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Файл:Великие ученые и изобретатели = Great Scientists and Inventors. Учебное пособие
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UNIT VI
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
(1706–1790)
1. Прочтите текст.
Text
Benjamin Franklin is the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity.
Franklin developed a new theory of electricity that he called positive and negative, a division which still appears to hold good. He finally invented a means of
protection against the disastrous effects of lighting – the lighting rod.
Franklin theory of atmospheric electricity at first seemed to be misunderstood both in рis country and in some countries abroad. It is known to have
been severely attacked by the leader of French scientists Abbe Nollet.
In Russia Franklinʼs work was received in an entirely different manner.
The newspaper published by the Russian Academy of Sciences wrote
about “the important invention made in the North America city of Philadelphia
by Mr. Benjamin Franklin who wishes to extract from the atmosphere the terrible fire which frequently destroys vast stretches of land”.
Franklin is known and respected all over the world not only as a scientist
but also as the citizen who did as much as he could for the good of his country.
In his early youth he worked as an apprentice and then as a printer in a
newspaper which often in trouble with the government. In that atmosphere of
political struggle he developed broad progressive ideas to which he remained
true as long as he lived. Later he became an editor himself, his newspaper enjoying a great popularity with his countrymen as far as he remained at the head
of it.
Coming out in defense of the American negroes, Franklin declared slavery
to be not only an evil from the moral point of view but also an obstacle to the
social interests of America.
31
Benjamin Franklin was a scientist, ambassador, philosopher, statesmen,
write, businessman and celebrated free thinker and wit.
He is thought to be of the broadest as well as one of the most creative
minds of his time.
Notes
to hold good – оставаться в силе
lightning rod – громоотвод
to be in the trouble with – не ладить с…
from the point of view – с точки зрения
2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
1. What theory of electricity did Franklin develop?
2. What did he finally invent?
3. Was his theory understood in his country and in some countries abroad?
4. How was Franklinʼs work received in Russia?
5. Whom did he work in his early youth?
6. Whom did he become later?
7. Did he defend the American negroes?
3. Подготовьте презентацию на тему “Benjamin Franklin and his
discoveries”.
32
PART II
UNIT I
WILLIAM THOMSON, LORD KELVIN
(1775–1833)
education
temperature
liquefier
contribution
nature
professor
profession
lecture
teacher
discussion
creator
conjunction
player
GREAT SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS IN THE FIELD OF COLD
1. Прочтите следующие слова и словосочетания. Запомните их
значения.
1) scale – шкала
2) contribution to – вклад в …
3) to result in – приводить к чему-либо
4) to carry out an experiment – проводить эксперимент
5) to liquefy – ожижать
liquefier – ожижитель
6) to play the part in – играть роль в …
7) to choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать
8) to be buried – быть захороненным
2. Прочтите правильно следующие интернациональные слова,
переведите их на русский язык.
Absolute; scale; contribution; cryogenics; family; university; professor;
physics; discussion; nature; result; temperature; experiment; classic; cable; title.
3. Исходя из значения суффикса, переведите следующие слова:
33
4. Выпишите в свою тетрадь неправильные глаголы в трех ос-
a) scale
1) королева
b) birthplace
2) криогеника
c) contribution
3) родиться
d) nature
4) быть захороненным
e) cryogenics
5) природа
f) queen
6) возвращаться
g) to return
7) шкала
h) heat
8) родина, место рождения
i) to be buried
9) теплота
j) to be born
10) вклад
1) абсолютная шкала температур
a) Scottish family
2) вклад в криогенику
b) as a result
3) шотландская семья
c) Joule-Thomson liquefier
4) в результате
d) contribution to cryogenics
5) ожижитель Джоуля – Томсона
e) absolute scale of temperatures
6) первый Атлантический кабель
f) the first Atlantic cable
новных формах, запомните их.
1) to bear (born, born) – родить
2) to become (became, become) – становиться
3) to meet (met, met) – встречать
4) to be (wan, wore, bean) – быть, являться
5) to teach (taught, taught) – учить, преподавать
6) to make (made, made) – делать
7) to choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать
8) to flow (flew, flown) – течь
5. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским
словам:
6. Подберите английские эквиваленты:
34
7. Глагол, приведенный в скобках в форме инфинитива, замените
глаголом в личной форме в страдательном залоге.
Вспомните, что страдательный залог образуется по формуле to be +
Participle II (причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола). Пере-
ведите предложения на русский язык.
1. William Thomson … (to educate) at the University or Glasgow in Scot-
land.
2. As a result, they created a liquefier, which … (to call) a Joule-Thomson
liquefier.
3. The scientist … (to knight – жаловать звание) as Sir William Thomson
for his part in the laying of the first Atlantic cable.
4. He … (to make) a Lord by Queen Victoria.
8. Из предложений первого абзаца выделите сказуемые, в состав
которых входит глагол to be. Укажите, в каком случае он является
смысловым, в каком – вспомогательным.
9. В последнем абзаце определите по формальным признакам
сложноподчиненные предложения. Выделите придаточные предложения.
10. Прочтите текст.
Text
The absolute temperature scale was the contribution to cryogenics of William Thomson, who was born in on June 26, 1824 of a Scottish family. His
birthplace was Belfast in Northern Ireland but he was educated at the University
of Glasgow in Scotland. After further study at Cambridge and Paris, he returned
to Glasgow to become a professor of physics in 1846 at the age of 22. In 1847,
he met James Prescott Joule and their discussions of the nature of heat resulted
in Thomsonʼs proposing his absolute temperature scale in 1848. In 1853,
Thomson devised his classic porous plug experiment which he carried out to-
35
gether with Joule. They created a liquefier which was called a Joule-Thomson
liquefier.
In 1851 he proposed one of the two original versions of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics (the more rigorous version was by R.J.E. Claussius, who gave
us the term “entropy”). Five years later Thomson introduced the term “kinetic
energy”.
When only 34 years of age, he was knighted as Sir William Thomson for
the part he had played in the laying of the first Atlantic cable. When he was 68
years old and had been teaching at Glasgow for 46 years, he was made a Lord
by Queen Victoria. He chose the title Lord Kelvin after the river Kelvin which
flows past the campus of the University of Glasgow.
Thomson made his mark in several fields of science and engineering. These included thermodynamics, electrical theory, submarine telegraphy, precision
instruments, systems of units, and fundamental improvements to the marine
compass.
He died in 1907 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to the remains of Newton. Not many electrical engineers have gained that honour.
Notes
porous plug experiment – эксперимент с дроссельным устройством
to propose – предложить
to devise – изобретать
to knight – жаловать звание
campus – территория университета
11. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. When and where was William Thomson born?
2. What was his birthplace?
3. When did he get his education?
4. At what age did he become a professor of physics?
5. When did he propose his absolute scale of temperature?
6. How was his liquefier called ?
7. What was he knighted as Sir William Thomson for?
36
8. At what age was he made a lord?
UNIT II
PETER LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA
(1894–1984)
9. Why did he choose the title Lord Kelvin?
10. In what fields of science and engineering did Thomson make his mark?
11. When did he die?
12. Подготовьте презентацию на тему “William Thomson Lord Kel-
vin and his discoveries”.
1. Прочтите следующие слова и словосочетания. Запомните их
значения.
1) to appoint – назначать
2) to elect – выбирать
3) follow – зд. член
corresponding member – член-корреспондент
full member – действительный член
4) Royal Society – Королевское общество
5) fluid – жидкость
working fluid – рабочее тело
super fluidity – сверхтекучесть
6) heat exchanger – теплообменник
7) engine – двигатель
8) to apply – применять, использовать
9) expansion turbine (turbo expander) – турбодетандер
10) to win (won, won) a prize – завоевать премию
11) to be awarded a prize – быть награжденным премией
37
2. Прочтите правильно следующие слова:
To graduate from, royal, addition, polytechnical, society, further, physicist,
academy, minor, appoint, helium, stream, research, fluid, the same, significant,
award, prize.
3. К выделенным словам подберите правильное значение.
использовать, применять
1) appeal 2) to append 3) to apply 4) apple
физика
1) physic 2) physicist 3) physician 4) physics
тот же самый
1) the same 2) some 3) sample 4) samel
премия
1) prime 2) praise 3) prize 4) pray
научное исследование
1) reserve 2) resource 3) research 4) reside
теплота
1) hot 2) hard 3) heart 4) heat
наука
1) since 2) science 3) school 4) scheme
полный, действительный
1) fool 2) food 3) full 4) feat
4. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
Magnetic research laboratory; significant contribution; working fluid; further cooling; minor stream; expansion turbine; state prize; air liquefaction.
5. Подберите английские эквиваленты:
Петроградский политехнический институт, значительный вклад, великий английский физик, дальнейшее охлаждение, лаборатория магнитных
исследований, сжатый гелий, институт физических проблем, турбодетандер, рабочая жидкость (тело), действительный член, член-корреспондент,
государственная премия, теплопередача, сверхтекучесть.
38
6. Исходя из значений суффикса, переведите следующие группы
a) to expand
1) теплопередача
b) expansion engine
2) турбодетандер
c) turboexpander
3) применять, использовать
d) heat transfer
4) физик
e) super fluidity
5) назначать
f) prize
6) детандер
g) member
7) расширять
h) to apply
8) сверхтекучесть
i) to appoint
9) член
j) physicist
10) премия
однокоренных слов:
1) to graduate from – graduate – graduation
2) to direct – direction – director – directly
3) to appoint – appointment
4) to elect – elector – election
5) to contribute – contributor – contribution
6) to exchange – exchange – exchanger
7) to expand – expander – expansion
8) to apply – application – applier
9) to liquefy – liquid – liquefaction
7. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским
словам:
8. Из данных слов выберите слова с одинаковым значением (си-
нонимы):
To come back; to apply; to finish; member; to win a prize; fluid; to graduate from; follow; working fluid; expansion engine; working liquid; to get a
prize; turboexpander; to return; to use; liquid.
9. Переведите следующие пары антонимов:
To cool – to heat, cooling – heating, to enter – to graduate from, to go – to
return, liquid – solid.
39
10. Составьте предложения из следующих словосочетаний (не за-
бывайте, что глагол-сказуемое – это глагол в личной форме):
1) to be born
2) to graduate from
3) to work under …
4) to make a full member of
5) to award a state prize
6) to apply the expansion engine
7) to win a state prize
11. Закончите следующие предложения:
1. In 1894 Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa…
2. In 1918 he graduated from…
3. In 1921 he was sent…
4. In 1924 he was appointed…
5. In 1929 he was elected…
6. After returning home Kapitsa was made…
7. In 1934 Kapitsa was the first…
8. In 1939 he applied the expansion engine…
9. In 1941 he was awarded…
10. In 1943 he won another State Prize…
11. In 1978 he was awarded…
12. In spring 1984 he died…
12. Глагол, приведенный в скобках в форме инфинитива, замени-
те глаголом в личной форме.
1. In 1921 Kapitsa (to send) to England.
2. In 1924 he (to appointed) deputy director of the Cavendish Magnetic
Research Laboratory.
3. In 1929 the young scientist (to elect) a follow of the British Royal So-
ciety.
4. In 1939 he (to make) a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR.
40
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