Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Великие ученые и изобретатели = Great Scientists and Inventors. Учебное пособие
.pdf
c) discovery
3) оставаться
d) to return
4) получать
e) to remain
5) научное общество
f) equipment
6) бесценный
g) appointment
7) ожижение
h) priceless
8) как …, так и
i) to obtain
9) назначение
j) learned society
10) оборудование
6. Переведите следующие группы слов на русский язык.
Low temperature laboratory, practical every learned society, he worked
under Bunsen and Kirchhoff, his first production of liquid helium, the first liquefaction of helium, the discovery of superconductivity, the phenomenon of superconductivity.
7. Подберите английские эквиваленты.
Лаборатория низких температур, первое ожижение гелия, явление
сверхпроводимости, он работал под руководством Бунзена, практически
все научные общества, первое ожижение гелия.
8. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова из данных под чертой.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The first … of helium and the discovery of … are both credited to Ka-
merlingh Onnes.
2. In 1894 he prepared the plan for the equipment and operation of the …
laboratories there.
3. By 1906 he had prepared liquid hydrogen … .
4. By 1904 he had produced liquid air on … .
5. The helium gas was obtained by … sand from India.
____________________________________________________________
a large scale, liquefaction, in quantity, low temperature, superconductivity,
heating.
51
9. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:
1. born, in, the Netherlands, in, Groningen,1853, Onnes, was, at.
2. became, at, the, he, a, student, University, in 1853.
3. In, appointed, was, he, Professor, at, the, of, University, Physios, of,
Leiden, 1882.
4. 1913, he, the Nobel prize, received, in, for, accomplishments, his, heli-
um, in, liquefying.
10. Прочтите текст.
Text
The first liquefaction of helium and the discovery of superconductivity are
both credited to Kamerlingh Onnes and the workers in the laboratory at the
University of Leiden.
Onnes was born in 1853 at Groningen in the Netherlands. He became a
student at the University of Groningen in 1870. From 1871 to 1873 he worked
under Bunsen and Kirchhoff at Heidelberg, returning to Groningen where he
remained until 1878.
He was appointed Professor of Physics at the University of Leiden in 1882.
In 1894 he prepared the plan for the equipment and operation of the lowtemperature laboratories there. By 1904 he had produced liquid air on a large
scale by 1906 he had prepared liquid hydrogen in quantity.
His first production of liquid helium in 1908 was a tribute both to his skill
and his patience. The helium gas was obtained by heating monazite sand from
India. That first liter of helium was as priceless as the first gram of radium extracted by the Curies. In 1913 he received the Nobel Prize for his accomplishments in liquefying helium and for his subsequent research at low temperatures.
He was made an honorary member of practically every learned society in the
world.
Onnes died in 1926.
52
11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
1. When and where was Onnes born?
2. When did he become a student?
3. When and where was he appointed Professor of Physics?
4. When did he produce liquid air on a large scale?
5. When did he produce liquid hydrogen in quantity?
6. When did he produce liquid helium?
7. When did he receive the Nobel Prize?
8. What was his most notable contribution?
9. When did he die?
12. Работа в парах. Составьте диалоги на основе ответов и вопро-
сов из предыдущих заданий.
13. Подготовьте презентацию на тему “Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
and his discoveries”.
53
PART III
UNIT I
DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEEV
(1834–1907)
GREAT SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS IN CHEMISTRY
AND BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Прочтите данные слова, запомните их значения.
1) to achieve – достигать
2) to arrange – располагать
3) to combine – соединять
4) to consist of – состоять из
5) to determine – определять
6) to investigate – исследовать
7) to overcome (overcame, overcome) – преодолевать
8) to heat – нагревать
9) to predict – предсказывать
10) to boil – кипеть
11) to result in – иметь результат, приводить к
12) to suggest – предлагать
13) to devote – посвящать
14) amount – количество, величина
15) hydrochloric acid – соляная кислота
16) solution – раствор; решение
17) order – порядок
18) oxide – оксид
19) volume – том, объем
54
20) a number of – некоторое количество, ряд
21) both … and – как …, так и
22) neither … or – ни …, ни …
23) either … or – или … или, либо … либо
2. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова, переведите их.
Classification, economics, horizontal, practical, metrology, publication,
theory, theoretical, vertical, physical, demonstrate, problem, laboratories, progress, period, reactor, communication, material, mass, technology.
3. Запомните значения следующих префиксов.
re – снова, еще раз
super – пере-, сверх-, над-
sub – суб-, под-, ниже-
over – пере-, сверх-, над-, чрезмерно
semi – полу-
inter – между-, взаимо-, среди-
4. Образуйте слова с помощью префиксов, переведите их.
re-: to construct, to make, to build, to heat, to produce.
super-: man, critical, low, to cool, to heat.
sub-: group, way, normal, tropical, to divide.
over-: to work, to boil, to produce, to value, to pay, pressure.
semi-: automatic, conductor, official, circle.
inter-: national, atomic, act, change, communication.
5. К словам из группы а подберите антонимы из группы б.
а) big, a number of, enormous, way, investigation, to pay attention, protection, to build, to offer, to predict, to determine, amount;
55
б) to give attention, tremendous, to define, road, quantity, some, research,
to construct, to say, large, defence, to suggest.
6. К словам из группы а подберите синонимы из группы б.
а) to heat, to result in, to enter, beginning, equal, to ask, to connect, easy,
before, similar;
б) difficult, end, to answer, to cool, after, to result from, to disconnect, to
graduate, different, unequal.
7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные
слова.
1. Hydrogen and oxygen exist in nature both separately and in combina-
tion with other substances.
2. As one knows, there is neither air nor water on any part of the Moon.
3. Reaching the Earth the energy sent from the Sun is either absorbed or
reflected, or both.
4. Matter can exist in either of the four states – solid, liquid, gaseous or
plasma.
8. Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные сло-
ва, принимая во внимание их место в предложении и формальные
признаки. Переведите предложения.
1. The atmosphere of the Earth consists of various gases in varying
amounts.
2. The total capacity of the new station amounts to 6,000,000 kilowatts.
3. These research centres are developing new kinds of polymer materials in
order to meet the needs of various branches of industry.
4. The scientist classified the elements in the order of increasing atomic
weights.
56
5. These articles deal with the investigations and achievements of world
science in the field of radioactivity.
6. A great deal of attention is paid to the study of the fundamentals of
physics and mathematics at our higher educational institutions.
9. Переведите предложения, определив функцию причастия:
а) определение; б) обстоятельство; в) часть сказуемого.
a) Participle I
l. A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more atoms.
2. Combining hydrogen with oxygen in the proportion of two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen we produce water.
3. When speaking about oxygen it is necessary to say that it is a colourless, odourless gas having density at standard pressure and temperature of
about one seven-hundredth that of water. It is soluble in water becoming liquid
at about 180oC.
4. While burning different substances combine with oxygen.
5. The assistant was preparing the solution very carefully.
6. The solution is boiling.
7. The boiling solution has neither colour nor odour.
б) Participle II
1. The solution of the problem required concentrated efforts of many scientists.
2. The data required were analysed in our laboratory.
3. When required, the data will be applied in our practical work.
4. The investigations analysed resulted in an interesting discovery.
5. Heated glass is plastic.
6. When heated, glass can be easily worked.
7. Some heat-resistant types of glasses can be heated until they are red and
do not break, if then placed into ice water.
8. Some new properties of the polymer found during the experiments were
quite unexpected.
57
10. Прочтите текст и выполните послетекстовые задания.
Text
The list of spheres of knowledge which Mendeleevʼs genius touched upon
is enormous: сhemistry, physics, earth sciences, metrology, economics, metallurgy and much else1. Mendle1eevʼs legacy comprises 25 volumes, a third of
them devoted to chemistry.
D.I. Mendeleev, the outstanding Russian scientist, was born in Tobolsk in
1834. In 1850 at the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg to study chemistry. Five years later he graduated from it with a gold medal
and was invited to lecture on theoretical and organic chemistry at St. Petersburg
University. To continue his studies and research Mendeleev was sent to Germany in 1859. While living abroad he made a number of important investigations.
The year 1868 was the beginning of his highly important work “Fundamentals of Chemistry”. When working at the subject Mendeleev analysed an
enormous amount of literature, made thousands of experiments and calculations. This tremendous work resulted in the Table of Elements consisting of
vertical groups and horizontal periods. Mendeleev was the first to suggest a system of classification in which the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic weights. The main idea of the Periodic, System is the idea of periodic repetition of properties with the increase of the atomic weights.
Arranging all the existing elements in the Table Mendeleev had to overcome great difficulties, as a considerable number of elements were unknown at
that time and the atomic weights of 9 elements (out of 63) were wrongly determined. Thanks to his investigations Mendeleev was able to predict not only the
existence of a few unknown elements but their properties as well. Later the elements predicted were discovered.
More than 350 works created by Mendeleev deal with a great many subjects. Combining theory with practical activities he carried out enormous research in coal, iron and steel industries in Russia. He died in 1907 at the age
of 73.
The achievements in chemistry and physics at the end of the 19th and the
beginning of the 20th century made it necessary to reconstruct the Periodic Table taking into account2 new discoveries.
58
Time is the severest judge in science. After more than 100 years of its existence, the Periodic Law has preserved its full value and is being constantly
developed with each new discovery.
Пояснения к тексту
1
and much else – многое другое
2
to take in to account – принимать во внимание
11. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What fields of science did D.I. Mendeleev touch upon?
2. Where and when was he born?
3. What institute did he enter?
4. What subjects did he study at the institute?
5. When did he graduate from it?
6. When was he sent abroad?
7. What is the main idea of the Periodic Law?
8. What could the scientist predict thanks to his investigations?
9. Were these unknown elements discovered?
10. In what spheres of science did Mendeleev carry out research?
11. Why was the Periodic Table reconstructed?
12. Найдите предложения с Participle I. Укажите их функцию
и переведите эти предложения.
13. Найдите предложения с Participle II. Укажите их функцию
и переведите эти предложения.
14. Найдите и переведите предложения с заменителями модаль-
ных глаголов must и can.
15. Перескажите текст.
59
UNIT II
ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD
(1921–2006)
1. Прочтите данные слова и словосочетания, запомните их зна-
чения.
1) biochemist – биохимик
2) methodology – методология
3) matrix – матрикс, межклеточный материал
4) solid – твёрдый; сплошной; цельный
5) to transfer – переносить; перевозить; переходить, переводиться
(с одной работы на другую)
6) to take care – остерегаться; проявить осторожность; заботиться
7) synthetic – искусственный; синтетический
8) simultaneously – вместе, одновременно; совместно
9) microbiological – микробиологический
10) sole author – единственный автор
11) to cite – ссылаться (на что-либо); цитировать
12) paper – письменная работа, исследование (доклад, статья, дис-
сертация)
13) to report – сообщать; представлять отчет
14) application – просьба; заявление; применение, использование
15) to announce – объявлять; сообщать, извещать, заявлять
16) method – метод, способ; прием, средство
17) significant – значительный, важный, существенный, достоверный
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]