Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Великие ученые и изобретатели = Great Scientists and Inventors. Учебное пособие
.pdf
The Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics was endowed in 1967
in honor of Norbert Wiener by MITʼs mathematics department and is provided
jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics.
The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility
awarded annually by CPSR, was established in 1987 in honor of Wiener to recognize contributions by computer professionals to socially responsible use of
computers.
The crater Wiener on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
The Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications, at the
University of Maryland, College Park, is named in his honor.
Robert A. Heinlein named a spaceship after him in his 1957 novel Citizen
of the Galaxy, a “Free Trader” ship called the Norbert Wiener mentioned in
Chapter 14.
Information is information, not matter or energy.
Wienerʼs work with cybernetics influenced Gregory Bateson and Margaret
Mead, and through them, anthropology, sociology, and education.
A simple mathematical representation of Brownian motion, the Wiener
equation, named after Wiener, assumes the current velocity of a fluid particle
fluctuates randomly.
The Wiener filter is a filter for signal processing proposed by Wiener during the 1940s. It is used for reducing the amount of signal noise by comparison
with an noiseless signal.
4. Подготовьте презентацию на тему “Norbert Wiener is the found-
er of cybernetics”.
5. Найдите дополнительную информацию о Норберте Винере, под-
готовьте устное высказывание о его научной деятельности.
71
UNIT II
KONRAD ZUSE:
INVENTOR OF THE FIRST
SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER
(1910–1995)
1. Прочитайте английские слова и назовите их русские эквива-
ленты. Просмотрите текст. Выполните упражнения после текста.
1) digital computer
2) destroy
3) recognize
4) despite
5) awaken
6) punched cards
7) calculation
8) reduction
9) devise
10) valve
11) require
12) available
13) relay computer
14) employ
15) switching circuit
16) eventually
17) crucial
Text
The world’s successful digital computer was destroyed by an Allied bomb
during a raid on Berlin in World War II. Now known as the Z3, it was designed
by Konrad Zuse and built at home with the help of friends. Another Zuse computer aided the design of aircraft wings at the Henschel factory in Berlin and
was the only German computer to see war service.
72
For a long time it was thought that the Americans had designed the first
computers, but then came news of the code breaking machines, and then Zuse’s
work. In fact Zuse began his first design before the war started. He did much of
the work in his spare time and even during the war there was relatively little official help .After the war he set up his own company and at one time he was the
major continental manufacturer.
Zuse was born in Berlin on June 10, 1910, but his parents soon moved first
to Braunsberg in East Prussia and then to Hoyerswersa in Saxony, where his father was the local postmaster.
It was here that, about 35 miles north east of Dresden, that his school
awakened his interest in engineering at a time when his talent as an artist was
also developing. This combination and rivalry between art and engineering
caused him to drop out of university.
At the Technical University in Berlin Charlottenberg he found the work
stultifying, especially the technical drawing. So he quit the University, horrifying his parents in the process, and decided to become a commercial artist. He
also turned to inventing, and devised a machine to develop and print colour
photographs automatically.
But times were hard, economies were bad, and millions were out of work.
So he went back to university, reemerging in 1935 with a degree in civil engineering.
In fact, whilst still a university student, Zuse had already arrived at fundamental ideas for information control, the reduction of problems to a sequence of
simple operations, and the concept that a machine could be built to carry out
that sequence. By 1934 he used the terms “memory unit”, “selector” and “con-
trol device”.
When work at the Henschel factory reinforced his thoughts he set about
building a machine in his spare time using the living room of his parent’s home
in Berlin as his workshop. Necessity is not the mother of invention, said Zuse, it
was laziness and boredom: the desire to get rid of those tedious calculations.
One of his decisions proved crucial to success: to use binary arithmetic instead of decimal.
In 1936 Zuse started making the component parts of his first allmechanical machine: using metal pins and slotted metal plates, the ends of the
73
slots representing ones and zeroes. The memory was to hold 64 binary numbers
of 16 bits each and he successfully completed it with help from friends who labored to make the thousands of parts by hand. However, the more complex
arithmetic unit required greater manufacturing precision than they could
achieve. Programs were coded by punching series of up to eight holes into discharged 35 mm movie film, which was far cheaper than the commerciallyavailable paper tape.
The machine was named the Versuchsmodell-1 (experimental model 1) or
V I for short. It was followed by a V2, both of which were later renamed the ZI
and Z2 to avoid confusion with the VI flying bomb and the V2 rocket.
Zuse had developed the design of his future computer to the stage where he
had achieved the yes-no (binary) logical structure for the machine and recognized that it was independent of the physical methods used to build it.
The possibilities for a relay computer looked optimistic when Schreyer
suddenly suggested using electronic valves instead. Though they were not
commonly employed for switching between two states, valves could be used in
that way and would be far faster than relays.
About 2000 valves would be needed. Asking for them, and getting them
were two different things in Germany then at war. Private enterprise stood no
chance so they talked to the German Army Command. Whilst the initial reaction was favourable, the idea foundered when they said it would take about two
years to build. So little help came, but by the end of World War II Schreyer had
built an experimental computer with just 100 to 150 valves, and his doctorate
on the way for his work on valve switching circuits. Like the other computers,
this too was a casualty of the war. After the war the development of electronic
equipment was banned in Germany and so Schreyer immigrated to Brazil. It
was there that he died in 1985.
Whilst Schreyer worked part-time on the electronic machine Zuse completed the electromagnetic relay computer, the Z3, encouraged by the Experimental Aircraft Institute. The Z3 was the first general-purpose digital computer
in the world. It was completed in 1943. It employed binary numbers, floatingpoint arithmetic and 22-bit word length, and it was estimated that it used around
2000 relays and 8 uniselector switches and cost the equivalent of between 6000
and 7000 dollars.
74
Although Z3 was completed it served mainly as an experimental machine
and it never went into routine probably because of the limited capacity of its
memory.
There are no doubts, however, that it was fully functional, because there
were several witnesses to its operation. Though the original Z3 was blitzed out
of existence, a reconstruction was made years later, based on the surviving patents. Now it is in the German Museum in Munich.
Zuse also found time to build other computers as well. The SI was a nonprogrammable machine using hard-wire programs. It served in the design of the
Henschel flying bomb HS-293, a pilotless aircraft guided by radio from a
bomber. It replaced a dozen calculators. But the big one was the Z4: a full-sized
general purpose computer, the only one to survive the war.
Construction of Z4 began in 1943, even before the Z3 was finished. For
this large machine Zuse returned to his successful mechanic memory design.
Whilst this now seems a retrograde step it was the only way he could achieve a
large memory (1024 32-bit words) in a reasonable volume. Using the Z3 relays
approach would have required 32 of the Z3 memory cabinets.
During the war it was moved to an alpine village north of the Austrian border where it was set up in a barn. It stayed there until 1949 when it was rescued,
rebuilt and established in the Technical University in Zurich in 1950. For a time
it was the only functional digital computer on the continent. Now it is also in
the German Museum.
After the war Zuse continued to develop his ideas for computers and
planned what was probably the first algorithmic computer language. The game
of chess served as a test subject.
In 1949 he re-established his own firm which became known as Zuse KG.
The Z series continued with relay computers and then fully electronic machines.
The last of the relay machines was the ZII which became a byword for reliability. As competition grew, and technology changed, so life got tougher and out-
side funding was required. This eventually led to the company’s being absorbed
by Siemens.
Zuse was a consultant, but even more he was a painter. Konrad Zuse died
on 18 December, 1995.
75
2. Просмотрите текст. Найдите ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. When and where was Konrad Zuse born?
2. What caused Zuse to drop out of the University?
3. What did he decide to do?
4. What did he turn to and devise?
5. What degree did Zuse get after graduating from the University?
6. What ideas did Zuse arrive at whilst still a university student?
7. What terms did he use by 1934?
8. What did Zuse start doing in 1936?
9. What names was the machine given?
10. What was the Z3 and when was it completed?
11. What did it employ?
3. Определите грамматическое явление в предложениях и объяс-
ните его.
1. Using the Z3 relays approach would have required 32 of the Z3memory
cabinets.
2. In 1936 Zuse started making the component parts of his first allmechanical machine: using metal pins and slotted metal plates, the ends of the
slots representing ones and zeroes.
3. It was there that he died in 1985.
4. But the big one was the Z4: a full-sized general – purpose computer, the
only one to survive the war.
5. After the war Zuse continued to develop his ideas for computers and
planned what was probably the first algorithmic computer language.
4. Просмотрите текст. Укажите, являются ли предложения верными или неверными. Докажите, используя информацию из текста.
1. Zuse’s school awakened his interest in engineering at a time when his
talent of an artist was also developed.
2. One of his first decisions proved crucial to success: to use binary arithmetic instead of decimal.
3. In 1936 Zuse starting making arithmetic unit of his mechanical machine.
76
4. The Z2 reused the arithmetic unit of the Z1.
UNIT III
EUGENE KASPERSKY
5. Schreyer suggested using relays for a relay computer.
6. The Z3 was the first general-purpose computer in the world.
7. The Z series continued with electronic computers.
5. Используйте следующие темы для обсуждения в виде диалогов
или монологов:
1. Konrad Zuse is the inventor of the first computer.
2. Konrad Zuse as a painter.
It is interesting to know:
Konrad Zuse is known to design the first successful digital computer.
Konrad Zuse is known as a painter whose work can be described as “a syn-
thesis of expressionism and surrealism, in brilliant colours that border on the
psychedelic”. He was a successful artist and painting vies with computers as his
first love.
1. Study the following text. Try to understand all details.
Consult a dictionary if necessary.
2. Point out the main idea of the text.
3. Render the information of the text to your partner.
77
Text
Eugene Kaspersky (Yevgeniy Valentinovich Kasperskiy; born 4 October
1965 in Novorossiysk, USSR) is a Russian specialist in the information security
field. He has written articles on computer virology and speaks regularly at security seminars and conferences. In 1997, Kaspersky co-founded the Kaspersky
Lab, a developer of secure content & threat management systems and the
world's largest privately held vendor of software security products.
Kaspersky graduated from the Institute of Cryptography, Telecommunications and Computer Science, an institute co-sponsored by the Russian Ministry
of Defence and the KGB in 1987. Kaspersky then worked at a multi-discipline
scientific research institute until 1991. While there, the Cascade virus was detected on his computer, which increased Kasperskyʼs interest in information security and led to his studying the field of computer virology from 1989.
Kaspersky joined the KAMI Information Technologies Center in 1991, where
he and his associates developed the AVP anti-virus product. In 1997, he cofounded Kaspersky Lab, which was later run for a decade by his ex-wife Natalya Kaspersky. In November 2000, AVP was renamed “Kaspersky Anti-Virus”
after a dispute with a US partner. In 2007, Eugene was named the CEO of
Kaspersky Lab. In 2009, Kaspersky was quoted as saying:
“Everyone should and must have an identification, or internet passport...
The internet was designed not for public use, but for American scientists and
the US military. Then it was introduced to the public and it was wrong...”
On 12 June 2009, he received the Russian Federation National Award in
Science and Technology from former President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev for
major advances in modern information security systems. In the same year, he
received the Peopleʼs Republic of China Friendship Award.
In 2012, Kaspersky was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Technology
degree from Plymouth University. On the same year Kaspersky was named one
of CRN’s Top 25 Innovators of the Year.
At CeBIT 2012, worldʼs largest computer expo, Kaspersky warned of the
dangers of Cyberwar and called for worldwide action against growing security
78
threats. He recently mentioned that Apple is at the point where Microsoft was
10–12 years ago security wise.
In July 2012, Wired published a controversial piece about Kaspersky Lab
and Eugene Kaspersky’s alleged involvement in politics and very close ties
with Russian law enforcement agencies. Eugene published a prompt response to
the article in which he debunked some of its allegations, pointed out its factual
errors and multiple omissions.
Eugene Kaspersky is also on the International Multilateral Partnership
Against Cyber Threats (IMPACT) International Advisory Board.
79
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Наше понимание окружающего мира и бурный рост инновационных
технологий в эпоху научно-технического прогресса являются результатом
деятельности многих ученых, их многочисленных исследований и экспериментов.
У некоторых учёных были собственные методы проведения исследований, благодаря которым человечество смогло совершить огромный скачок в науке и технике. Их основы и теории широко применяются практически во всех сферах деятельности человека.
Обучение студентов технического университета по различным направлениям и специальностям невозможно без знаний исторических достижений изучаемой науки и техники. Знакомясь с биографиями успешных людей, студенты узнают, как были сделаны великие открытия и достижения, позволившие человечеству находиться на данной ступени своего развития.
Чтение предложенных текстов на английском языке позволяет
не только усвоить языковой материал, изучить терминологию, но и расширить профессиональные знания.
Достигнутый при освоении материалов учебного пособия уровень
владения английским языком будет способствовать развитию познавательной компетенции студентов, умений ориентироваться в потоке разнообразной информации, систематизировать ее, интегрировать исторический материал с научной информацией по другим изучаемым дисциплинам.
80
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]