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24
Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
Plant-based extracts UV visual. SEM/DL/TEM FTIR spectroscopy EDS
Mucuna pruriens 537 nm 6–17.7 nm Amide protein
bands (I and II)
-
Psidium guajava
leaves
505 nm 27 nm, spherical Flavonones Au
– 200–500 nm, hexagonal
and triangular.
-
Rosa rugosa leaves 578 nm 50–250 nm Amine and
carboxylic groups
546 nm 10–40 nm, triangular,
spherical
CO binding
leaves
524 nm 10–35 nm CO binding -
1.4 BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF AuNPs
-
101
mutagenesis, apoptosis, DNA damage, or oxidative stress. But cytotoxicity
in-vivo.
101
-
materials, mostly revolving around their physicochemical properties, i.e.,
-
mations in the location they accumulate at.
102
103
Further, physicochemical properties
-
104
TABLE 1.4 (Continued)
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FIGURE 1.9
Source
AuNPs. In-vivo evaluation is more comprehensive and provides detailed
-
In-vivo methodologies: animal models including rats (e.g., Wistar,
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
-
neous, oral, and intravenous),
9
TABLE 1.5 In-vivo Studies Used to Evaluate the Nanoparticles Biocompatibility.
101
Type of the
investigation
Methodology objective and application
behavioral analysis
Biodistribution
Clearance and
biodegradation
Hematology,
pharmacokinetic,
and serum chemistry
Immunology tests
spleen.
Histopathology tests
structural changes occurring in biological tissues.
Repeated and acute
dose toxicity
exposures in short time periods.
Developmental and
reproductive toxicity
Mutagenicity and
Genotoxicity
assesses the permanent transmissible changes in the structure and
nanomaterials are evaluated preliminarily in in-vitro conditions. Despite that
-
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101,105,106
TABLE 1.6
Type of the
investigation
Methodology objective and application
Metabolic activity
assays
metabolic activities
Cell viability and
Oxidative stress tests
Apoptosis
response to extracellular signals.
Necrosis
membrane.
Genotoxicity tests
Immunotoxicity tests
Source
AuNPs as vehicles in cancer therapy and other medicinal applications
-
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
systems.
107
-
-
tion), clinical (human trials), and post-marketing phase.
108
including their properties, biocompatibility, and toxicity. But the clinical trials
are the longest phase and it is divided into three steps: dosing and interaction
109
TABLE 1.7
Products.
Authority name Procedures, standardization, and regulations
Centre
Agency
chemicals evaluation.
complex, and broad matters that require risk assessments to
Authority products, and advocates analytical technologies.
European Medicines Agency
health and the public in the European Union (EU).
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Authority name Procedures, standardization, and regulations
United States Food and Drug
Administration
Quality Supervision,
Inspection, and Quarantine
National Nanotechnology
Committee (China)
Agency
Source
TABLE 1.8
Organization name Guidance documents and standards
E56 on Nanotechnology
Canadian Standards Association
(CSA)
engineered nanomaterials in occupational settings.
Cooperation and Development
(OECD), Working Party on
-
Developing high-throughput toxicity testing protocols
and alternative testing strategies using in-silico and
nanoparticles used in diagnostic applications.
Source
TABLE 1.7
(Continued)
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
1.5 CONCLUSION
AuNPs are revolutionary nanosystems in anticancer therapy. While
AuNPs seem to be very promising due to their production simplicity
(via physical, chemical, and green routes), and unique physicochemical
-
perspectives including the medicinal applications in cancer therapy, the
the-art AuNPs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
KEYWORDS
• drug delivery
• photodynamic
• photothermal therapies
• radiofrequency therapy
• synthesis
• biocompatibility
• toxicity
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