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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5733_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Cannabis ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79 – 81
Clonitazene ………………………………………………………………………………..…………… 82 – 84
Cocaine ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 85 – 87
Cetorphine………………………………………………………………………………..…………..… 88 – 91
D
Desomorphine ………………………………………………………………………………...……… 92 – 94
Dextromoramide …………………………………………………………………………………….. 95 – 97
Diampromide………………………………………………………………………………..………… 98 – 99
Diethylthiambutene………………………………………………………………..…………… 100 – 102
Difenoxin ………………………………………………………………………………..………… 103 – 104
Dihydroetorphine …………………………………………………………………..…………… 105 – 107
Dihydromorphine ………………………………………………………………………..……… 108 – 109
Dimenoxadol …………………………………………………………………………………….… 110 – 112
Dimepheptanol …………………………………………………………………………………… 113 – 115
Dimethylthiambutene ………………………………………………………………….……… 116 – 118
Dioxaphetyl butyrate …………………………………………………………………….…….. 119 – 121
Diphenoxylate ……………………………………………………………………………..……… 122 – 124
Dipipanone ………………………………………………………………………………….……… 125 – 127
Drotebanol …………………………………………………………………………….…………… 128 – 130
E
Ecgonine ………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 131 – 133
Ethylmethylthiambutene ……………………………………………………………….…… 134 – 136
Etonitazene ………………………………………………………………………………………… 137 – 139
Etorphine …………………………………………………………………………………………… 140 – 142
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Etoxeridine ………………………………………………………………………………………… 143 – 145
F
Fentanyl …………………………………………………………………………………………...… 146 – 148
Furethidine ………………………………………………………………………………………… 149 – 151
H
Heroin ………………………………………………………………………………...……………… 152 – 154
Hydrocodone ……………………………………………………………………………………… 155 – 161
Hydromorphinol …………………………………………………………………………….…… 162 – 166
Hydromorphone …………………………………………………………………………….…… 167 – 171
Hydroxypethidine …………………………………………………………………………..……172 – 175
I
Isomethadone ……………………………………………………………………………..……… 176 – 178
K
Ketobemidone ……………………………………………………………………………..………179 – 180
L
Levomethorphan ………………………………………………………………………………… 181 – 182
Levomoramide …………………………………………………………………………………… 183 – 184
Levophenacylmorphan ……………………………………………………………………….. 185 – 187
Levorphanol………………………………………………………………………………...……… 188 – 191
M
Methadone ……………………………………………………………………………….………… 192 – 195
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Metopon……………………………………………………………………………………………… 196 – 199
Methyldihydromorphine …………………………………………………………...………… 200 – 203
Moramide intermediate …………………………………………………………….………… 204 – 207
Morpheridine ………………………………………………………………………...…………… 208 – 209
Morphine ………………………………………………………………………………….………… 210 – 214
MPPP …………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 215 – 217
N
Nicomorphine …………………………………………………………………………………..… 218 – 219
Norlevorphanol ………………………………………………………………………………...… 220 – 221
Normethadone ……………………………………………………………………………….…… 222 – 224
Normorphine ……………………………………………………………………………………… 225 – 229
Norpipanone ………………………………………………………………………………….…… 230 – 234
O
Opium ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 235 – 241
Oxycodone ……………………………………………………………………………………..…… 242 – 247
Oxymorphone ………………………………………………………………………………..…… 248 – 254
P
Para-fluorofentanyl ………………………………………………………………..…………… 255 – 261
PEPAP ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 262 – 266
Pethidine ……………………………………………………………………………………….…… 267 – 271
Phenadoxone …………………………………………………………………………….…...…… 272 – 275
Phenampromide ………………………………………………………………………….……… 276 – 278
Phenazocine ……………………………………………………………………………………..… 279 – 282
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Phenomorphan ……………………………………………………………………………….…… 283 - 285
Phenoperidine ………………………………………………………………………...…..……… 286 – 288
Piminodine ……………………………………………………………………………….………… 289 – 291
Piritramide ……………………………………………………………………………….………… 292 – 294
Proheptazine ………………………………………………………………………….……………295 – 296
Properidine ………………………………………………………………………………………… 297 – 298
Propiram……………………………………………………………………………………..……… 299 – 302
R
Racemoramide ……………………………………………………………………………….…… 303 – 304
Racemorphan ………………………………………………………………………………...…… 305 – 307
Remifentanil …………………………………………………………………………………..…… 308 – 309
S
Sufentanil …………………………………………………………………………………………… 310 – 313
T
Thebacon ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 314 – 316
Thebaine …………………………………………………………………………………..………… 317 – 320
Thiopental ………………………………………………………………………………..………… 321 – 322
Tilidine…………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 323 – 326
Trimeperidine ……………………………………………………………………………..……… 327 – 330
References……………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 331
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1
.ACETYLMETHADOL
IUPAC Name: (±)-6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanyl acetate
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Melting Point (M.P): Approximately 118-119°C
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
Molar Mass: Approximately 281.4 g/mol
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C21H29NO2
Chemical Classification: Opioid Analgesic
Functional Groups: Methadone derivative with acetyl group substitution
Production/Source: Acetylmethadol can be synthesized in a laboratory setting
through specific chemical reactions. Its production is regulated due to its
classification as a controlled substance.
Route of Administration: Acetylmethadol is typically administered orally.
Pharmacological Action: It acts as a synthetic opioid analgesic and opioid
receptor agonist.
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Analysis:
Physical Methods
1. Melting Point Determination: Acetylmethadol has a characteristic melting
point. Measuring this melting point and comparing it to a known reference
value can be a preliminary indication of the presence of Acetylmethadol.
Specialized equipment like a melting point apparatus is required for this
method.
2. Solubility Analysis: Acetylmethadol exhibits specific solubility behavior in
different solvents. Observing the solubility profile in various solvents (e.g.,
water, ethanol, chloroform) can provide clues about its identity. This
method is relatively simple but limited in providing definitive
identification.
3. Microscopy: Under a microscope, Acetylmethadol crystals might exhibit
characteristic shapes and morphologies. This information can aid in
preliminary identification, especially when compared to reference data of
known Acetylmethadol crystals. This method is non-destructive but
requires access to a microscope and expertise in crystal morphology
analysis.
Limitations of Physical Methods:
Specificity: These methods often lack complete specificity. Other
compounds might have similar melting points, solubility profiles, or
crystal morphologies.
Limited Information: Physical methods alone cannot definitively identify
or quantify Acetylmethadol.
Chemical Methods :
Spectroscopy:
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Purpose: IR spectroscopy identifies functional
groups in acetylmethadol by measuring bond vibrations.
Outcome: The IR spectrum shows characteristic absorption bands
corresponding to specific functional groups (e.g., C=O, C-H, N-H),
confirming the structure of acetylmethadol.
Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Purpose: MS is used to determine the molecular weight and structure of
acetylmethadol.
Outcome : The mass spectrum provides a profile of molecular ions and
fragment ions, revealing the molecular weight and structural information
of acetylmethadol.
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Acid-Base Titration:
Purpose: To determine the purity and concentration of acetylmethadol,
particularly if it is in salt form.
Outcome: The amount of titrant used to reach the endpoint is used to
calculate the concentration and purity of the acetylmethadol sample.
Precipitation Reactions
Purpose: To confirm the presence of acetylmethadol and possibly to purify
it.
Outcome: The formation of a precipitate indicates the presence of
acetylmethadol, and the precipitate can be filtered, dried, and weighed to
quantify the compound.
Spectrophotometric Assays:
Purpose: To determine the concentration of acetylmethadol in a sample
using its absorbance of light.
Outcome: The absorbance is compared to a standard curve to determine
the concentration of acetylmethadol in the sample.
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4
ALFENTANIL
IUPAC Name: N-{1-[2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl]-
4-(methoxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl}-N-phenylpropanamide
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Melting Point (M.P) Approximately 146-147°C
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
Molar Mass: Approximately 416.5 g/mol
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C21H32N2O3
Chemical Classification: Opioid Analgesic
Functional Groups: Amide, aromatic ring
Production/Source: Alfentanil can be synthesized in a laboratory setting through
specific chemical reactions. Its production is regulated due to its classification as a
controlled substance.
Route of Administration: Alfentanil is primarily administered intravenously due
to its rapid onset of action and precise dosage control.
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Pharmacological Action: It acts as a potent opioid analgesic, binding to opioid
receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, and
respiratory depression.
Analysis:
1. Physical Method:
1. Solubility: Alfentanil has characteristic solubility profiles in different
solvents. It's sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic
solvents like ethanol, chloroform, and methanol. Observing the dissolution
behavior in these solvents can provide initial clues.
2. Melting Point: Alfentanil has a defined melting point range (around 110-
112 °C). Measuring the melting point using techniques like capillary
melting point apparatus can aid in identification. However, this method
requires a relatively pure sample and may not be definitive on its own.
3. Crystallization: Alfentanil can be crystallized from suitable solvents. The
crystal morphology (shape and arrangement) can be observed under a
microscope. However, this method requires some expertise and may not
be specific for alfentanil.
Chemical Methods
1. Safer Alternatives: Due to the limitations and potential hazards involved
with chemical spot tests, instrumental methods are preferred for
alfentanil analysis. These methods offer greater sensitivity, specificity, and
safety:
2. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Separates and
identifies alfentanil based on its chemical properties.
3. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Provides a definitive
identification by analyzing the molecule's fragmentation pattern.
Titration:
Acid-Base Titration:
Purpose: To determine the purity and concentration of alfentanil,
especially if it is in a salt form.
Outcome: The volume of titrant used to reach the endpoint is used to
calculate the concentration and purity of alfentanil.
Precipitation Reactions:
Purpose: To confirm the presence of alfentanil and possibly purify it.
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Outcome: The formation of a precipitate indicates the presence of
alfentanil. The precipitate can be filtered, dried, and weighed for
quantification.
Spectrophotometric Assays:
Purpose: To determine the concentration of alfentanil in a sample using
light absorbance.
Outcome: The absorbance value is compared to a standard curve to
determine the concentration of alfentanil in the sample.
https://t.me/med1917
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