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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5733_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Simple and quick method to screen for
dextromoramide by comparing the movement of dextromoramide on a
TLC plate to known standards.
2. Colorimetric Tests:
Marquis Test: Produces a color change (typically purple or black) when
reacting with dextromoramide, indicating the presence of the drug.
3. Immunoassays:
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA: Detects dextromoramide
or its metabolites in biological samples using antibodies specific to
dextromoramide.
4. Chemical Spot Tests:
Mecke Test: Reacts with dextromoramide to produce a distinct color
change, aiding in identification.
Froehde Test: Another reagent test that results in a characteristic color
change when dextromoramide is present.
5. Electrochemical Methods:
Voltammetry: Measures the current response of dextromoramide at an
electrode surface under an applied potential. Provides information on the
concentration and electrochemical behavior of dextromoramide.
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DIAMPROMIDE
Scientific name: Diampromide
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: Typically described as a crystalline solid or powder.
Colour: White to off-white.
Odour: Odourless.
Taste: Not typically specified.
Melting Point (M.P): Specific values are not universally documented, but it
would generally be specified for pharmaceutical use.
Boiling Point (B.P): Generally not relevant due to its intended use as a
pharmaceutical substance.
Molar Mass: The exact molar mass would depend on the molecular
formula, which is typically not disclosed in pharmaceutical literature.
Solubility:
Water: Usually soluble.
Alcohol: Soluble.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical formula: Not explicitly disclosed in common sources.
Chemical classification: Opioid analgesic.
Functional groups: Contains typical opioid functional groups (e.g., amide,
aromatic rings).
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pH: Not typically relevant as a specific pH value in aqueous solutions is
not commonly reported.
How it is made? / From where it is obtained?
The synthesis of diampromide is not usually detailed in standard
literature. It is typically obtained through pharmaceutical manufacturing
processes.
Route of Administration: Usually administered orally or parenterally (injected).
Pharmacological Action: Acts as an opioid analgesic, binding to opioid receptors
to produce analgesic effects.
Analysis:
Physical Analysis:
Melting Point (M.P.) and Boiling Point (B.P.): Determining the
temperature at which the compound melts and boils, respectively.
Solubility: Testing solubility in various solvents, including water and
organic solvents.
Appearance, Color, Odor, and Taste: Describing the physical
characteristics of the compound.
Chemical Analysis:
Spectroscopic Methods: Including techniques like NMR spectroscopy, IR
spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry to determine molecular structure
and functional groups.
Chromatographic Methods: Such as gas chromatography (GC) or high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and
quantification.
Elemental Analysis: Determining the elemental composition of the
compound.
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DIETHYLTHIAMBUTENE
IUPAC name: N,N-Diethyl-2-(1-(4-methylthiophenyl)ethyl)butan-1-amine
Scientific name: Diethylthiambutene
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: Generally described as a crystalline solid or powder.
Color: Typically white to off-white.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Not typically specified.
Melting Point (M.P): Specific values are not universally documented.
Boiling Point (B.P): Generally not relevant due to its intended use as a
pharmaceutical substance.
Molar Mass: The exact molar mass would depend on the molecular
formula.
Solubility:
Water: Not highly soluble.
Alcohol: Soluble.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical formula: C16H27NS
Chemical classification: Thiambutene derivative
Functional groups: Includes an amine group (–NH2) and a thioether
group (–S–).
pH: Not typically relevant as a specific pH value in aqueous solutions is
not commonly reported.
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How it is made? / From where it is obtained?
The synthesis of Diethylthiambutene involves chemical reactions starting
from appropriate precursors and is typically carried out in laboratory settings or
specialized manufacturing facilities.
Route of Administration: Usually administered orally or sometimes by injection,
depending on its formulation and medical use.
Pharmacological Action: Acts as an opioid analgesic, similar to other members of
the thiambutene family, by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous
system to relieve pain.
Analysis:
Physical Analysis:
1. Melting Point (M.P.) and Boiling Point (B.P.):
Melting Point: The temperature at which DET changes from solid to liquid
phase. This can provide information about its purity and identity.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which DET changes from liquid to
vapor phase under standard conditions.
2. Solubility:
DET's solubility in various solvents (e.g., water, ethanol, chloroform) is
important for its formulation and administration.
3. Appearance, Color, Odor, and Taste:
Describing the physical characteristics of DET can provide initial clues
about its identity and purity.
Chemical Analysis:
1. Spectroscopic Methods:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Used to determine the
structure of DET, including the positions of hydrogen atoms and
neighboring carbon atoms in the molecule.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Provides information about functional groups
present in the molecule.
Mass Spectrometry (MS): Identifies the molecular weight and
fragmentation pattern of DET, aiding in structural elucidation.
2. Chromatographic Methods:
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Gas Chromatography (GC): Used for separation and quantification of DET
in mixtures, particularly useful in forensic and pharmaceutical analysis.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Provides separation
and quantification of DET in complex mixtures, including biological
samples.
3. Elemental Analysis:
Determines the elemental composition of DET, which is crucial for
confirming its molecular formula.
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DIFENOXIN
Scientific name: Difenoxin hydrochloride
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Tasteless
Melting point: 2200C-2220C
Boiling point: 1850C-1900C
Solubility: 800mg/L(at 250C)
Molar mass: 424.544 g mol −1
Chemical properties
Chemical Formula: C₂₈H₂₈N₂O₂
Chemical classification: Diphenoxin is a synthetic analog of the opioid
agonist, loperamide. It is classified as an antidiarrheal medication.
Functional groups: Methoxy group
PH: 8
How it is obtained?: It is synthesized by reacting pethidine with
paraformaldehyde and hydrogen chloride.
Route of administration: Oral/Ingestion
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Pharmacological Action: It acts on the gastrointestinal tract to slow down
peristalsis, reducing the frequency and urgency of bowel movements.
Analysis:
Physical Methods:
Melting Point Determination: Measurement of the temperature at which
diphenoxin changes from a solid to a liquid state, providing information
about its purity.
Solubility Tests: Evaluation of diphenoxin's solubility in various solvents,
helping to understand its physical properties.
Appearance and Color: Visual inspection of the physical characteristics,
such as the color and form of diphenoxin, which is often available in tablet
form.
Specific Gravity: Measurement of the density of diphenoxin compared to
the density of a reference substance.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): XRD can be used to analyze the crystal structure
of diphenoxin, providing information about its arrangement of atoms.
Chemical Methods:
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) is commonly used to separate, identify, and
quantify diphenoxin in a sample.
Mass Spectrometry (MS): Mass spectrometry can be employed for
accurate mass determination, aiding in the identification and confirmation
of diphenoxin.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR spectroscopy provides detailed
information about the molecular structure of diphenoxin, helping in its
characterization.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy identifies functional groups in
diphenoxin, contributing to its structural analysis.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy: This technique can be used to analyze the
absorption of light by diphenoxin, providing information about its
electronic structure.
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DIHYDROETORPHINE
Scientific name: 4,5α-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Bitter
Boiling point: 554.20C
Solubility: more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol or methanol
compared to water.
Molar mass: 413.5 g mol −1
Chemical properties
Chemical Formula: C16H19CIO2
Chemical classification: It belongs to the class of semi synthetic opioids.
Functional groups: Hydroxyl, Amide, Ester.
PH: 6
How it is obtained?: It is derived from the natural alkaloid thebaine found in
opium poppy plants.
Route of administration: Injection
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Pharmacological Action: It binds to opioid receptors in CNS. It acts as an agonist,
producing analgesic effect.
Analysis
Physical methods:
Appearance Test: Observe the physical appearance of dihydroetorphine.
Note its color, texture, and any other visual characteristics.
Solubility Test: Perform solubility tests to determine the substance's
ability to dissolve in various solvents. Dihydroetorphine is generally
soluble in organic solvents like ethanol, methanol, and chloroform, but its
solubility in water is limited.
Melting Point (MP) or Boiling Point (BP) Test: Measure the melting point
(MP) of dihydroetorphine. This can be done using a melting point
apparatus. The MP for dihydroetorphine is typically within a specific
temperature range.
Density Test: Measure the density of dihydroetorphine. This involves
determining the mass of a known volume of the substance. The density is
usually expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).
Purity Test: Perform a purity test using chromatographic techniques, such
as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This method
separates and quantifies different components in a mixture based on their
interactions with a stationary phase. Comparing the peaks in the
chromatogram with known standards can provide information about the
purity of dihydroetorphine.
Chemical Methods -
Mass Spectrometry (MS): Mass spectrometry is a powerful technique that
provides information about the molecular weight and structure of a
compound. By ionizing dihydroetorphine and analyzing the resulting ions,
you can obtain mass spectra that can be used for identification.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: NMR spectroscopy is
used to study the nuclear properties of atoms in a molecule. It provides
information about the connectivity and arrangement of atoms in the
compound, aiding in structural elucidation.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): GC-MS combines gas
chromatography with mass spectrometry, allowing for the separation and
identification of compounds in a mixture. This technique is valuable for
analyzing volatile and semi-volatile substances.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy: FTIR spectroscopy
measures the absorption of infrared light by a sample, providing
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