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154
Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
     
AuNPs and has high selectivity and sensitivity.
42

     
   
   
-

43
Genetics, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring all

     Staphylococcus aureus, Shi et al.
43
  
         
      
 

43

   
molecules, including proteins, oligonucleotides, and small organic mole-

sensors.
44
        
      
        
Bhatnagar et al.
45
developed a sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor
     
      
to construct the sensor probe.
45
    
  -
tive analytical instruments.
46

et al.
47
demonstrated a sensitive electrochemical microRNA biosensor based



in real serum samples, the proposed electrochemical biosensor can aid
   
47
     
         
https://t.me/med1917
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
155

    
48
developed a sensitive electrochemical


        
49
An activated protein C electrochemical aptasensor using aptamer probes

50

         
-
      

electrochemistry detection. Methods should be improved more to stop people


    
            -
      
       

    
     
50
    


52

       


52

-



        
        -
         
https://t.me/med1917
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
   
53

       
      
    
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developed an ultrasensitive

54
this sophisticated nanohorn system has
      
early-stage diseases.



    
       
     

-


55



        

applications such as cancer diagnostics.
56
AuNPs can be used to diagnose
cancer due to their SERS impact. According to Nie and Emory,
57
the detection

          
and vascular diseases. In one study, core-shell NPs based on metal-organic
       
      

     


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https://t.me/med1917
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
157

   
        
 
During DFM, the lens can only receive the light that is scattered by the
   
59
the scattering object shines brightly against

        

       
these nanoparticles are thought to be non-bleaching markers.
60
Gong et al.
61

     

      




AuNPs in resonance DFM.
61


rapidly developing biomedical imaging technique.
62
Due to their intrinsic
and geometrically induced optical properties, gold nanoparticles as exog-
         
           
      
-


63



molecular processes, exogenous contrast agents like AuNPs are required.
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    

   
62
    
https://t.me/med1917
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2
(AuNCs), Xu et al.
65





65
For cancer cell imaging, glycol-chitosan-covered
AuNPs (GCAuNPs) have been used as photoacoustic contrast agents. When
       



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Due to their distinct
        
nm), AuNPs have the potential to be used in multiplexed PA imaging in both
in vitro and vivo. As a result, they can be used to distinguish multiple cell


According to Liu et al.
68
   

  




68
Kesha-
        


69


numerical value, and contrast-to-noise ratio. Khademi and co
70
demonstrated
        


 

AuNPs.
69
      

   
       
target analytes.
https://t.me/med1917
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
159


           
          
70
 
       
al.
71
AuNPs can use phonon–electron interaction to convert light into heat
   


large absorption cross-section.
72
Khiavi et al.
73
-


and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. In colon cancer cells, the researchers
    


metastasis and cell invasion.
73
         
        

74

-

may decrease their accumulation in some malignant tissues.
75
-


        




and variable plasmonic absorbance. Furthermore, Kim and Lee
76
say that


therapeutics to eradicate human cancer cells. Pan et al.
77
described AuNRs
        -

     
https://t.me/med1917
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2

to DNA integration and cell membrane disruption.
77
-
lable plasmonic absorption. When considering the accumulation and elimi-

78
Both in

therapeutics. For example, Hong et al.
79
  
       

      
light.
79
GNP technology has been demonstrated to be a promising tool due to

      

  
      
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research,
AuNRs@P AA damaged human osteosarcoma cells by causing DNA integra-



than nanoshells,
77


et al.,
79


      
exposed to NIR light.
79

           
-



According to Haume et al.,
80

     

        
81
Radiation

         
https://t.me/med1917
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
161
tissue.
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


the radiation-induced damage to the tumor,
67

   
        
physicochemical properties.
82
     
-





to increase the local concentration in the tissue being targeted.
84
Zhang et al.
84

nm AuNPs in vivo and in vitro. According to Zhang et al.,
84
in vivo, and in



        


85

       
       


      


86
Over the course

       
clinical trials and be established as radiotherapy treatment options that are


          
        
including dendrimers, nanotubes, polymer structures, liposomes, nanorods,
https://t.me/med1917
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Metals in Medicine, Volume 2

        
           
delivery applications.
87


87
Due to their high
   
  

be linked to AuNPs in a study.
88


-
tigated using AuNPs.
89,90

   
nucleic acid conjugation.
91
Additionally, charge-reversal polymers can be
          

charge reversal.
92
  
permeation.


particular cells.
93,94
     
       


95,96
AuNPs

    
properties.
97
AuNPs are able to transport medications to their targets and

therapeutic drugs via AuNPs into the targeted cells or tissues can be accom-





98
       
promising results.
99
    
https://t.me/med1917
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
163


100
By ionic or covalent bonding or physical absorp-

AuNPs.
98,101
For instance, methotrexate, a drug used to treat cancer, has been
conjugated to 13 nm colloidal AuNP.
102

       
103
According
to Chen et al.
102
 
      
      


  
examined by Agabeigi et al.
104
      

     
104
In a separate study,
Akinyelu and Singh
105
    


cells. Akinyelu and Singh
105


   
     
cancer cells than CAu5-FU-NPs.

       

      
        


to lung cancer cells. According to Ramalingam et al.
106



    



amine groups. An ultrasound-targeted, microbubble destruction-promoted
https://t.me/med1917