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Файл:Английский язык для магистрантов. Введение в управление проектной деятельностью. English for Master Students. Introduction to Project Management. Учеб
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3. ________________
Another good way to create an accurate budget is to involve people who
understand the process. People with knowledge and experience, for example
an experienced project manager, know exactly how to approach these types
of processes. By contacting these people, it becomes possible to stay on track
and avoid pitfalls.
4. ________________
The budgeting process is not finished when the figures are complete. You
want to make sure the numbers are correct. Here too, use software or the help
of experts. Do not check once, but several times. It will not look good if the
budget immediately receives some major changes after the start of the project.
Unforeseen events can always occur.
5. _________________
Ensure the budget is adjusted in real time using project planning software.
As soon as teams change the status of tasks or budget aspects, this is visible
to everyone. If not, valuable time is wasted. So having good software is very
important. It gives the project manager and the teams the right information so
that any problems can be identified at an early stage.
Tips for making a project budget
A Make use of experts and their knowledge
B Concentrate on accuracy
C Keep updating
D Use historical data
E Use appropriate hardware
F Reference Lessons
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
TASK 3. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS
1. Безответственно с экономической точки зрения.
2. Стоить своих денег.
3. Отчет обо всех ожидаемых затратах.
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4. Процесс планирования проекта.
5. Прямые и косвенные расходы.
6. Постоянные затраты и переменные издержки.
7. Нельзя забыть ни об одной статье расходов.
8. Непредвиденные обстоятельства.
9. Несколько раз.
10. Теряется драгоценное время.
TASK 4. DEFINE THE TERMS BY MATCHING
1.direct cost
2. indirect cost
3.fixed cost
4. variable cost
5. labour
6. licence
7. stakeholder g. the symbol for a number or an amount expressed in numbers
8. figure
a. an official document that gives you permission to own, do,
or use something usually after you have paid money and/or
taken a test
b. the cost of the materials and the workers that are involved
when a company makes a particular product or provides a particular service
c. a cost, such as wages, rent, or interest, that does not change
in relation to how much a company produces or sells or how
much income a person gets
d.workers in a company or a country, especially people who do
practical work with their hands
e. an amount of money spent by a business on things other than
the products they make
f. a person such as an employee, customer, or citizen who
is involved with an organization, society, etc. and therefore has
responsibilities towards it and an interest in its success
h. a cost that changes according to how much of a product is
being produced or used
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TASK 5. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH
THE TERMS FROM TASK 4 IN APPROPRIATE FORM
1. The airlines till have to meet high _____________ such as payroll and
fuel as passenger numbers and revenues decrease.
2. Foreign workers were brought in to fill a temporary shortfall in skilled
_____________.
3. One way to reduce car usage is to increase the _____________ of using
a car.
4. Corporate executives need to think about the whole business and how
it creates value for customers and ________________.
5. ___________________ do not include rent or liability insurance.
6. The anticipated inflation __________ is lower than last month's.
7. The grant also includes money for ________________, such as build-
ing space and utility bills.
8. She gained her private pilot's.
LISTENING
TASK 6. LISTEN TO ADRIANA GIRDLER, THE PRESIDENT
OF PROJECT CONSULTING FIRM, WHO GIVES
THE TIPS HOW TO CREATE A PROJECT BUDGET
AND PUT DOWN THE TIPS
TASK 7. LISTEN TO THE SPEAKER AGAIN
AND CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER TO THE QUESTION
1. What is the primary purpose of defining the project scope when creat-
ing a budget?
A. To ensure the budget covers all potential expenses
B. To determine the timeline and milestones of the project
C. To provide a clear understanding of the work to be done
D. To allocate resources effectively across the project
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2. Which of the following is an example of a direct cost in a project
budget?
A. Software license fees
B. Office supplies
C. Employee salaries
D. Maintenance and support services
3. Why is it important to identify both direct and indirect costs when
creating a project budget?
A. To accurately represent all the costs associated with the project
B. To differentiate between fixed and variable expenses
C. To determine which costs the project will cover and which the business
will cover
D. To ensure the budget includes a contingency plan
4. How can defining a clear project scope help in creating a more accurate
project budget?
A. It allows for better estimation of resource requirements
B. It ensures the budget covers all potential expenses
C. It helps identify potential risks and contingencies
D. All of the above
5. Which of the following is the main reason for including a contingency
budget in a project?
A. To cover unexpected expenses that may arise during the project
B. To account for inflation and changes in market prices
C. To provide a buffer for cost overruns on the project
D. To ensure the project stays within the approved budget
6. How does the identification of direct and indirect costs help in ma-
naging a project budget?
A. It ensures all costs are accounted for, regardless of their frequency or
responsibility
B. It allows the project manager to negotiate with the business on which
costs they will cover
C. It helps to differentiate between fixed and variable costs in the project
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D. It provides a clear distinction between the project's one-time and recurring costs
7. What is the relationship between the project scope and the project
budget?
A. The project scope has no impact on the project budget
B. The project scope must be clearly defined before the project budget
can be created
C. The project budget should be determined first, and then the scope
should be adjusted to fit the budget
D. The project scope and budget can be developed independently of each
other
TASK 8. MARK THE STATEMENTS
AS TRUE OR FALSE ACORDING TO THE SPEAKER
1. The speaker emphasizes the importance of having a contingency
budget for unexpected costs.
2. The speaker suggests that every organization uses the same budget re-
porting format.
3. Risk planning is mentioned as a crucial part of project management by
the speaker.
4. The speaker advises against consulting finance personnel when deter-
mining the budget format.
5. Allocating the budget to specific tasks helps prevent overspending in
one area.
6. The speaker mentions that monitoring the budget is unnecessary once
it is allocated.
7. The speaker offers a free resource to help ensure projects do not fail.
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SPEAKING
TASK 9. CREATE THE BUDGET FOR ONE
OF THE PROJECTS BELOW MAKIN UP A LIST OF DIRECT
AND INDIRECT COSTS. DISCUSS IT WITH YOUR PARTNER
1. Travel agency.
2. Car washing.
3. House construction company.
4. Paintball club.
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Unit 7. PROJECT COSTS
BEFORE YOU READ
TASK 1. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1. How do you usually keep track of your personal expenses?
2. Have you ever faced unexpected costs in a project or event? What hap-
pened?
3. In your opinion, why is it important to understand the difference be-
tween direct and indirect costs?
VOCABULARY
1. Vs. Сокр. От versus – против.
2. To neglect – пренебрегать.
3. Сontractor – подрядчик.
4. To pass along – передавать.
5. Hourly rate – почасовая ставка.
6. To overlook – упустить из виду, не учитывать.
7. Project revenues – доходы от проекта.
8. Travel allowance – командировочные.
9. Sunk costs – текущие расходы.
10. To incur costs – понести расходы, нести затраты.
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TASK 2. SORT OUT THE CATEGORIES OF COSTS INTO
TWO GROUPS: DIRECT AND INDIRECT, THEN READ
THE TEXT AND CHECK UP YOURSELF
Rent – Softwear licensing fees – Travel costs – Meals cost – Accountant
fee – Advertising – Phone bills
Text 7
PROJECT COSTS
Let’s explore two common ways of classifying project costs: direct vs.
indirect and fixed vs. variable.
Direct vs. Indirect Project Costs
The first classification deals with whether the expense is directly related
to the project or not. Direct project costs are pretty straightforward, but business owners often neglect indirect costs – which can result in unprofitable
sales or unexpected losses.
Direct Project Costs
This is the most obvious category of project expenses because these
costs are directly tied to the project itself. For instance, you may need to
travel to meet with a client, buy special software or hire an outside contractor. Some direct project costs can be passed along to the client as expenses, while others are built into your base price or hourly rate. Examples
of direct costs for different types of projects include: specialized software,
contractor hours, travel and meal expenses, mileage. Direct costs can be
fixed or variable.
Indirect Project Costs
These are costs that are not linked to a specific project but need to be paid.
Indirect expenses are sometimes overlooked when a business sets rates or
creates bids for projects. Examples of indirect costs include: rent, support
staff salaries, utilities, software licensing fees, advertising and promotion, office supplies, professional fees (accountant, attorney). These costs are not directly associated with a project, but they do need to be paid out of project
revenues. If your business completes an average of two projects per month,
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each project needs to cover its own direct expenses plus at least half the indirect costs of running your business for the month. Indirect expenses can be
fixed or variable.
Fixed Expenses vs. Variable Expenses
A fixed cost is an item that has a set price, either per month or per project.
A variable cost will change if the scope of the project changes. Your office
rent is an example of an indirect fixed cost – you must pay the same amount
every month, whether you’re managing 10 projects or one project. Your
phone bills, software costs and advertising supplies are other examples of
indirect fixed costs. Direct costs can also be fixed in some cases. For instance,
if you need to buy a new tablet in order to complete a project, the cost of the
tablet is attached to the project, but it is one set cost whether you work on the
project for a week or a year.
Variable expenses are costs that grow as a project expands in scope, time
or deliverables. If you pay contractors an hourly wage, that is a variable
expense. So are rented equipment costs or a travel allowance for your staff.
Variable expenses are usually built into a profitable hourly rate or price per
deliverable, along with a share of fixed expenses.
Sunk costs
This refers to expenses that have already been incurred. For instance, if a
client wants to cancel a contract before it’s complete, you’ll need to know
what your sunk costs are in order to negotiate that cancellation.
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
TASK 3. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS
1. Непредвиденные убытки.
2. Офисные принадлежности.
3. Коммунальные услуги.
4. Расходы на обслуживание автомобиля.
5. Устанавливать тарифы.
6. Составлять заявки на проекты.
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7. Расходы на аренду оборудования.
8. Цена за поставку.
9. Доля постоянных расходов.
10. Договориться о расторжении контракта.
TASK 4. DEFINE THE TERMS BY MATCHING
1. price
2. rent
3.wage
4. revenue
5. costs
6. bill
7. salary
8. fee
9. allowance
10.bid
a. an offer made to pay a certain amount for something, especially
in an auction or competitive situation.
b. a specific charge paid for a service, such as legal advice or membership in an organization.
c. the total amount of money that a business earns from its sales or
services before any expenses are taken out.
d. the payment made regularly by a tenant to a landlord for the use
of property or land.
e. the amount of money earned by a worker, typically calculated
on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis.
f. a fixed regular payment made to an employee, usually expressed
on an annual basis.
g. the expenses incurred in producing or providing goods and services, including materials and labor.
h. the amount of money required to buy something, often determined by supply and demand.
i. a statement showing how much money you owe for goods or
services received.
j. a set amount of money given regularly, often to children, for
personal spending or savings.
TASK 5. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE TERMS FROM TASK 4
1. The company's ________ increased significantly after launching their
new product line.
2. The ________ of the book was higher than I expected when I checked
online.
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