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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5733_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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information about functional groups in the molecule. It can be used for
structural analysis and identification of dihydroetorphine.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy: UV-Visible spectroscopy measures the
absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by a substance. While it may not
provide detailed structural information, it can be used for qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
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DIHYDROMORPHINE
Scientific name: 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-ol.
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Bitter
Melting point: 186
0
C - 187
0
C
Solubility: more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol or methanol
compared to water.
Molar mass: 287.35 g/mol
Chemical properties
Chemical Formula: C17H21NO3
Chemical classification: It belongs to the chemical class of opioids,
specifically it is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic.
Functional groups: Hydroxyl group, ether group.
PH: The PH of a solution containing dihydromorphine would depend on
the pH of the solvent used.
How it is obtained?: Dihydromorphine is typically synthesized through the
chemical modification of morphine. The process involves reducing the double bond
between the C7 and C8 carbon atoms in morphine, resulting in dihydromorphine.
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Route of administration: Oral, Intramuscular, Intravenous
Pharmacological Action: Dihydromorphine exerts its pharmacological action by
binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It acts as an analgesic,
producing pain relief, and can also have effects on mood and respiratory function.
Analysis:
Physical Methods:
Appearance and Color: Visual inspection for the physical characteristics of
dihydromorphine, including its color and form (e.g., crystalline powder).
Melting Point Determination: Measurement of the temperature at which
dihydromorphine changes from a solid to a liquid state, providing
information about its purity.
Solubility Tests: Evaluation of dihydromorphine's solubility in different
solvents, helping to identify and characterize the compound.
Boiling Point (if applicable): Though dihydromorphine might decompose
before reaching a distinct boiling point, any observable changes can be
noted.
Specific Gravity: Measurement of the density of dihydromorphine
compared to the density of a reference substance.
Chemical Methods:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography: High-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) is commonly used to separate, identify, and
quantify diphenoxin in a sample.
Mass Spectrometry (MS): Mass spectrometry can be employed for
accurate mass determination, aiding in the identification and confirmation
of diphenoxin.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR spectroscopy provides detailed
information about the molecular structure of diphenoxin, helping in its
characterization.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy identifies functional groups in
diphenoxin, contributing to its structural analysis.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy: This technique can be used to analyze the
absorption of light by diphenoxin, providing information about its
electronic structure.
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DIMENOXADOL
Scientific Name: 2- (dimethylamino)ethyl 2-ethoxy-2,2-diphenylacetate.
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties
Appearance: Fine powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Bitter
Melting point:220
0
C-223
0
C
Solubility: More soluble in organic solvents.
Molar mass327.42 g/mol
Chemical properties
Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₅NO₃
Chemical classification: It is a synthetic opioid analgesic.
Functional groups: Hydroxyl group, Amine group, Ether group.
PH: 8
How it is obtained? : It is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is derived from the
natural alkaloid thebaine, which is found in opium poppy plants.
Route of administration: Oral
Pharmacological Action: It produces typical opioid effects such as analgesia (pain
relief) and sedation. Its mechanism of action involves binding to opioid receptors,
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modulating pain perception, and altering neurotransmitter release in the central
nervous system.
Analysis:
Physical Methods:
Melting Point Determination: It deals with the measurement of the
temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid. The
analysis is useful for identifying and confirming the purity of dimenoxadol
by comparing its melting point to the expected range.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): DSC Measures the heat flow
associated with phase transitions, including melting. It provides
information on the melting behavior, purity, and thermal stability of
dimenoxadol.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): TGA measures the weight change of a
substance with respect to temperature. It helps in assessing the thermal
stability, decomposition, and purity of dimenoxadol.
Static Light Scattering (SLS): SLS measures the intensity of scattered light
to analyze the size of particles. It is complementary to DLS, providing
information on larger particles.
Visual Inspection: It is a simple visual examination for color differences. It
is used for quick qualitative assessments of color variations in substances,
including dimenoxadol formulations.
Chemical Methods –
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:
NMR spectroscopy exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic
nuclei, providing information about the molecular structure and dynamics.
NMR can be used to confirm the molecular structure of Dimenoxadol and
identify the presence of impurities.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy:
IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared radiation by
chemical bonds, providing information about functional groups in a
molecule.
IR spectroscopy can be used for the identification of functional groups in
Dimenoxadol, helping in its structural characterization.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC):
DSC measures the heat flow associated with physical or chemical changes
in a sample as a function of temperature.
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DSC can be used to study the thermal behavior of Dimenoxadol, providing
information about melting points and thermal stability.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD):
XRD measures the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal lattice of a substance.
XRD can be employed for the characterization of the crystalline structure
of Dimenoxadol.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):
HPLC separates and quantifies components based on their interaction
with a stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase.
HPLC is commonly used for the quantitative determination of
Dimenoxadol concentrations in pharmaceutical formulations or biological
samples.
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DIMEPHEPTANOL
Scientific Name: methadol or 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-ol
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: Shiny glass crystal
Colour: Off-white to light beige
Odour: faint or mild
Taste: Bitter
Melting point: 71 to 73.9°C
Boiling point: 437
0
C
Solubility: More soluble in organic solvents.
Molar mass: 311.46 g/mol
Chemical properties
Chemical Formula: C21H29NO
Chemical classification: Dimepheptanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic
related to methadone. It shares similarities with other opioids, including
analgesia, sedation, and euphoria.
Functional groups: Hydroxyl group, amine group, phenyl group
PH: The PH of a solution containing Dimepheptanol would depend on the
pH of the solvent used.
How it is obtained? : It is a synthetic opioid analgesic and is obtained through
chemical synthesis, followed by the separation of its isomers (alphamethadol and
betamethadol) from the racemic mixture. The active metabolite, L-α-methadol, is
used in long-acting opioid substitute drugs.
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Route of administration: Oral
Pharmacological Action: The pharmacological action of Dimepheptanol primarily
involves its interaction with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. As an
opioid analgesic, it exerts Analgesia, Sedation, Euphoria and Respiratory
Depression.
Analysis:
Physical Methods
Solubility test:
The type of functional groups, polarity, and charge distribution in the
solute molecule affect its solubility.
Solubility is assessed by observing whether a compound dissolves in a
given solvent under specific conditions.
Melting point test:
Larger molecules tend to have higher melting points due to increased van
der Waals forces.
The melting point is determined by heating a sample and observing the
temperature at which it transitions from solid to liquid.
Color test:
Dimepheptanol may exhibit specific color reactions when subjected to
various reagents.
Marquis Reagent: Dimepheptanol may produce an orange color upon
reaction with the Marquis reagent.
Froehde Reagent: Another test involves the Froehde reagent, which can
yield voilet color when combined with Dimepheptanol.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Measures heat flow during phase
transitions of Dimepheptanol (melting, crystallization) to study material
properties.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): Measures weight changes as a function of
temperature to analyze decomposition, oxidation, and moisture content.
Chemical Methods:
Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC):
TLC can separate Dimepheptanol from other compounds based on their affinity for
a stationary phase (e.g., silica gel).
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Visualization under UV light or by using specific staining agents can reveal distinct
spots corresponding to Dimepheptanol.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy:
IR spectra of Dimepheptanol can provide information about functional
groups present in the molecule.
Peaks at specific wavenumbers indicate specific bonds (e.g., C-H
stretching, O-H bending).
Mass Spectrometry (MS):
MS can confirm the molecular weight of Dimepheptanol and identify
characteristic fragmentation patterns.
X-ray Crystallography:
It determines the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal
Dimepheptanol by analyzing X-ray diffraction patterns.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy:
It measures light absorption or transmission in the UV and visible regions
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DIETHYLTHIAMBUTENE
Scientific name: N,N-Diethyl-1-methyl-3,3-di-2-thienylallylamine
Molecular Structure:
Physical properties
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Tasteless
Melting point: 137.3
0
C
Boiling point: 399.5
0
C
Solubility: More soluble in organic solvents
Molar mass: 291.4g/mol
Chemical properties
Chemical Formula: C16H21NS2
Chemical classification: It is an opioid analgesic drug belongs to the class
of narcotic drugs.
Functional groups: Aromatic ring, Amine group, Dimethylamino group.
PH – Depends on solvent on which it dissolves.
How it is obtained? : Diethylamine reacts with ethyl crotonate to form ethyl 3-
(diethylamino)butanoate. 2-Thienyllithium adds to the ester, resulting in a tertiary
alcohol intermediate. The dehydration of the tertiary alcohol completes the
synthesis of Diethylthiambutene.
Route of administration: Oral
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