it acts as an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and as
an antagonist at mu opioid receptors. This unique pharmacological profile
can result in reduced abuse potential and milder withdrawal symptoms
compared to pure mu agonists like morphine.
Respiratory Depression: While phenazocine has a lower propensity for
causing respiratory depression compared to pure mu agonists, it can still
depress respiration, especially at higher doses. However, this effect is
generally less pronounced than with morphine.
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Sedation and CNS Depression: Like other opioid analgesics, phenazocine
can cause sedation and central nervous system depression, leading to
effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and impairment of cognitive and
motor functions.
Physical Dependence and Tolerance: Chronic use of phenazocine can lead
to the development of tolerance, where higher doses are required to
achieve the same analgesic effect. Additionally, abrupt discontinuation or
rapid dose reduction can lead to withdrawal symptoms due to physical
dependence.
Cardiovascular Effects: Phenazocine can cause cardiovascular effects,
including hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart
rate), particularly at higher doses.
Nausea and Vomiting: Like other opioids, phenazocine can cause nausea
and vomiting, which may limit its tolerability in some patients.
Analysis
Mass Spectrometry (MS): Mass spectrometry is a powerful technique for
identifying and characterizing compounds based on their mass-to-charge
ratio. Phenazocine can be analyzed using MS to determine its molecular
weight and fragmentation pattern, aiding in its identification in complex
samples.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy is
used to determine the molecular structure of compounds by analyzing the
interactions of atomic nuclei with an applied magnetic field. Phenazocine's
chemical structure can be elucidated using NMR, providing information
about its functional groups and stereochemistry.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC is a
chromatographic technique used for the separation, identification, and
quantification of compounds in a mixture. Phenazocine can be analysed
using HPLC by separating it from other components in a sample and
detecting it using UV-Vis or fluorescence detection.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): GC-MS combines the
separating power of gas chromatography with the detection capability of
mass spectrometry. Phenazocine can be analysed using GC-MS by first
separating it from other components using GC and then identifying it
based on its mass spectrum.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy is used to identify functional
groups in molecules based on their characteristic absorption of infrared
radiation. Phenazocine's functional groups can be identified using IR
spectroscopy, aiding in its structural elucidation.
X-ray Crystallography: X-ray crystallography is a technique used to
determine the three-dimensional structure of crystalline materials at the
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atomic level. Although less common for pharmaceutical analysis, X-ray
crystallography can be employed to determine the crystal structure of
Phenazocine, providing detailed information about its molecular
arrangement.
Electrochemical Techniques: Electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic
voltammetry or polarography, can be used to study the electrochemical
behaviour of Phenazocine. These techniques can provide information
about its redox properties and stability.
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PHENOMORPHAN
Scientific Name:
(–)-N-methyl-N-[(1S,9R)-4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-6H-benzofuro[3a,3,2-
ef][2]benzazocin-1-yl]-3-phenylpropan-1-amine.
Molecular structure:
Physical properties
Appearance: The specific form may depend on factors such as
manufacturing processes and storage conditions.
Solubility water and alcohol: Solubility properties can depend on the form
of the substance (salt, hydrochloride, etc.) and the conditions under which
it is measured.
Molar Mass: The molar mass of phenomorphan is approximately 393.53
grams per mole.
Chemical Properties
Chemical formula: The chemical formula for phenomorphan is
C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₂.
Chemical classification: Phenomorphan is classified as a synthetic opioid
analgesic. It falls within the broader category of opioids, which are
substances that act on the central nervous system to relieve pain. Opioids
exert their effects by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal
cord known as opioid receptors.
Functional Groups: The chemical structure of phenomorphan contains several
functional groups. The key functional groups present in phenomorphan include:
Amine Group (N): The central nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring is a
basic amine group.
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Hydroxyl Group (OH): Present in the epoxide ring, contributing to the
overall structure.
Aromatic Ring (Phenyl Group - C₆H₅): An aromatic ring structure attached
to the piperidine ring.
Epoxy Group (O): A three-membered oxygen-containing ring, also known
as an epoxide, present in the structure.
These functional groups play a significant role in determining the
pharmacological and chemical properties of phenomorphan.
How it is made? / From where it is obtained : Phenomorphan is typically
obtained through pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. It is a synthetic opioid
analgesic, and its production is carried out in a controlled laboratory setting by
pharmaceutical companies. The availability of phenomorphan is restricted, and it
is usually prescribed by healthcare professionals for specific medical purposes.
Obtaining or using phenomorphan without a valid prescription is illegal and poses
serious health risks. If you have specific medical inquiries or need information
about a prescribed medication, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional.
Route of administration: The route of administration for phenomorphan is
typically oral, as it is often formulated in tablet or capsule form for ingestion. The
specific dosage and administration method can vary based on medical conditions
and individual patient needs. It is crucial to follow the prescribed dosage and
administration instructions provided by a healthcare professional. Additionally,
the use of phenomorphan should be under the supervision and prescription of a
qualified healthcare provider due to its opioid nature and associated risks.
Pharmacological action Phenomorphan is an opioid analgesic, which means it
acts on the central nervous system to alleviate pain. Like other opioids,
phenomorphan binds to specific receptors, primarily the mu-opioid receptors, in
the brain and spinal cord. This binding inhibits the transmission of pain signals
and alters the perception of pain. Phenomorphan, being an opioid, may also have
effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
The use of phenomorphan is typically reserved for the management of
moderate to severe pain, and it should be administered under the supervision and
prescription of a qualified healthcare professional due to the potential for side
effects and risks associated with opioid medications.
Analysis
Physical method: Physical methods for the analysis of substances like
phenomorphan can include:
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Spectroscopy: Techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, infrared (IR)
spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can provide
information about the substance's molecular structure.
Chromatography: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas
chromatography (GC) can be used for separation and quantification of
different components in a sample.
Mass Spectrometry: This method helps identify and quantify compounds
based on their mass-to-charge ratio, providing information about the
molecular structure.
Melting Point/Boiling Point Determination: These basic properties can
offer insights into the purity of the substance.
X-ray Crystallography: This technique helps determine the three-
dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal, aiding in the elucidation of
the substance's structure.
Microscopy: Visual inspection of substances under a microscope, which
can be useful in certain analyses.
These methods contribute to understanding the physical properties,
composition, and structure of a substance like phenomorphan. The choice of
method depends on the specific goals of the analysis and the characteristics of the
substance being studied.
Chemical method: Chemical methods for the analysis of substances like
phenomorphan may include:
Titration: Employing a chemical reaction to determine the quantity of a
substance by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Colorimetry: Measuring the color intensity of a solution to determine the
concentration of a particular substance.
Gravimetric Analysis: Determining the quantity of a substance by
measuring its mass after a chemical reaction has occurred.
Electrochemical Analysis: Techniques such as potentiometry or
voltammetry, which involve measuring the electrical properties of a
solution to determine the concentration of a specific ion or substance.
Qualitative Analysis: Identifying the presence or absence of specific
elements or functional groups in a sample through various chemical
reactions.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): While it's also used as a physical
method, NMR can provide valuable information about the chemical
structure of a compound.
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PHENOPERIDIN
Scientific Name: 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.
Molecular structure:
Physical properties
Appearance: Phenoperidine is commonly described as a white to off-white
crystalline powder in its pure form. The appearance of the substance can
be influenced by factors such as manufacturing processes and storage
conditions.
Color: The color of phenoperidine is typically described as white or off-
white when in its crystalline powder form.
MP: The melting point (mp) of phenoperidine is approximately 128-130
degrees Celsius (262-266 degrees Fahrenheit).
Solubility: Phenoperidine hydrochloride, which is a common
pharmaceutical form of phenoperidine, is reported to be freely soluble in
water and soluble in alcohol. Solubility can vary depending on the specific
salt form and formulation of the substance.
Molar Mass: The molar mass of phenoperidine is approximately 305.39
grams per mole.
Chemical Properties
Chemical formula: The chemical formula for phenoperidine is
C22H30N2O2.
Chemical classification: Phenoperidine is classified as an opioid analgesic.
It belongs to the broader category of opioids, which are substances that
act on the central nervous system to alleviate pain. Opioids exert their
effects by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord known
as opioid receptors.
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