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Файл:Великие ученые и изобретатели = Great Scientists and Inventors. Учебное пособие
.pdf
5. In 1941 he (to award) a State Prize for developing the turbo expander
and applying it to air liquefaction.
6. In 1978 he (he award) the Nobel Prize.
13. Прочтите текст.
Text
Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa was born in 1894. He graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. In 1921 he went to England and worked
there under the physicist, Ernest Rutherford. In 1924 he was appointed deputy
director of the Cavendish Magnetic Research Laboratory. In 1929 he was elected a fellow of the British Royal Society as well as a corresponding member of
the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. After returning home Kapitsa was made
director of the Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR.
In 1934 Kapitsa was the first to use helium as a working fluid. His significant contribution was the addiction of the Joule-Thomson heat exchanger for
further cooling of the minor stream of compressed helium which had already
been cooled by the expanded helium from the engine.
He applied the expansion turbine to gas liquefaction in 1939 and in the
same year he was made a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR. In 1941 he was awarded a State Prize for developing the turbo expander
and applying it to air liquefaction. In 1943he won another State Prize for his
work on heat transfer and super fluidity in helium. He received the Nobel Prize
in 1978.
Kapitsa died in spring 1984 at the age of about 90.
Notes
deputy director – заместитель директора
expansion turbine, turboexpander – турбодетандер
heat exchanger – теплообменник
heat transfer – теплопередача
super fluidity – сверхтекучесть
41
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
UNIT III
JAMES DEWAR
(1842–1923)
1. When and where was Kapitsa born?
2. What Institute did he graduate from?
3. When was he sent to England?
4. When was he elected a fellow of the British Royal Society?
5. What did he do after returning home?
6. What did he invent in 1934?
7. How many State Prizes was he awarded? What for?
8. When was he awarded the Nobel Prize?
9. When did he die?
15. Выберите 8–10 предложений по тексту, передающих основную
информацию о биографии ученого. Перескажите биографию П. Капицы на английском языке.
1. Прочтите следующие слова. Постарайтесь их запомнить.
1) jacket – рубашка
2) vessel – сосуд
3) to store – хранить
storage – хранение
4) to contain – содержать
5) hexagonal – шестиугольный
6) chair – кафедра
7) versatile – разносторонний
8) latent heat – скрытая теплота
42
2. Прочтите и переведите следующие интернациональные слова:
a) bottle
1) кольцо
b) vessel
2) ожижать
c) storage
3) кафедра
d) liquid
4) скрытая теплота
e) container
5) количество
f) ring
6) бутылка
g) chair
7) сосуд
h) latent heat
8) контейнер
i) quantity
9) жидкость
j) to liquefy
10) хранение
Idea; flask; structure; organic; vacuum; container; benzene; spectroscopy;
jacket; chemistry; professor; construct; cryogenic; university; institution; machine; fluid; concept; extremely; hydrogen.
3. Подберите эквиваленты к данным словам:
4. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
Vacuum jacket vessel; scientific accomplishment, hexagonal ring structure
of benzene; latent heat; liquid hydrogen; Royal Institution; solid hydrogen; extremely versatile scientist; the Dewar flask.
5. Подберите английские эквиваленты:
Скрытая теплота, жидкий кислород, водород в твердом состоянии,
научные достижения, сосуд в вакуумной оболочке, криогенная жидкость,
шестиугольная структура бензола, королевское учреждение, разносторонний ученый, научное достижение.
6. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова из данных под чертой,
переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The idea of using vacuum jacketed … for the … of … fluids was origi-
nated in 1892 by James Dewar.
43
2. Such containers are also well known under the names of … .
3. These vacuum jacketed vessels have been named … .
4. Dewar was an extremely … .
5. In 1874 he published a paper on the … of liquid gases.
6. In 1891 he constructed a machine for producing liquid oxygen … .
____________________________________________________________
Storage, cryogenic, vessel, “Thermos” bottles, The Dewar flasks, versatile
scientist, latent heat, in quantity.
7. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:
1. Dewar, in Scotla I, was, in 1842, born.
2. In chemistry, he, at, was, the University, educated, Edinburg.
3. Work, in, dates, his, from, cryogenics, 1874.
4. Constructed, in, in, liquid, producing, oxygen, a machine, he, 1891, for,
quantity.
5. In, he, 1899, made, for, solid, the first time, hydrogen.
8. Прочтите текст.
Text
The idea of using vacuum jacketed vessels for the storage of cryogenic fluids was originated in 1892 by James Dewar, after whom the Dewar flask or
simply “the Dewar” has been named. Such containers are also well-known in
the household under the name of “Thermos” bottles.
Dewar was born at Kincardine-on-Forth in Scotland in 1842. He was educated in chemistry at the University of Edinburgh and later studied at Ghent in
Belgium under Frederick Kekule, the man who first developed the concept of
the hexagonal ring structure of benzene. He was made a Professor at Cambridge
in 1375 and also accepted a chair at the Royal Institution in London in 1877.
Dewar was an extremely versatile scientist, working in such diverse fields
as organic chemistry, spectroscopy and explosives. His work in cryogenics
dates from 1874,when he published a paper on the latent heat of liquid gases.
Stimulated by reports of the Frenchmen, Cailletet and Pictet, and of the Foles,
Wroblewskl and Olszewski, he constructed a machine for producing liquid ox-
44
ygen in quantity in 1891. In 1892, he invented the Dewar flask. In 1898 he was
UNIT IV
FRANZ EUGEN SIMON
(1893–1956)
the first to liquefy hydrogen, and in 1899 he made solid hydrogen for the first
time. He was knighted in 1904 for his scientific accomplishments, and died in
1923.
9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
1. When was the idea of using vacuum jacketed vessels for storage of cry-
ogenic fluids originated?
2. Who was its author?
3. Under what name are such containers well-known in the household?
4. When and where was Dewar born?
5. Where did he get his education?
6. Where did he work? When was he made a professor?
7. What fluids of science did he work in?
8. When did he invent his famous Flask?
9. What are his other scientific accomplishments?
10. When did he die?
1. Прочтите следующие слова и выражения, постарайтесь их за-
помнить.
1) to found – основывать
2) to devise – изобретать
3) purpose – цель
4) adiabatic – адиабатный
45
5) to conduct – проводить
6) to establish – основывать, учреждать
7) along with – вместе с …
8) to be responsible for – отвечать за что-либо
9) largely – в огромной степени
10) on a large scale – в больших масштабах
2. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова. Переведите их
на русский язык.
Laboratory, thermodynamicist, apparatus, conduct, temperature, method,
principle, start, university, helium, process, regime, originally, experimental,
adiabatic, group, student, scale, diffusion, professor, separate, philosophy, isotope.
3. Зная значения суффикса, переведите следующие однокоренные
группы слов.
1) to found – founder – foundation
2) to produce – producer – production
3) to conduct – conductor – conduction
4) to expand – expander – expansion
5) to establish – establisher – establishment
6) to apply – applier – application
7) to separate – separator – separation
8) to appoint – appointment
4. К выделенным словам подберите правильное значение.
основывать
1) found 2) find 3) foil
изобретать
1) device 2) devise 3) devisee
цель
1) purple 2) purport 3) purpose
46
5. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским словам.
a) founder
1) учреждать
b) pupil
2) цель
c) purpose
3) лаборатория
d) laboratory
4) ученик
e) to devise
5) основатель
f) expansion
6) изобретать
g) to establish
7) расширение
h) to be responsible for
8) назначение
i) to apply
9) применять
j) appointment
10) быть ответственным за
to found – основывать
founder –
to produce – производить
production –
to conduct – проводить
conduction –
to establish – учреждать
establishment –
to separate – разделять
separator –
to appoint – назначать
appointment –
6. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на префикс.
Expansion – reexpansion, establishment – reestablishment, construction –
reconstruction, to enter – to reenter, production – reproduction.
7. Переведите на русский язык существительные, образованные
от следующих глаголов:
8. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским
словосочетаниям.
Both … and, to be responsible for… , along with, on a large scale.
9. Подберите английские эквиваленты.
Как …, так и; наряду с; вместе с; в больших масштабах; быть ответ-
ственным за.
47
10. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:
1. In, the, first, for, liquid, for, 1927, he, method, devised, simple, produc-
ing, helium, purposes, experimental.
2. was, at, the laboratory, oxford, Simon, the, of, founder, University.
3. after, he, in, left, 1933, Germany, of, regime, the Hitler, the, start.
4. worked, during, war, world, II, he, Canada, in.
5. sir, he, knighted, was, Francis, Simon, 1954, in.
11. Прочтите текст.
Text
Simon was the founder of the laboratory for low temperature research at
the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford University. He was born in Berlin in 1893.
He studied there at the “lnstitut fur Phsikalischechemie”.
He was originally a pupil of Walter Nernst, the great German thermodynamicist, and did low-temperature work both at Breslau and at Berlin. In 1927,
he devised the first simple method for producing liquid helium for experimental
purposes. It harked back in principle to Galletetʼs first process for liquid oxygen
in which only a single adiabatic expansion was used: Simon, however, conducted his expansion at liquid hydrogen temperatures.
He left Germany in 1933 after the start of the regime and went to England
where he established the nucleus of the low temperature research group at Oxford, along with his former student, Mendelssohn and Kurti. During World War
II, he worked in Canada and was largely responsible for the diffusion method of
separating the isotope, uranium-235, which was applied on a large scale at Oak
Ridge, Tennesses. After the war he reentered low temperature work in the new
Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford. He was knighted Sir Francis Simon in 1954.
He died in 1956, a month after assuming a new appointment as professor of experimental philosophy and head of the Clarendon Laboratory.
Notes
it harked back in principle… – в принципе он возвращался…
48
12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
UNIT V
HEIKE KAMERLINGH ONNES
(1853–1926)
1. When and where was Simon born?
2. Where did he get his education?
3. When did he devise the first simple method for producing liquid helium
for experimental purposes?
4. When did he leave Germany?
5. Where did he work during World War II and after it?
6. When was he knighted Sir Francis Simon?
7. When did he die?
13. Опишите метод одиночного расширения, разработанный Си-
моном для производства жидкого гелия, дополнив следующие пред-
ложения.
1. In 1927 Simon devised …
2. His apparatus used …
3. The working process is the following …
1. Прочтите, постарайтесь запомнить следующие слова:
1) superconductivity – сверхпроводимость
2) to obtain – получать
3) learned society – научное общество
4) priceless – бесценный
5) accomplishment – достижение
6) both … and – как …, так и
49
2. Прочтите правильно следующие интернациональные слова.
to discover – открывать
discovery –
to conduct – проводить
conductivity –
to conduct – проводить
superconductivity –
to liquefy – сжижать
liquefaction –
to operate – действовать, работать
operation –
to produce – производить
production –
to extract – извлекать
extraction –
to repeat – повторять
repetition –
to contribute – вносить вклад
contribution –
colour – цвет
colourless –
weigh – вес
weightless –
hair – волосы
hairless –
mind – разум, ум
mindless –
sense – чувство
senseless –
power – власть, сила
powerless –
a) liquefaction
1) открытие
b) both … and
2) возвращаться
Переведите на русский язык.
Superconductivity, plan, gas, prize, helium, operation, gram, practically,
student, produce, radium, contribution, University, liter, extract, phenomenon.
3. Переведите существительные, исходя из значения суффиксов
и префиксов:
4. Образуйте прилагательные с суффиксом -less от следующих
существительных. Переведите их на русский язык, исходя из отрица-
тельного значения этого суффикса.
Образец: price – цена; priceless – бесценный
5. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским
словам:
50
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