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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5733_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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137
ETONITAZENE
IUPAC Name: 2-(p-Ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Typically white crystalline powder.
Color: White.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Bitter taste.
Melting Point: Around 210-212°C..
Solubility in Water: Low solubility.
Solubility in Alcohol: Soluble in alcohol.
Molar Mass: Approximately 453.6 g/mol.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C23H27N3O5
Chemical Classification: Opioid analgesic.
Functional Group: Contains an amine group and multiple aromatic rings.
How it is made or from where it is obtained: Etonitazene is a synthetic opioid
that was first synthesized in the 1950s. It is not commonly encountered due to its
high potency and potential for abuse. It is typically produced in clandestine
laboratories.
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Route of Administration: Etonitazene is usually administered orally,
intravenously, or through intramuscular injection. However, due to its high
potency and potential for addiction, its use is highly regulated, and it is not
commonly prescribed for medical purposes.
Pharmacological Action: As an opioid, etonitazene acts primarily by binding to
and activating opioid receptors in the central nervous system. This action leads to
pain relief, sedation, and euphoria. However, it also carries significant risks of
respiratory depression, dependence, and overdose.
Analysis Methods:
Physical method
Appearance and Color: Visual inspection of the physical appearance and
color of etonitazene can provide initial clues. It typically appears as a
white to off-white powder or crystalline substance.
Melting Point Determination: Etonitazene has a characteristic melting
point range (approximately 154-157°C). Melting point determination can
help confirm its identity as it melts at a specific temperature distinct from
other substances.
Solubility Tests: Testing the solubility of etonitazene in various solvents
(such as water, ethanol, or chloroform) can further characterize it.
Etonitazene hydrochloride, for example, is typically soluble in water and
ethanol.
Crystal Form: Examination under a microscope to observe the crystal
structure of etonitazene can be another method of physical analysis. This
can provide additional confirmation of its identity based on characteristic
crystal habits.
Density and Specific Gravity: Measuring the density or specific gravity of
etonitazene can provide additional physical data for identification
purposes.
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD): XRD can be used to analyze the crystal
structure of etonitazene, providing information about its molecular
arrangement in the solid state.
Chemical method
1. Chromatography Techniques:
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC separates
etonitazene from other compounds based on their interactions with a
stationary phase and a mobile phase. Detection can be achieved using UV-
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Vis detection or mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS), offering high
specificity and sensitivity.
Gas Chromatography (GC): GC separates volatile compounds like
etonitazene based on their volatility. Coupled with a detector such as mass
spectrometry (GC-MS), it can identify and quantify etonitazene in complex
samples with high precision.
2. Spectroscopic Methods:
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy identifies functional groups
present in etonitazene by measuring the absorption of infrared light. This
method can confirm the presence of characteristic functional groups such
as aromatic rings and amine groups.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR spectroscopy provides detailed
structural information about etonitazene by analyzing the nuclear spins of
atoms within the molecule. It can confirm the connectivity of atoms and
the presence of specific functional groups.
3. Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS): ESI-MS ionizes
etonitazene molecules and detects ions based on their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z). This method is highly sensitive and specific for identifying and
quantifying etonitazene in complex samples.
4. Colorimetric Methods:
Specific colorimetric assays may be developed for etonitazene, where the
compound reacts with specific reagents to produce a color change or
measurable absorbance, allowing for qualitative or quantitative analysis.
5. Microscopy and Crystallography:
Microscopic examination and crystallography can provide additional
physical and structural information about etonitazene, aiding in its
identification and characterization.
6. Immunoassays:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or other immunoassay
techniques can be adapted for the detection of etonitazene in biological
fluids or forensic samples, depending on the availability of specific
antibodies.
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ETORPHINE
IUPAC Name: (5α,6β,14β,18R)-18-[(2R)-2-Hydroxy-2-pentanyl]-6-methoxy-17-
methyl-7,8-didehydro-18,19-dihydro-4,5-epoxy-6,14-ethenomorphinan-3-ol
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Typically a white to off-white powder.
Color: White to off-white.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Bitter.
Melting Point: Approximately 249-250°C.
Boiling Point: Not applicable as it decomposes before boiling.
Solubility in Water: Poorly soluble.
Solubility in Alcohol: Soluble.
Molar Mass: Approximately 368.48 g/mol.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C23H31NO4
Chemical Classification: Etorphine is classified as an opioid analgesic and
an opioid receptor agonist.
Functional Group: Etorphine contains various functional groups including
esters, amines, and aromatic rings.
pH: Etorphine is typically in its salt form when used, which can affect its
pH.
How it is made or from where it is obtained: Etorphine is a semi-synthetic
opioid derivative of thebaine, which is obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver
somniferum). It is primarily synthesized in laboratories for medicinal use.
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Route of Administration: Etorphine is typically administered through injection,
either intravenously or intramuscularly. It is not used orally due to its potency and
potential for severe respiratory depression.
Pharmacological Action: Etorphine is an extremely potent opioid analgesic that
acts primarily as a μ-opioid receptor agonist. It binds to these receptors in the
central nervous system, producing profound analgesia, sedation, and respiratory
depression. It is used primarily in veterinary medicine as a tranquilizer for large
animals such as elephants and rhinoceroses.
Analysis Methods:
Physical method
Appearance and Color: Visual inspection of the physical appearance and
color of the substance can provide initial clues. Etorphine typically
appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder.
Melting Point Determination: Etorphine has a characteristic melting point
range (around 165-170°C). Melting point determination can help confirm
its identity, as it melts at a specific temperature distinct from other
substances.
Solubility Tests: Testing the solubility of etorphine in various solvents
(such as water, ethanol, or chloroform) can further characterize it.
Etorphine hydrochloride, for example, is soluble in water but sparingly
soluble in ethanol.
Crystal Form: Examination under a microscope to observe the crystal
structure of etorphine can be another method of physical analysis. This
can provide additional confirmation of its identity based on characteristic
crystal habits.
Density and Specific Gravity: Measuring the density or specific gravity of
etorphine can provide additional physical data for identification purposes.
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD): XRD can be used to analyze the crystal
structure of etophine, providing information about its molecular
arrangement in the solid state.
Chemical method
1. Chromatography Techniques:
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC separates
etorphine from other compounds based on differences in their interaction
with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Detection can be achieved
using UV-Vis detection or mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS),
providing high specificity and sensitivity.
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Gas Chromatography (GC): GC separates volatile compounds like
etorphine based on their volatility. When coupled with a detector such as
mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it can identify and quantify etorphine in
complex mixtures with high precision.
2. Spectroscopic Methods:
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy identifies functional groups
present in etorphine by measuring the absorption of infrared light. This
method can confirm the presence of characteristic functional groups such
as amine and aromatic groups.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR spectroscopy provides detailed
structural information about etorphine by analyzing the nuclear spins of
atoms within the molecule. It can confirm the connectivity of atoms and
the presence of specific functional groups.
3. Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS): ESI-MS ionizes
etorphine molecules and detects ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio
(m/z). This method is highly sensitive and specific for identifying and
quantifying etorphine in complex samples.
4. Colorimetric Methods:
Specific colorimetric assays may be developed for etorphine, where the
compound reacts with specific reagents to produce a color change or
measurable absorbance, allowing for qualitative or quantitative analysis.
5. Microscopy and Crystallography:
Microscopic examination and crystallography can provide additional
physical and structural information about etorphine, aiding in its
identification and characterization.
6. Immunoassays:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or other immunoassay
techniques can be adapted for the detection of etorphine in biological
fluids or forensic samples, depending o the availability of specific
antibodies.
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ETOXERIDINE
IUPUC Name:
1-[(2R,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-iodo-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Usually a white crystalline powder.
Color: White.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Bitter.
Melting Point: Approximately 230-235°C.
Solubility in Water: Poorly soluble.
Solubility in Alcohol: Soluble.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Classification: Likely an opioid analgesic.
Functional Group: Contains various functional groups typical of opioids.
How it is made or from where it is obtained: Etoxeridine is a synthetic opioid
analgesic that belongs to the class of opioids. Its exact synthesis pathway and
sources are not widely documented.
Route of Administration: It is typically administered via intravenous injection or
intramuscular injection.
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Pharmacological Action: Etoxeridine acts as an opioid analgesic, similar to
morphine but with potentially less respiratory depression. It binds to opioid
receptors in the central nervous system, resulting in analgesia, sedation, and
euphoria.
Analysis Methods:
Physical method
Appearance and Color: Visual inspection of the physical appearance and
color of the substance can provide initial clues. Etoxeridine typically
appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder.
Melting Point Determination: Etoxeridine has a characteristic melting
point range (around 160-165°C). Melting point determination can help
confirm its identity, as it melts at a specific temperature distinct from
other substances.
Solubility Tests: Testing the solubility of etoxeridine in various solvents
(such as water, ethanol, or chloroform) can further characterize it.
Etoxeridine hydrochloride, for example, is soluble in water and ethanol.
Crystal Form: Examination under a microscope to observe the crystal
structure of etoxeridine can be another method of physical analysis. This
can provide additional confirmation of its identity based on characteristic
crystal habits.
Density and Specific Gravity: Measuring the density or specific gravity of
etoxeridine can provide additional physical data for identification
purposes.
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD): XRD can be used to analyze the crystal
structure of etoxeridine, providing information about its molecular
arrangement in the solid state.
Chemical method
1. Chromatography Techniques:
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC separates
etoxeridine from other components based on differences in their
interaction with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Detection can be
achieved using UV-Vis detection or mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-
MS), providing high specificity and sensitivity.
Gas Chromatography (GC): GC separates volatile compounds like
etoxeridine based on their volatility. Coupled with a detector such as mass
spectrometry (GC-MS), it can identify and quantify etoxeridine in complex
mixtures.
2. Spectroscopic Methods:
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Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy identifies functional groups
present in etoxeridine by measuring the absorption of infrared light. This
method can confirm the presence of characteristic functional groups such
as amine and aromatic groups.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR spectroscopy provides detailed
structural information about etoxeridine by analyzing the nuclear spins of
atoms within the molecule. It can confirm the connectivity of atoms and
the presence of specific functional groups.
3. Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS): ESI-MS ionizes
etoxeridine molecules and detects ions based on their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z). This method is highly sensitive and specific for identifying and
quantifying etoxeridine in complex samples.
4. Colorimetric Methods:
Specific colorimetric assays may be developed for etoxeridine, where the
compound reacts with specific reagents to produce a color change or
measurable absorbance, allowing for qualitative or quantitative analysis.
5. Microscopy and Crystallography:
Microscopic examination and crystallography can provide additional
physical and structural information about etoxeridine, aiding in its
identification and characterization.
6. Immunoassays:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or other immunoassay
techniques can be adapted for the detection of etoxeridine in biological
fluids or forensic samples, depending on the availability of specific
antibodies.
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FENTANYL
IUPAC Name: N-(1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl-N-phenyl-propanamide.
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Bitter
Melting Point: 87-88°C
Boiling Point: 230-234°C
Solubility in Water: Slightly soluble
Solubility in Alcohol: Soluble
Molar Mass: 336.47 g/mol
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C22H28N2O
Chemical Classification: Synthetic opioid
Functional Group: Phenylpiperidine
pH: Neutral
How it is Made or From Where it is Obtained: Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid,
typically produced in pharmaceutical laboratories. It can also be illicitly
manufactured in clandestine laboratories.
Route of Administration: Fentanyl can be administered via various routes
including:
Intravenous (IV)
Transdermal patches
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