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Файл:Английский язык делового и профессионального общения. Учебное пособие
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ferent types of OS such as Single User OS, Multi-User OS, Multi-tasking OS,
Real-time OS, Time-sharing OS, Distributed OS etc.
Language Processor. It translates a high-level language program to machine level language. There are three types of language processors such as Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter.
2. Application Software
It carries out the significant functions for Computer Systems and Organization using programs. It is written by programmers to provide special services or
a specific task. It is subdivided into categories such as Packages, Utilities, Cus-
tomized Software, and Developer Tools.
Packages are a special set of software serving general-purpose Ex. Adobe,
MS Office, Macromedia tools, DTP Software, etc.
Utilities are helpful programs like basic editing, cleaning, scanning files,
calculation, rearranging etc. Ex. Text Editor, Compression, Defragmenter, Calc,
Backup etc.
Customized Software provides functions as per the requirement of users
such as ERP software, Reservation System, Hotel Management, Payroll Software etc.
Developer Tools/IDE Tools are made for the software developer to write
code and compile, debug, test software Ex. Anaconda, Netbeans etc.
Ex. 7. Match the word combinations:
1. a control a. comparison
2. arithmetic b. role
3. logical c. basis
4. primary d. operation
5. power e. circuit board
6. significant f. processor
7. a long-term g. current
8. a printed h. failure
9. alternating i. unit
10. language j. memory
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Ex. 8. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the word combinations
from the ex. 4:
1. A lightning strike upstate triggered a cascade _______.
2. All of the components necessary for the experiment are arranged on
a single _______.
3. _______ considers the notions belonging to the same sphere / class and
defines the degree of their difference and similarity.
4. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) play _______ in
development of our society.
5. There are two main types of _______ : Interpreter and Translator.
6. The _______ is the main component of a CPU in computers that can di-
rect the operations during the implementation of a program by the processor.
7. Semiconductor chips are the major component used in _______ .
8. Physicist and electrical engineer, Nikola Tesla is the inventor of the
_______ induction generator.
9. Work may be on a full-time, part-time, on-call, short-term, or _______.
10. There are four _______: Subtraction (-), Addition (+) , Division (/) and
Multiplication (*).
Ex. 9. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
1. The core of any computer is its System Software.
2. Cathode-ray tubes are the principle technology used for primary
memory.
3. Primary memory has limited storage capacity.
4. Cache Memory is used to increase the speed of CPU operations.
5. Secondary memory is a volatile memory meaning the data is stored tem-
porarily and is liable to change or lose in case of power failure.
6. Peripheral devices are typically connected to a computer only through
wires.
7. A computer motherboard is located outside the computer case.
8. Power Supply Unit is a hardware component of a computer that supplies
all other components with power.
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9. Modems facilitate both input and output by communicating with other
computers.
10. It is not necessary to install software before usage.
Ex. 10. Answer the questions:
1. What are the tasks of computer systems?
2. What units does CPU comprise?
3. What are the functions of Memory Unit?
4. What is the principle technology used for primary memory?
5. Can data be directly processed by the processing unit in secondary
memory?
6. What are the functions of the motherboard?
7. Does Power Supply Unit convert a steady low-voltage direct current into
alternating current?
8. How do peripheral devices typically connect to a computer?
9. The system software is responsible to perform some internal tasks of
a computer system, isn`t it?
10. What are two types of system software?
Ex. 11. Discuss with your groupmates specific tasks and functions of
all computer system units.
UNIT 3. WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT
Vocabulary
sufficient – удовлетворительный
web publishing – опубликование на странице в сети Интернет
database management – управление базой данных
contemporary – современный, актуальный
content management system (CMS) – система управления информаци-
онным наполнением
competition – конкуренция
fierce – жестокий
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to draw attention – привлечь внимание
browsing experience – навигация
Project Manager – администратор проектов
Search Engine Optimization – оптимизация в поисковых системах
Assembly – сборка
target audience – целевая аудитория
survey – обзор
sitemap – план сайта; карта веб-страницы; карта сайта
wireframe – макет
approval – согласование, утверждение
frameworks – каркас дизайна сайта; оболочка; инфраструктура
layout – макет
feedback – обратная связь, комментарий, отзыв
compiling – составление; формирование
to overlap – перекрывать; совмещать; накладывать
catching headlines – заголовки, привлекающие внимание
search engines – информационно-поисковая система
Ex. 1. Make sure if you can read these words and word combinations
correctly and say what words in the Russian language help you to guess
their meaning:
Massive, role, revolutionary, website, management, invest, modern, project, tester, detailed, final, phase, location, element, graphic sketch, actual, examine, hierarchy, text, cycle, commercial, risk, finally, demonstrate.
Ex. 2. Form nouns adding the suffixes -tion и -ion to the given verbs.
Translate the verbs and nouns into Russian:
Example: to exhibit – выставлять, экспонировать, exhibition – выставка,
показ.
to connect, to converse, to dictate, to educate, to consider, to rotate, to interpret, to add, to pollute, to locate, to explore, to create, to demonstrate, to execute, to celebrate, to present.
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Ex. 3. Read the words and say what affixes they have and what parts
of speech they belong to:
Culture, cultural, multicultural; farm, farmer; to collect, collective, collection; to bake, baker, bakery; to attract, attractive, attractiveness, attraction; to
protect, protection, protective, protector; to govern, government, governor; to
differ, difference, differentiate; to mean, meaning, meaningful; stable, instable,
stability.
Ex. 4. Match the terms with their definitions:
1. Website; 2. interface; 3. wireframe; 4. logo; 5. headline;
6. hierarchy; 7. customer; 8. keyword:
a) the title of a news article printed in large letters, especially at the top of
the front page on a newspaper or the home page on a news website;
b) the way a computer program presents information to a user or receives
information from a user, in particular the layout of the screen and the menus;
c) a person or an organization that buys goods or services from a shop or
business;
d) a basic image, or a set of images, that represents the structure of a web
page or website, showing the information on it, how it is arranged and how
a user can find the information, but not showing what it will look like;
e) a set of pages on the internet, where a company or an organization, or an
individual person, puts information;
f) a word or concept that is very important in a particular context;
g) a printed design or symbol that a company or an organization uses as its
special sign;
h) a system in which something is organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest.
Ex. 5. Find out synonyms in the list of words:
1. Everyday, complex, focused, via, to control, plenty, elaborate, competi-
tion, unique, trendy, assembled, customer.
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2. Stylish, client, to check, great deal, rivalry, concentrated, difficult, de-
tailed, extraordinary, by means of, gathered, routine.
Ex. 6. Find out antonyms in the list of words:
1. Development, excellent, contemporary, attract, powerful, main, detailed,
necessary, satisfied, previous, involve, install.
2. Remove, unimportant, brief, regression, inessential, displeased, exclude,
archaic, following, weak, disgust, awful.
Text 9. Website Development
Technology plays a massive role in our everyday lives, from the easiest of
applications to the most revolutionary inventions. A web developer has created
every web page or website that we come across every day. Let’s deal with web
development.
Web development refers to the creating, and maintaining of websites.
There are a lot of websites with excellent content, but the design is unsatisfactory. Sometimes a site with sufficient design lacks maintenance. Web design also
plays an important role in the development process. It includes: web design,
web programming, web publishing, and database management. It is the creation
of an application that works via the internet i.e. websites. Web development is
focused on the coding and programming that controls the website’s functionnality.
Website creating is a rather complex process taking plenty of time. Nowadays any successful online business cannot exist without a professionally created website with a contemporary web design.
Website is the face of every company. People will look websites while doing their research. People visiting websites should get what they are searching
for. Each website needs an elaborate content management system (CMS). Successful businessmen invest much time and effort in website developing. The
competition is fierce right now, and it is important to draw people’s attention
with the help of modern web design.
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Only unique, custom-designed websites attract quality traffic and visitors
become clients. If you desire to create the browsing experience pleasant and informative for your visitors, you need a website functioning like clockwork,
boasting an intuitive interface, powerful content and trendy design. Then your
visitors will take their time to explore your website.
Here is the list of specialists working on website developing:
• Project Manager
• Web Designer
• Front-end and Back-end Developers
• Tester
• SEO (Search Engine Optimization)Specialist
So, here are seven main steps of web development:
1) Information Gathering,
2) Planning,
3) Design,
4) Content Writing and Assembly,
5) Coding,
6) Testing, Review and Launch,
7) Maintenance.
Step 1. Gathering Information: Purpose, Main Goals, and Target Audience
It is the stage of discovering and researching. The most important task of
this step is to get a clear understanding of your prospective website aims, the
main goals you wish to achieve, and the target audience you want to attract to
your site. Such kind of a website development survey helps to develop the best
strategy for future project management. All this things are necessary to make
a web development effective.
Various types of websites provide visitors with different functionality.
Hence different technologies should be used in relation to purposes. A detailed
plan based on this pre-development data can prevent you from spending extra
resources on solving the unexpected problems such as design changing or adding the functionality that wasn’t originally planned.
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Step 2. Planning: Sitemap and Wireframe Creation
After the sufficient information about the business has been gathered, it’s
time for planning. At this stage the developer creates the data allowing a customer to judge how the complete site will look like. Based on the information
assembled in the previous stage, the sitemap and wireframe are created.
The sitemap is to describe the relations between the major areas of the
website. Such representation could help understand how usable the final product will be. The main goal of the sitemap creation is to make a user-friendly and
easy to navigate website.
Sometimes, before coding or even working on a design, there’s a necessity
to get approval from a customer that everything looks fine so to start the next
phase of developing. In this case, a mock-up or wireframe is created.
A wireframe is a visual presentation of the user interface that it is going to be
created. It doesn’t contain any design elements such as logos, colors, etc. It only
describes the elements that will be added to the page and their location.
The next significant thing is selecting technology stack – frameworks, programming language, CMS that you’re going to use.
Step 3. Design: Page Layouts, Review, and Approval Cycle
At the design phase, the website takes shape. All the visual content, such as
photos, images, and videos is created at this step. All the information gathered
through the first phase is vital. The target audience and the customer must be
kept in mind while working on a design.
The website layout is the result of a designer’s work. It can be a graphic
sketch or an actual graphic design. The main layout function is to demonstrate
the basic functionality, represent the information structure, and visualize the
content. Layouts contain colors, images, logos, and can give a general understanding of the future product.
After that, the customer can examine the layout and send the developer his
feedback. If the client is not sure about some aspects of the design, the layout
can be changed and sent back to him. This cycle should be repeated until the
customer is fully satisfied.
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Step 4. Content Writing and Assembly
Content writing and compiling usually overlaps with other stages of website creation. At this step, it is necessary to put in writing the very sense you
would like to communicate to the target audience of the website and add callsto-action. Content writing also involves the creation of catching headlines, subheadings, tags, so that people can find what they are searching. It includes also
writing new text, text editing, compiling the existing text, etc. As a rule, the client undertakes to provide website content ready to migrate to the site. It is better when all website content is provided before or during website coding.
Step 5. Coding
At this step, the website creating itself can be finally started. Graphic elements have been designed at the previous stages should be used to create an actual website. As a rule, the home page is created first. Then all sub-pages are
added, according to the website hierarchy that was previously created in the
form of a sitemap. CMS and frameworks should be implemented to make sure
that the server can handle the installation and set-up smoothly.
All static web page elements designed during the mock-up and layout creation should be created and tested. Then, interactivity and special features should
be added.
CMS plugins can be installed at this step if there’s a need. The other important step is SEO (Search Engine Optimization). SEO is the optimization of
website elements (e.g., title, description, keyword) that can help the site achieve
higher rankings in the search engines.
Step 6. Testing, Review, and Launch
The most routine part of a process is testing. Every single link should be
examined to make sure that there are no broken ones among them. Every form,
every script, should be checked to find possible misprint. Use code validators to
check if your code follows the current web standards. Valid code is necessary,
for example, if cross-browser compatibility is crucial for you.
After checking and re-checking of the website, it’s time to upload it to
a server. An FTP (File Transfer Protocol) software is used for that aim. After
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deploying the files, final test should be made to be sure that all the files have
been installed correctly.
Step 7. Maintenance: Opinion Monitoring and Regular Updating
It is important to remember that a website is more of a service than a product. It is necessary to make sure that everything works fine and always be prepared to make changes in another case.
The feedback system added to the site will allow to detect probable difficulties. The highest priority task, in the case of problems, is to fix them as fast
as you can.
Another important thing is keeping the website modern. If a CMS is used,
regular updates will prevent from bugs and reduce security risks.
Conclusion
The 21st Century calls for having an online presence to dominate in the
commercial market. A developer takes care of all the details that designing
a website needs that a businessman might overlook. As you can see now,
a website development process takes up much time, effort and skills from the
entire team. Having a memorable website will put more impact on people. They
will come back again to such website.
Ex. 7. Match the word combinations:
1. revolutionary a. design
2. custom-designed b. plan
3. intuitive c. elements
4. trendy d. interface
5. project e. writing
6. detailed f. inventions
7. visual g. risks
8. сontent h. presentation
9. graphic i. manager
10. security j. websites
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