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Файл:Практическая фонетика первого иностранного языка. Шаг за шагом. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов первого, второго курсов
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6. In British transcriptions, oʊ is usually represented as əʊ. For some BrE speakers, oʊ is more
appropriate (they use a rounded vowel) — for others, the proper symbol is əʊ. For American
speakers, oʊ is usually more accurate.
7. In eəʳ ɪəʳ ʊəʳ, the r is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in
dearest, dear Ann). In AmE, the r is always pronounced, and the sounds are often written as er ɪr
ʊr.
8. All dictionaries use the r symbol for the first sound in red. The problem with this convention
is that r in the IPA does not stand for the British or American r; it stands for the ―hard‖ r that is
heard, for example, in the Spanish word rey or Italian vero. The ―proper‖ symbol for the red
consonant is ɹ.
9. In American English , t is often pronounced as a flap t , which sounds like d or (more
accurately) like the quick, hard r heard e.g. in the Spanish word pero . For example: letter. Some
dictionaries use the t symbol for the flap t. special symbols IPA what it means.
The vertical line (ˈ) is used to show word stress. It is placed before the stressed syllable
in a word. For example, /ˈkɒntrækt/ is pronounced like this, and /kənˈtrækt/ like that. Word stress
is explained about phonetic transcription.
Reading COMPREHENTION
1. Skim and scan the text. Get the general idea.
2. Highlight the “phonetic” words, write them out and transcribe.
3. Work with the dictionaries. Find the words with the additional symbols.
4. State the arguments why it`s necessary for the student to learn the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA).
Time to PRACTICE
Reading aloud from transcription
Ex.1 Decipher the sentence below and then practise reading it aloud.
/intˈnæʃənəl kəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən ˈnaʊwəˌdeɪzəz kənˈsɪdərəbli ˈiːzɪə ðənɪt juːstəbiː. ɪtzərəˈzʌltəv
ˈsætəlaɪt ˈtelɪkəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən ənðəwaɪdspred juːsəv ðiː ˈɪntənet/
Ex.2.Find the names of famous English-speaking bands or singers thanks to their phonetic
transcription
Rock phonetics
['kaizə tʃi:fs] ['ɵɜ:tɪ 'sekəndz tʊ: mɑ:z] [ðə 'kɪləʳz] ['reɪdɪəʊhed] [kwi:n] ['reɪzəʳlait] [red hɒt
'tʃɪlɪ 'pepəz] [blɒk 'pɑ:tɪ] [grɪ:n deɪ] [blɜ:ʳ] [jʊ: tʊ:] [plə'si:bəʊ] [ki:n] [ðə 'sɜ:vənt] [ðə 'bi:tls]
[əʊ'eɪsɪs] ['ɑ:ktɪk 'mʌnkɪz] ['mi:kə] [mjʊ:z] ['kəʊldpleɪ]
Time to COACH.
1. Work as a teacher. Find 10 multisyllabled words from the unit on study (or from the book
you are reading) to dictate to your group made.
2. Give the proper instructions. You fellow student should write the transcription of the word.
3. Check the transcription. Detect his mistakes! Pay attention to the correct phonetical symbol
and the word stress.
4. Give him the advice to get rid of the mistake
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IV. Improving Your Articulation
Sounds are not a speech, until we form it into words. No matter what you say, loudly or
softly, the goal is to be understood. To be understood you need to pronounce the word clearly, in
other words you are to articulate properly.
Articulation is the movement of the jaw, lips, tongue, teeth, soft palate and facial muscles
to form words. These parts of the body should be free, flexible and agile enough to transfer our
thoughts and feelings. Mouth shapes the vowels, and they are interspersed with consonants for
giving sense to words. The development of automatic articulator skills requires daily practice.
If you want to be understood by listeners make all parts of your face flexible.
Articulation exercises are necessary to train muscles of the vocal apparatus, to achieve
their free mobility.
The articulation exercises should be done in a slow rate. Having done the articulation
gymnastics make sure that all parts of the vocal apparatus operate actively during a
conversation or reading of texts. The speech should be clear but comfortable to the listener!
It is very useful to do the articulation exercises in the morning (before the work or before the
study). Pay 5 minutes in the morning, to get good muscle tone speech for the day.
After the articulation exercises you can move on to the development of your diction.
Good diction is very important not only to public speakers, actors, and singers, but to teachers
also. And, of course, to all other people, because we live in the society where we constantly
communicate with people.
That what Susan Dugdale states about the difficulty of having a foreign pronunciation:
―Trying to make the mouth, tongue, and teeth coordinate to form an unheard, or foreign
sound is very hard and incredibly frustrating. It is not part of initial sound environment. There
was no reason to practice them. They will feel uncomfortable, awkward in the mouth and the ear.
The speaker will stumble – just as a child does when they are first learning to walk. The
experience is a parallel. In learning sounds outside of our mother tongue we are as a child – a
very small one – regardless of how adult or grownup we are. The adult in us wants control,
direction, purpose and mastery. We are often impatient – expecting positive results far too soon.
We need to remember the learning process for our initial or primary language happened largely
unconsciously. We absorbed it - like water on blotting paper. It was soaked up‖.
Here are the tips, given by Susan Dugdale*
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To improve your articulation, you must first decide that you are going to be careful with your
speech. You are going to be your best – no more careless, sloppy, slovenly talking.
Next, your mouth must be capable of opening fully. You might as well talk with your hand in
front of your mouth as to talk with teeth and lips half closed. Open your mouth.
Third, loosen lazy lips. Make your lips flexible, wrapping them around your words as if each
word were a tasty morse.
Fourth, teach your tongue to keep its place. This is less difficult, because the tongue usually
acts without your conscious direction. But if it gets in the way of your words, you must
consciously make it respond to your demands.
And fifth, practice. Every time you speak, remind yourself to speak each word well.
*Susan Dugdale - head of the representatives of the media company "Thomson Reuters" in
New Zealand. She teaches courses verbal skills, drama, courses speakers at the national radio
and television, is an instructor and compiler of public appearances and speeches of some
politicians and public figures of New Zealand, the producer of the performances of drama
theatre in Wellington, participating in performances as an actor.
Reading COMPREHENTION
1. Skim and scan the text. Get the general idea.
2. Highlight the “ phonetic” words, write them out and transcribe.
3. Highlight the “ anatomy” words, write them out and transcribe.
4. Write out the instructions.
5. Remember the definition of “articulation”. What should a student do if a teacher says: Mind
your articulation!
Warm-up articulation exercises (running active)
As you perform the following exercises, exaggerate the specified actions while
remembering to breathe diaphragmatically. The secret of correct articulation is the positioning of
the lips, tongue, and teeth.
The purpose of these exercises is to help you obtain the greatest possible flexibility.
!!! These exercises are given to activate your articulator apparatus. All the exercises are
done several times in front of the mirror. Note, that during warm-up articulation exercises the
exertion should be sent only to the required muscles. Keep the muscles of the neck-shoulder
release and free.
Ex.1 «Stretching»
Begin by stretching out the muscles of your face and jaw. Open your mouth as wide as you
can.
Now, close your mouth and purse your lips together. Squeeze your mouth tightly so that
you're stretching the muscles along your jaw.
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Repeat until your muscles feel warmed up and ready to work. Three to four times should
suffice.
Ex.1 «Jaw Release»: reduces tension in the mouth and jaw area during speaking.
Place the heels of each hand directly below the cheek bone. Pushing in and down from the
cheeks to the jaw, massage the facial muscles.
Allow your jaw to passively open as you move the hands down the face. Repeat several
times.
Ex.1 «Skeleton»
open the mouth wide,
drop your lower jaw as a skeleton
Ex.1 «Movement of the jaw» forward - back, down to a maximum point, in a circle.
Ex.1 «Lip Trills»: Release lip tension and connects breathing and speaking. Releases tension in
the vocal folds.
Place your lips loosely together release the air in a steady stream to create a trill or raspberry
sound. First try it on an ―h‖ sounds. Then repeat on a ―b‖ sound.
Hold the sound steady and keep the air moving past the lips. Next try to repeat the b-trill
gliding gently up and down the scales. Don‘t push beyond what it comfortable at the top or
bottom of the scale.
Ex.1 «Ball»
Move the air from one cheek to another, then under the upper lip and under the bottom.
Ex.2 «Fish» to involve the cheeks in the mouth, lower jaw dropped, lips collected in a fish's
mouth, work - close and break.
Development of the lips.
Ex.1
Stretch the lips on your upper teeth
«Stretch your lips on your lower teeth
Ex.1 Tip of the Tongue Trills
Press the tip of the tongue to upper teeth, hold it for 2-4 seconds.
Press the tip of the tongue to alveolar, hold it for 2-4 seconds
Press the tip of the tongue to the soft palate, hold it for 2-4 seconds
Ex.1 “A Saw”
Take a deep breath
Put the tip of the tongue on the alveolar
Imitate the saw movement with your hand ( as if you are working with it) and breathe out the
sound S >S>S
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Do the same but this time lengthen the sound SSS>SSS>SSS
Do the same but this time make the sound S the longest one SSSSS>SSSSS>SSSSS
Imitate the sound of horse clattering with your mouth
Development of the soft palate.
Ex.1 «the Lion's Jaws» or Lion's Mouth
yawn with the mouth closed.
yawn with his mouth open.
Ex.2 «Painter» - relaxed the tongue
in the form of blades reach the soft palate and return to the top of the alveoli (the base of the
lower and upper teeth).
Vocal Chords Trill
Ex.1 “Hot Breathing”
Take a good breath and breath out the sound HHHH (as if you hands are cold and you want
to warm them)
Do it several times
Line of Vowels
And at last Take a good breath. Pronounce the vowels (articulate all the vowels
properly).Mind the correct articulation. First, pronounce it staccato. Then legato.
i - e – æ – a: – o – u – ə:
And now add the plosives vowels the line:
T - ti - te ––tæ - ta: – to – tu – tə:
P - pi - pe – pæ – pa: – po – pu – pə:
Etc..
(t-d)
ti – ti- tid
te – te - ted
tæ – tæ – tæd
ta: – ta:- ta:d
t o – t o - t od
tu – tu – tud
tə:- tə:- tə:d
(p-b) etc..
So, you can add any sound or letter clusters which causes you any difficulty.
!!! Articulation exercises must be spoken slowly and carefully and must be practiced
regularly without fail. Gradually repeat faster till a level of clarity and lucidity is reached.
Regular practice will strengthen the articulatory organs by developing the face and body
muscles. The reading should be done aloud.
Imagine that you are whispering to someone because you need to be very quiet. When
you do this, you are not using your vocal cords or voice. You are just blowing air out of your
mouth. Some English sounds are pronounced this way.
Touch your hand to your throat and whisper this sentence: I am not using my voice. You
should not feel any vibration in your throat. Now, put your fingers over your ears so that you
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cannot hear. Say it again: I am not using my voice. You should not be able to hear yourself. This
/v/ sound:
(voiced)
Top teeth touch bottom lip.
leave oven live
value level
Notes
The sound vibrates lip.
/f/ sound:
(unvoiced)
Top teeth touch bottom lip.
leaf laugh life felt
awful….
Notes
Air is blown out.
/w/ sound:
(voiced)
Lips start in a small circle and
expand as sound is made.
will wow wife wise
welcome
Notes
Do not use teeth.
/b/ sound:
(voiced)
Lips start together and then separate.
lab belt bite best
able
Notes
/p/ sound:
(unvoiced)
Lips start together and then separate.
lap pelt pile pest
apple
Notes
Air is blown out.
Proverbs
is because you are not using your vocal cords.
Touch your hand to your throat and say this sentence at your normal volume: I am using
my voice. You should feel vibrations in your throat. Now, put your fingers over your ears so that
you cannot hear. Say it again: I am using my voice. You should hear your voice because you are
using your vocal cords.
Sounds that do not use your vocal cords are called unvoiced sounds. Sounds that use your
vocal cords are called voiced sounds.
These sounds are unvoiced: /s/, /ʃ/, /t/, /ʔ/, /ʧ/, /p/, /f/, /θ/, /k/, /h/
These sounds are voiced: /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /b/, /v/, /ð/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /j/, /w/ + all vowels
Did you notice that some of the voiced and unvoiced sounds are made using similar
tongue and jaw positions? The following sounds are ìpartnerî sounds. Both sounds in each pair
are formed the same way in your mouth, but one sound is voiced and the other is unvoiced.
While working at the correct articulation follow the following steps:
Watch the correct articulation of the sounds you are training (target sound). Notice which
organs of speech participate in the correct articulation.
Look at the mirror. Make yourself sure that you are pronouncing the target sound with the
correct articulation: check your teeth and lip position.
Read the characteristic of the sound. It`ll help you to be careful with the peculiarities of the
articulation.
Consonants PRACTICE
Ex. 1 Underline the first sound. Pronounce the first letter of these words differently:
vile – file – while – bile – pile
Practice these sounds. Look in the mirror and check your teeth and lip position. Practice
these words five times each. Look in the mirror and check your teeth and lip position.
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1) Find your tricky sound. Find the proverb.
/l/ sound
at the
beginning
of a word:
/l/ sound
in the
middle or
at the end
of a word
Put the tip of your tongue just
behind the front top teeth
lock light golf
polite call
Notes
Make a voiced sound as you
drop it down and begin the next
vowel sound. (If you have
trouble with this sound, stick
your tongue outside your mouth
to practice.)
Put the tip of your tongue at the
roof of your mouth and make a
voiced sound while you hold
your tongue in this position.
/r/ sound
at the
beginning
of a word:
/r/ sound
in the
middle or
at the end
of a word
Make an ―o‖ shape with your
lips. Pull your tongue to the back
of your mouth make a voiced
sound while tensing your tongue.
rock right credit
portrait car
Notes
Do not let the tip of your tongue
touch the top of your mouth!
Begin the next vowel sound
from this position.
Move from the vowel sound into
the ìrî by pulling your tongue to
the back of your mouth.
Do not let the tip of your tongue
touch the top of your mouth!
/n/
Press the tip or front half of your
tongue against the top of your
mouth just behind your teeth.
knock night
and candy
noun
Notes
Hold your tongue in this position
and make a voiced sound
through your nose.
You should feel a vibration in
your nose.
2) Listen to your group mate. Detect his mistakes! Mind the correct articulation. Give the
advice to improve the articulation.
Ex.2 Underline the first sound. Pronounce the first letter of these words differently:
light -right
Practice these sounds. Look in the mirror and check your teeth, tongue and lip position.
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/m/
Press your lips together and
make a voiced sound through
your nose
mock might
lemon amount
mom
Notes
You should feel a vibration in
your nose.
1) Find your tricky sound. Find the proverb.
/θ/ sound:
(unvoiced)
Put your tongue between your
top and bottom teeth, blow air
out without your voice. (If
you have trouble with this
sound, stick your tongue
outside your mouth to
practice.)
Think thin
thought month
south
Notes
/ð/ sound:
(voiced)
Put your tongue between your
top and bottom teeth, blow air
out with your voice.
this than that
though other
Notes
This sound will vibrate your
tongue. (If you have trouble
with this sound, stick your
tongue outside your mouth to
practice.)
2) Listen to your group mate. Detect his mistakes! Mind the correct articulation. Give the
advice to improve the articulation.
Ex.3 Underline the first sound. Pronounce the first letter of these words differently:
thank – this - bath – bathe
Practice these sounds. Look in the mirror and check your teeth, tongue and lip position.
Imagine that you have to make the sound in front of your mouth. If you look in a mirror, you
should see your tongue sticking out a little.
1) Find your tricky sound. Find the proverb.
2) Listen to your group mate. Detect his mistakes! Mind the correct articulation. Give the advice
to improve the articulation.
Ex.3 Groups of consonant sounds are called consonant clusters. Read these clusters and practice
clearly pronouncing all of the sounds in the clusters.
Ending in “p”: -rp -sp -mp
Practice: warp sharp clasp wasp bump stump
Ending in “s”: -ds -rs -ts -ps -rts -ves
Practice: attends adopters credits ships exports lives
Ending in “k” & “ks”: -rk -nk -lk -sk -sks -ks
Practice: work think balk ask asks attacks
Ending in “t”: -rt -nt -ct -ft -pt -st
Practice: alert account affect draft accept receipt* first
(*The word receipt is irregular, the ―p‖ is never pronounced.)
Ending in “th” & “ths”: -nth -nths -fth -ths -thes
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Practice: months fifth youth bathes
Ending in “ch”: -nch -rch -tch
Practice: launch search pitch crutch
Ending in “ing” & “ings”: -ing -ings -inging
Ex.4 Practice holding onto the final consonant of these words for one second longer than you
feel is natural. Read each word five times.
NG giving along wrong calling typing preparing
S sounds phones pages glasses changes screens
SH establish distinguish slash brush clash wash
CH approach detach watch reach catch brunch
L tell hotel sell careful annual girl
R far mirror never our secure calendar
M team conform algorithm reform com diagram
N can inspection abandons fourteen down men
V above adaptive evolve competitive delve executive
F stuff bluff half yourself spin-off cliff
TH tenth smooth stealth loathe wealth breathe
Ex.5 Read aloud the following words and word combinations.
Frown trout frivol cricket privacy tricky crowd thrill freezing creature
principle treason proud trail fragrant crazy primitive traitor thrifty briefcase
greenish drows profession threaten bridegroom grievous drastic promotion
threshold bribery grewsome dreamless proposal brevity gracious dreadful
prognosis
Cro‟atia frust triathlon triangular
Ex.6. Read aloud the following words and phrases.
the „seventh „filthy as the „others
the „ninth health as the „following
the „tenth wealthy as though „worried
the „eighth „stealth as that „fellow
the „hundredth al‟though as the „workman
in the „40s on the „whole at the „top
in the „morning on the „contrary at the „bottom
in the „evening on the „surface at the „front
in the „end on the „left at the „back
„Tell the \truth. „Write the \word.
Close the \door. „Open the \brackets.
Read the \rule. „Shut the \window.
He was \thirty yesterday. She „likes this „author im\mensely.
It was \Thursday, | „not \Saturday. He „wants this ther‟mometer \instantly.
It was „thundering and \storming. He sup‟ports these theo‟logical \theories.
29
Vowel PRACTICE
/aʊ/
sound:
Start with your mouth open wide
and make the /a/ sound.
now found cow
south out
Notes
Close your mouth and make the /u/
sound
Blend the two sounds together
smoothly.
/aɪ/
sound:
Start with your mouth open wide
and make the /a/ sound.
tie fly revise
guy why
Notes
Then smile, pull your tongue back
and make the /i/ sound.
Blend the two sounds together
smoothly
/ɔɪ/
sound
Start with your lips in a wide circle
say ―oh.‖
noise annoy toy
oil boy
Notes
Smile, pull your tongue back and
make the /i/ sound.
Blend the two sounds together
smoothly.
/oʊ/
sound:
Start with your lips in a wide circle
say ―oh.‖
alone snow go
know own
Notes
Make the circle smaller and make
the /u/ sound.
Blend the two sounds together
smoothly
Ex.1 Underline the first sound. Pronounce the first letter of these words differently:
wow – why – boy – no
Practice these sounds. Look in the mirror and check your teeth, tongue and lip position.
Close two fingers together and hold them horizontally next to your mouth. This is your
mouth ―measuring stick.‖ Look in the mirror as you do this. When you practice these double
vowel sounds, your mouth should open wider than your two fingers at the beginning and then
close.
Underline all of the double vowel sounds in this paragraph. Read it aloud and record
yourself. Open your mouth wide for all the vowel sounds.
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