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Файл:Бизнес поведение. Основы основ для будущих психологов = Business Behaviour. Core Essentials for Future Psychologists. Учебное пособие по английскому я
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В. Join these sentences using the suggestions in brackets and making
any necessary changes. Then check against the text.
1. I once watched a child of about two-and-a-half. She was trying to
stamp on little waves. The waves were breaking across a wide Cornish
beach. [-ing
form]………………………………………………………….........................
....................................................................................................................
2. She stretched her hands out in pleasure with every little stamp.
Her bathing pants fell lower and lower. She jumped them off altogether. She
didn't notice it. She was so intent on the important job of stamping on those
waves. [and, till, but,
so]………………………………………………….................................................
...................................................................................................................
3. She sang to herself. It was a sort of monotone running
commentary on what she was doing. The sound of it was mingled with soft
sea noises. It made a most pleasing music.
[and]……………….........................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
Grammar points
С. Why do these sentences begin with it?
a) It is a particular pleasure watching children. - Watching
children is a particular pleasure.
b) It is a particular pleasure to watch children. - To watch children
is a particular pleasure.
Combine these sentences beginning each one with an -ing form.
Make any necessary changes.
1. I hate waiting at bus stops. It's always boring.
2. Nobody likes to fill in forms. It's an unpleasant task.
3. If you jog round the block every morning, you get tired. It's
exhausting.
D. Which of these two sentences is right and why?
a) Small boys get interested to try to balance on the edge of the
kerb.
b) Small boys get interested in trying to balance on the edge of the
kerb.
Join or rewrite these sentences using the -ing form.
1. I don't want to try to balance on the edge of the kerb at my age.
I'm not interested.
2. They stand still for a few seconds before they jump up and down
with their feet together.
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3. She was stamping on the waves. She was really intent on this
Witnesses may pick out from an
identification parade the person who
most resembles their idea of what the
criminal would look like, a conference
organized by the British Psychological
Society was told on Saturday. Mr. Ray
Bull, a senior lecturer at the North East
London Polytechnic, said research had
shown that the public tended to link
abnormal appearance with abnormalities
of behavior. ‘The public and police do
agree about what face fits what crime,’
he said, is ‘One apparently widely held
belief is the “what is beautiful is good”
stereotype.
important job.
4. I went to the office without my briefcase this morning. I didn't
take it with me.
Read the text.
An individual’s facial attractiveness has an effect on how threatening
other people judge that person to be. I have found that the addition of one or
two small scars to a face leads to that face being judged more dishonest.’
Those beliefs also influence length of sentence and verdict, he said.
Research in mock-trial settings had shown that the more unattractive
defendant was more heavily sentenced than one of attractive character and
appearance. Mr. Bull, an expert on identification by witnesses, was
addressing psychologists and lawyers at a conference in London held by Sir
Brian McKenna, a retired high court judge, on the role of psychology) in the
legal system.
For decades it had been known that people often do not see or hear
things presented to their senses, do ‘see’ and ‘hear’ things that have not
occurred. But none of those factors meant that identification evidence was
of little value. Laboratory research based on photographs had shown
recognition rates were high, about 80 per cent, even after delays of 35 days.
TEXT 2
The criminal look
72
But rates were lower when identification was tested in mock criminal
episodes in the streets because of stress and the inability of the witness to
concentrate simultaneously on self-preservation and remembering details of
the culprit. Law enforcement authorities should be more aware of the
factors that influence memory and identification, Mr. Bull said. Apart from
people's prejudices about the ‘look’ of a criminal, the factors included the
way questions were asked.
The Times (BrE)
Sentence structure
A. Three of these sentences contain a word that is wrong. Provide the
right words where necessary and give reasons for your choice. Then check
against the text.
1. Witnesses may pick out from an identification parade the person
who most resembles their idea of which the criminal would look like.
2. The public and police do agree about that face fits what crime.
3. I have found that the addition of one or two small scars to a face
leads to that face being judged more dishonest.
4. Mr. Bull is an expert on identification by witnesses, was
addressing psychologists and lawyers at a conference in London.
В. Join these notes to make sentences. Then check against the text.
1. Research - mock-trial settings - shown - more unattractive
defendant - more heavily sentenced - one of attractive character and
appearance.
2. For decades - known - people often - not see - hear things
presented - senses - 'see' - 'hear' things - not occurred.
Grammar points
С. What's the difference between one and an in these two sentences?
a) One apparently widely held belief is the 'what is beautiful is
good’ stereotype.
b) An apparently widely held belief is the 'what is beautiful is good'
stereotype.
In which of these sentences can we use: a) both a/an and one b) only
a/an с) only one? Why?
1. This is ……... possible approach to the problem.
2. I agree that you're facing ……….serious problem.
3. I've never met………. reader who doesn't like P.G. Wodehouse.
4. ……...reader wrote to the publisher and ordered the complete
works.
5. I wouldn't consider myself……. reader of novels.
6. What has happened is simply……. catastrophe.
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7. The recent earthquake was just……...catastrophe among many.
Patients recover more quickly from
surgery when tapes with hypnotic
suggestions are played to them on the
operating table, doctors at St Thomas’s
Hospital, London have found. While
under anesthetic, they were told: you
will not feel sick. You will not have
any pain.’ Those given such
suggestions had fewer complications
than others after surgery and left
hospital sooner. The experiment was
set up at St Thomas’s after doctors
found patients could sometimes recall
things said during operations.
8. You shouldn't expect too much from……...computer.
9. If you make………mistake, they'll fire you.
10. We need………. additional assistant in this office.
D. Join these sentences making any necessary changes, then compare
your answer with the text.
That person is threatening. That's how other people judge him.
Other people……………………………………………………..
What did you notice about the way the sentences are joined in the
text?
Join or rewrite these sentences making any necessary changes.
1 Pat's really dependable. That's how I find her.
2 The case is closed. That's how I consider it
3 Wise and clever-that's how I imagine her
4 Suitable for the job-that's how they judge me
5 John's incompetent. The company's always assumed it
6 Ned's a bit of a fool. That's how I've always taken him.
7 A man of integrity-that's how I know him
8 The only possible leader - that's how they see her
9 Mozart's the greatest musician. Time has shown it
10 His property is worth a million. Everyone estimates it.
TEXT 3
Read the text.
Patients get the massages
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In a study at another hospital, many patients who were told during an
operation that they should touch their ears at a later interview with a doctor
did so. The experiment at St Thomas’s was conducted on 19 women having
a hysterectomy operation. The women, who had consented to the
experiment, were played a 12-minute recording repeated six times. Most of
the tape gave details of the normal procedures following the operation and
how to cope with them. It said, for example: ‘How quickly you recover
from your operation depends upon you - the more you relax, the more
comfortable you will be.’
This was followed by two minutes of directly telling the patient she
would feel well after the operation. Then came a minute of third-person
suggestions - for example: ‘the operation seems to be going very well and
the patient is fine.’
A control group of patients was played blank tapes. Patients who »
received the suggestions were discharged from hospital 1.3 days earlier on
average. If this could be achieved as a routine, the health service could save
millions of pounds a year. Nurses rated the patients, and almost all those
who had been given suggestions did better than expected. They suffered
from less fever and had few stomach and bowel disturbances, which are
common following an abdominal operation.
The Independent (BrE)
Sentence structure
A. Supply punctuation marks, capital letters, etc. where necessary.
Explain why you have used them, then check against the text.
1. While under anesthetic they were told you will not feel sick you
will not have any pain.
2. Those given such suggestions had fewer complications than
others after surgery and left hospital sooner.
3. The experiment was set up at St Thomas after doctors found
patients could sometimes recall things said during operations.
4. In a study at another hospital many patients who were told during
an operation that they should touch their ears at a later interview with a
doctor did so.
5. The women who had consented to the experiment were played a
12-minute recording repeated six times.
6. It said for example how quickly you recover from your operation
depends upon you the more you relax the more comfortable you will be.
75
Grammar points
В. Supply a/an, the or zero (-) in this paragraph, then refer to the
text.
Give a reason or reasons beside each choice.
1…...patients recover more quickly from 2…...surgery when tapes
with 3……hypnotic suggestions are played to them on 4…... operating
table, 5…... doctors at 6…... St Thomas's Hospital, London have found.
While under 7…. anesthetic, they were told: ‘You will not feel sick. You
will not have any pain.’ Those given such suggestions had 8…. fewer
complications than others after 9…... surgery and left 10…...hospital
sooner.
11…. experiment was set up at St Thomas's after 12…. doctors
found 13…. patients could sometimes recall 14…. things said during 15….
operations. In 16…. study at another hospital, 17…… many patients who
were told during 18…. operation that they should touch their ears at 19…...
later interview with 20… doctor did so.
21…. experiment at St Thomas's was conducted on 19 women
having 22…. hysterectomy operation. 23…. women, who had consented to
24…...experiment, were played 25….12-minute recording repeated six
times. 26…. most of the tape gave details of the normal procedures
following 27…. operation and how to cope with them. It said, for example:
'How quickly you recover from your operation depends upon you – 28….
more you relax,29…. more comfortable you will be.'
С. Supply the missing verb and give a reason for your choice, then
refer to the text.
Write sentences beginning with if to respond to these statements.
1. We might be able to achieve this and save millions of pounds.
e.g. Yes if we could achieve this, we could save millions of pounds.
2. We might be able to anticipate what's going to happen and make
a lot of money.
3. We might have been able to stop and avoid the accident.
4. We might be able to meet tomorrow and discuss the matter.
5. We might have been able to take an earlier train and get to the
meeting on time.
6. We might be able to spend the night in Brighton and not have to
drive back to London tonight.
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TEXT 4
Read the text.
Decision-thinking
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker - it often matters not only what
you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they
think you think. Interestingly poker, that most subjective of games, has
often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards,
good thinkers.
The great mathematician John von Neumann was, among his many
other accomplishments, one of the originators of games theory. In
particular, he showed that all games fall into one of two classes: there are
what he called ‘games of perfect information', games like chess which are
meant to involve no element of concealment, bluff or luck - games where
the players can, in principle, discover the best move by the application of
pure logic to the available data. Then there are ‘games of imperfect
information', like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance, that
one course of action is better than another.
One of the most dangerous illusions about business (or indeed, any
activity involving human beings and human institutions) is that it can be
treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business,
politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very
imperfect information. Many a business decision involves odds that would
make a professional poker player shudder, for the number and extent of the
unknown and unknowable factors are themselves often incalculable. But, as
I have wished to point out, few organizations find it comfortable or
congenial to admit that they are gambling, and many still prefer to delude
themselves that they are playing a sober, responsible game of chess and are
not engaged, as is often the case, in a fling at the poker table.
The Professional Decision-Thinker
by Ben Heirs with Peter Farrell (BrE)
Sentence structure
A. Sometimes an unnecessary word has been added. Sometimes a
necessary word has been omitted. Delete the unnecessary words or supply
the necessary ones. Some lines need no change at all. Then refer to the text.
77
Decision-thinking is not poker - it often matters not only what
you think, but also what others think you think ....
Interestingly poker, that most subjective of games, has often
been of considerable interest to people who they are, by any
standards, good thinkers.
The great mathematician John von Neumann, among his many
other accomplishments, one of the originators of games
theory. Particular, he showed that all games fall into one of
two classes: there are what he was called 'games of perfect
information', games like chess which are meant to involve no
any element of concealment, bluff or luck - games where the
players can, in principle, discover the best move by the
application pure logic to the available data.
Then there are 'games of imperfect information', like poker,
which it is impossible to know, in advance, that one course of
action is better than another.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11
12
13
14
Grammar points
B. Suggest phrases with not which will replace the words or phrases
in italics.
1. Very little is happening in our office at the moment. = Not much
2. Very few people know about my interest in butterflies.
3. There's just insufficient evidence to proceed with charges.
4. This is very similar to your earlier proposal.
5. Money is one of the greatest of his worries.
6. We've had no offers for our house.
C. Can we use has been in sentence b? Why / Why not?
a. Poker has often been of considerable interest to people who are
good thinkers.
b. Poker was of considerable interest to von Neumann when he
developed his games theory.
Supply was/were or have/has been.
1. I was self-employed for over a year, but I'm glad to be employed
again.
2. We _____in the Sudan for a year before we moved to Egypt.
3. It____very cold for the past few days, but I expect the weather
will improve.
4. What _____the weather like when you were in Paris last week?
5. You _____a teacher so you should have more understanding of
children with problems.
78
6. When I ____ a teacher I enjoyed working with children who had
Pigeons can recognize individual
human faces and the expressions
on them, showing that they are far
more intelligent than hitherto
suspected, a psychologist said
yesterday. 'We showed the birds
black-and-white photographs of
four people, each exhibiting four
emotions - happiness, anger,
surprise and disgust,’ said Prof
Edward Wasserman of the
University of Iowa.
In each experiment, a bird was
shown the picture, and was taught
to reply by pecking at one of four
keys.
learning difficulties.
D. What could we use in place of no in these sentences?
a. There are games like chess which are meant to involve no element
of concealment. b. He's no expert on finance, but that never prevents him
from expressing his opinion.
Suggest alternative constructions to no in these sentences.
1. We can't act because we've received no information. = haven’t
received any
2. You can't expect him to believe that. He's no fool.
3. For years, we had no freedom to express our political opinions
4. Don't bother to ask her. She has no ideas at all.
5. There's no idea that hasn't already been thought of.
6. You keep referring to her as a lady, but she's no lady.
TEXT 5
Read the text.
Pigeons 'not so bird-brained'
‘After being rewarded with pinches of grain for each correct answer,
they all learned to identify the person and the emotion correctly,’ he said. If
they made a wrong identification, they were ‘punished' by not being given
79
the grain. ‘To make it more difficult, the faces were photographed without
any special distinguishing features such as clothing or jewellery.’
The people pictured were all about the same age; two men and two
women, one of each fair-haired, the other dark-haired. Their slightly
exaggerated expressions showed happiness, with broad grins; anger, with
furious, threatening scowls; surprise, with wide open mouths and staring
eyes, and disgust, with twisted lips and screwed-up eyes. After each bird
had been shown an expression on one face, it was shown another
photograph and ‘asked’ whether the new face had the same expression.
Once the birds had recognized the expressions, they never mistook them.
‘The experiments show that pigeons are more intelligent than any
animals except for dogs and primates,’ Prof Wasserman said, ’We suspected
this since, in the countryside, they can tell the difference between a man
with a shotgun and a man carrying a walking stick. They showed the same
amount of intelligence as human babies, who are not born with the ability to
recognize the expressions on people’s faces, but have to be taught it.
Charles Darwin speculated in the last century that some birds might have
this ability, but it’s amazing to have it proved.’
The Daily Telegraph (BrE)
Sentence structure
A. Join these sentences making any necessary changes. Then refer to
the text.
1 Pigeons can recognize individual human faces and the
expressions on them. This shows that they are far more intelligent than
hitherto suspected. A psychologist said this yesterday.
2 They were rewarded with pinches of grain for each correct
answer. They all learned to identify the person and the emotion correctly.
3 Each bird was shown an expression on one face. It was shown
another photograph. It was 'asked' whether the new face had the same
expression.
4 The birds recognized the expressions. They never mistook them.
В. One word or phrase is in the wrong position in each of these
sentences. Show with an arrow where the wrongly-placed word(s) should
be. Then check against the text.
1. 1 If they made a wrong identification, they were 'punished' by
being not given the grain.
2. 2 To make it more difficult, were the faces photographed without
any special distinguishing features such as clothing or jewellery.
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