Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5733_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
187
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy: To determine the
molecular structure.
IR (Infrared) Spectroscopy: To identify functional groups.
Mass Spectrometry: To determine the molecular mass and possible
fragments.
Purity and Concentration:
HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography): To quantify the
concentration of levophenacylmorphan in a sample and assess purity.
GC (Gas Chromatography): For purity analysis and impurity detection.
pH Measurement: Using pH meter for solutions to determine the
acidity/basicity.
https://t.me/med1917
188
LEVORPHANOL
Scientific Name: Levorphanol tartrate
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties:
Apperance: Levorphanol is typically available as a white crystalline
powder or in tablet form. Its appearance can vary depending on the
specific pharmaceutical formulation and manufacturer. Always refer to the
medication's packaging or consult a pharmacist for accurate information.
Colour: Levorphanol is usually a white to off-white crystalline powder or
tablet. The color may slightly vary based on the specific formulation and
manufacturer, so it's best to check the medication's packaging or consult a
pharmacist for precise information.
Odour: Levorphanol is generally odorless. However, the absence of a
noticeable odor can depend on the specific formulation and any additives
used in the medication. It's advisable to refer to the medication's
packaging or consult a healthcare professional for more accurate details.
Taste: Levorphanol is reported to have a bitter taste. It is important to
take this medication as prescribed by a healthcare professional and avoid
altering the dosage or form without consulting your doctor, as changing
the form may affect the taste.
Melting point: The melting point of levorphanol is approximately 256-258
degrees Celsius (492-496 degrees Fahrenheit). Keep in mind that specific
values may vary slightly depending on the source or form of the substance.
Molar mass : The molar mass of levorphanol, also known as (-)-
levorphanol, is approximately 307.4 grams per mole.
Solubility:
- In water: Levorphanol is moderately soluble in water. Its solubility can
be influenced by factors such as temperature and pH. If you need specific
https://t.me/med1917
189
details, it's advisable to refer to pharmaceutical references, drug
databases, or consult a pharmacist for more accurate information on
levorphanol's solubility in water.
- In alcohol: Levorphanol is generally soluble in alcohol. It is important to
follow the prescribed dosage and administration guidelines provided by
healthcare professionals when using medications containing
levorphanol. If you have specific concerns or questions about the
solubility or administration of levorphanol, it's best to consult with your
healthcare provider or pharmacist for personalized advice.
Chemical properties:
Chemical Name: The chemical name for levorphanol is (−)-3-Hydroxy-N-
methylmorphinan.
Chemical classification: Levorphanol is classified as an opioid analgesic. It
belongs to the morphinan class of opioids and acts as a centrally acting
analgesic, primarily used for pain relief.
Functional group: Levorphanol contains various functional groups typical
of opioid analgesics. Notably, it has an amine functional group (–NH₂) and
an alcohol functional group (–OH) in its structure. The specific
arrangement of these functional groups contributes to levorphanol's
pharmacological properties and effects.
How levorphanol drug is made: The synthesis of levorphanol involves several
chemical steps. Here's a simplified overview of the process:
1. Starting Materials: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is often used as a
starting material.
2. Synthesis of Ketone Intermediate: Acetaminophen undergoes a series of
chemical reactions to form a ketone intermediate.
3. Conversion to N-Allyl Intermediate: The ketone intermediate is converted
to an N-allyl intermediate.
4. Cyclization Reaction: The N-allyl intermediate undergoes cyclization to
form the morphinan ring structure.
5. Reduction to Form Levorphanol: Reduction reactions are employed to
convert the cyclized intermediate into levorphanol.
6. Purification and Formulation: The synthesized levorphanol undergoes
purification processes to isolate the desired compound. Formulation steps
involve creating the final pharmaceutical product, often in the form of
tablets or other suitable dosage forms.
It's important to note that the synthesis of pharmaceuticals involves
detailed chemical processes, and specific conditions and reagents are utilized at
each step.The synthesis of levorphanol should be conducted by trained
professionals following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure the
https://t.me/med1917
190
production of a safe and effective medication. This simplified overview does not
cover all the nuances of the synthesis process.
From where it is obtained: Levorphanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic, meaning
it is chemically synthesized rather than derived from natural sources like opium.
It's produced through laboratory processes, and its structure is related to
morphine. Levorphanol is used for pain management and is available as a
prescription medication.
Route of administration: Levorphanol is typically administered orally in tablet or
liquid form. In some cases, it may be given intravenously or intramuscularly, but
oral administration is more common for chronic pain management. Always follow
the prescribed dosage and administration instructions provided by your
healthcare professional.
Pharmalogical action: Levorphanol is an opioid analgesic that primarily acts on
the central nervous system. It binds to opioid receptors, particularly the mu-opioid
receptors, to exert its analgesic effects. This action results in modulation of pain
perception and transmission in the spinal cord and brain, leading to pain relief.
Levorphanol also has N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist
properties, contributing to its analgesic efficacy. However, it's important to note
that opioids, including levorphanol, can have side effects and should be used under
the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Levorphanol is primarily used as an analgesic (pain reliever). It acts on the
central nervous system, binding to opioid receptors, and produces effects similar
to other opioids. The main effects include pain relief, sedation, and respiratory
depression. It is important to note that levorphanol, like other opioids, has the
potential for abuse and may cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and
constipation. It should be used under the supervision and prescription of a
healthcare professional.
Analysis:
Physical method: Levorphanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic with both analgesic
and antitussive properties. Here are some physical properties and analysis related
to levorphanol:
Physical Form: Levorphanol typically appears as a white to off-white
crystalline powder.
Solubility: It is freely soluble in water and ethanol.
https://t.me/med1917
191
Melting Point: The melting point of levorphanol hydrochloride, which is its
salt form commonly used, is around 247-249°C.
Stability: Levorphanol hydrochloride is stable under normal conditions of
storage and use.
Chemical Structure: Levorphanol is a morphinan derivative with a
chemical formula of C17H23NO.
Pharmacological Properties: It acts centrally as a μ-opioid receptor
agonist, similar to morphine, providing analgesic effects. It also has NMDA
receptor antagonist properties, which contribute to its analgesic efficacy.
These properties make levorphanol valuable in clinical settings for pain
management, especially in cases where other opioids may be less effective or
contraindicated.
Chemical Method: Levorphanol is chemically known as 3-hydroxy-N-
methylmorphinan and is classified as an opioid analgesic. Here's a brief chemical
analysis:
Chemical Formula: C17H23NO
Structure: Levorphanol is derived from morphine and has a morphinan
backbone with a methyl group and a hydroxyl group.
Pharmacological Classification: It acts primarily as an agonist at mu-opioid
receptors.
Pharmacokinetics: It undergoes metabolism in the liver and excretion
mainly through the kidneys.
Therapeutic Use: It is used for the management of moderate to severe
pain.
For a more detailed chemical analysis, specific laboratory techniques such
as spectroscopy or chromatography would be required.
https://t.me/med1917
192
METHADONE
Scientific Name: Methadone hydrochloride
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties:
Apperance: Methadone is typically found in the form of a white, crystalline
powder or as a white, crystalline solid. It may also be encountered as a
tablet or liquid solution for oral administration. The specific appearance
can vary depending on the formulation and manufacturer. Always ensure
you are using medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional.
Colour: Methadone is commonly found as a white or off-white crystalline
powder. However, the color can vary depending on the specific
formulation and any additives present in the medication. It's important to
refer to the specific product packaging or consult a healthcare professional
for accurate information about a particular methadone preparation.
Odour: Methadone is generally odorless in its pure form. The lack of a
distinctive odor is a characteristic of many synthetic opioids, including
methadone. However, formulations with additional ingredients may have
a slight odor related to those components. Always follow proper storage
and handling guidelines for medications, and consult with a healthcare
professional for specific information about a particular methadone
product.
Taste: Methadone is known for its bitter taste. The bitterness is a common
characteristic of many opioid medications. When taken orally, either as a
tablet or liquid, patients may experience the bitter flavor. It's advisable to
take medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional and, if
needed, consult with them about ways to minimize any taste-related
issues.
https://t.me/med1917
193
Melting point: The melting point of methadone hydrochloride, a
commonly used salt form of methadone, is approximately 235-238
degrees Celsius (455-460 degrees Fahrenheit). Keep in mind that this
information pertains specifically to the hydrochloride salt, and the melting
point can vary depending on the particular salt form or preparation of
methadone.
Boiling point: The boiling point of methadone hydrochloride, a common
salt form of methadone, is approximately 174-175°C (345-347°F). Keep in
mind that this value can vary slightly depending on factors such as
pressure and impurities. The boiling point is not typically a consideration
for the normal usage of methadone as it is usually administered in its
pharmaceutical forms and not subjected to high-temperature conditions
like boiling.
Solubility:
- In water: Methadone hydrochloride, the commonly used salt form of
methadone, is moderately soluble in water. The solubility can vary
depending on factors such as temperature and the presence of other
substances. Generally, methadone dissolves sufficiently in water to allow
for its administration in liquid form or as a tablet that can be taken
orally.
- In alcohol: Methadone hydrochloride, the commonly used salt form of
methadone, is generally soluble in alcohol. Methadone hydrochloride is
often administered as a liquid solution, and the solubility in alcohol
allows for easy preparation of such formulations. However, specific
solubility can depend on the concentration of the drug, the type of
alcohol used, and other factors. If you have specific concerns or
questions about a particular formulation, it's recommended to consult
the product information or a healthcare professional.
Chemical properties:
Chemical Name: The chemical name of methadone is "6-dimethylamino-
4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone."
Chemical classification: Methadone is a synthetic opioid analgesic and is
classified as a Schedule II controlled substance due to its potential for
abuse and dependence. It's commonly used in the treatment of opioid
addiction and chronic pain. Chemically, it belongs to the class of drugs
known as opioids or narcotics.
Functional group: Methadone contains several functional groups. The
main ones include a tertiary amine, a ketone, and a phenyl group. These
functional groups contribute to its pharmacological properties and
interactions within the body.
https://t.me/med1917
194
How it is made?
The production of methadone involves several key steps:
Synthesis of Diphenylmethoxyacetic Acid (DPMA): Methadone is typically
synthesized from diphenylmethoxyacetic acid, a precursor derived from
acetylation of 3-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenyl-1-propanol.
Condensation Reaction: DPMA undergoes a condensation reaction with
dimethylamine, resulting in the formation of racemic methadone.
Resolution: The racemic mixture is then resolved into its enantiomers,
usually through chiral chromatography or other separation techniques.
Salt Formation: The desired enantiomer is converted into its
hydrochloride salt, commonly used in pharmaceutical formulations.
Purification: The final product is purified through crystallization or other
purification methods to ensure high quality and meet regulatory
standards.
Formulation: The purified methadone hydrochloride is then formulated
into various pharmaceutical forms such as tablets, liquid solutions, or
injectable forms for clinical use.
It's important to note that the synthesis and manufacturing of methadone
are regulated due to its controlled substance status, and the process may vary
between manufacturers. Additionally, the production is subject to strict quality
control measures to ensure safety and efficacy.
From where it is obtained: Methadone is a synthetic opioid primarily obtained
through pharmaceutical manufacturing. It's often used in medical settings for
opioid dependence treatment. It's crucial to note that obtaining and using
methadone without proper medical supervision can be dangerous and is illegal.
Route of administration: Methadone can be administered orally in the form of
tablets, liquid, or wafers. The oral route is the most common method for medical
use, especially in opioid replacement therapy for treating addiction. It's essential
for individuals to take methadone as prescribed by a healthcare professional to
ensure safe and effective treatment.
Pharmalogical action: Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist with a long
duration of action. It primarily acts on the mu-opioid receptors in the brain,
producing analgesic (pain-relieving) effects and reducing withdrawal symptoms in
individuals with opioid dependence. The extended half-life of methadone helps in
stabilizing opioid-dependent individuals, minimizing cravings and withdrawal
symptoms, making it a valuable medication in opioid replacement therapy.
https://t.me/med1917
195
Analysis:
Physical method:
Methadone is a synthetic opioid with properties that include:
Physical Form: Methadone hydrochloride typically exists as a white,
crystalline powder or as crystalline needles.
Solubility: It is freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohol.
Melting Point: The melting point of methadone hydrochloride ranges from
235°C to 239°C.
Odor: Methadone hydrochloride is odorless.
Storage: It should be stored in a tightly closed container, protected from
light, in a dry place.
These properties are important for handling, storing, and understanding
the physical characteristics of methadone as a pharmaceutical substance.
Chemical method:
Chemical Formula: C21H27NO
Molecular Weight: Approximately 309.45 g/mol
Structure: Methadone belongs to the class of synthetic opioids. It has a
dimethyl substitution at the nitrogen atom and a propyl substitution at the
3-position of the phenyl ring. This structure gives methadone its unique
pharmacological properties, including its role as an analgesic and in opioid
replacement therapy.
https://t.me/med1917
196
METOPON
Scientific Name: 5-Methyldihydromorphinone
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Apperance: Metopon typically appears as a white or off-white crystalline
powder.
Colour: The specific color of Metopon can depend on its formulation, such
as whether it's in a pill, liquid, or another form. It's important to note that
obtaining or using Metopon without a valid prescription is illegal and can
be extremely dangerous.
Odour: Metopon, being a synthetic opioid derivative, is typically described
as odorless. Opioids in general tend to lack strong odors, especially in their
pure form or pharmaceutical preparations where odorants are not
intentionally added. Therefore, Metopon is unlikely to have a distinct odor.
Taste: Metopon, being an opioid, typically does not have a distinct taste.
Generally, opioids are bitter in taste, which is often described as
unpleasant. However, the taste perception can vary among individuals,
and the bitter taste might be masked in pharmaceutical formulations.
Melting point: The melting point (Mp) of metopon (5-
Methyldihydromorphinone) is reported to be around 214-216°C (437-
421°F).
Boiling point: The boiling point (BP) of Metopon (5-
Methyldihydromorphinone) is approximately about 220-225°C (428-
437°F) under standard atmospheric pressure.
Molar mass: The molar mass of metopon is approximately 299.40 grams
per mole.
Solubility:
https://t.me/med1917
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана