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Файл:Английский язык делового и профессионального общения. Учебное пособие
.pdf
on computer devices. Application Developers create new applications and code
solutions.
Developers can work in systems software or in applications such as those
for mobile devices, but their duties are similar in many cases:
1. Develop and test software to meet consumers’ and clients’ needs;
2. Recommend and develop upgrades for existing applications;
3. Create models and diagrams to show programmers the code needed for
applications;
4. Monitor quality and performance of applications through testing and
maintainance;
5. Document all work for future reference.
They usually have a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related
field. They also have strong programming skills. Students studying computer
science should focus on classes related to building software. Some employers
may prefer applicants with a master’s degree.
Web Developer
Web developers design, create, and modify websites. They are responsible
for maintaining a user-friendly, stable website that offers the necessary functionality for their client’s needs. Some jobs require a bachelor’s degree, while
others need an associate degree, including classes in HTML, JavaScript,
or SQL.
There are several potential duties that a Web Developer may be responsible for, including:
1. Build and optimize a secure web page for evolving business needs;
2. Provide continued support for one or more web properties;
3. Maintain communication with team members and supervisors concern-
ing the direction of the website;
4. Code and script applications;
5. Perform routine site audits, as well as ongoing maintainance, on an as-
needed basis.
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Web Developers typically possess a bachelor’s degree in computer science,
although it is not always a requirement. Some organizations and universities offer certificate programs for web development, which could cover an education
requirement. Some form of prior developing experience and/or training is usually required to become a Web Developer. The Web Developer may prove
through previous work and projects that they are highly qualified for the position.
Ex. 6. Match the word combinations:
1. information a. access
2. a bachelor’s b. technology
3. cloud c. disturbances
4. potential d. administrator
5. technical e. violations
6. a database f. degree
7. unauthorized g. skills
8. security h. developer
9. programming i. support
10. a Web j. computing
Ex. 7. Find an odd word (a word which does not mean the same as
others in the group):
1. job, work, fun, labour, business;
2. security, safety, hazard, protection, defense;
3. monitoring, check, inspection, control, maintaining;
4. specialist, professional, amateur, expert, master;
5. weak, responsible, trusty, reliable, accountable.
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Ex. 8. Match the job titles with their tasks:
1. Information Security Specialist a. Protecting the system by defining
control structures, and access privileges
2. Computer Network Specialist b. Maintenance of the hardware and
software
3. Web Developer c. Maintain communication with team
members and supervisors concerning
the direction of the website
4. Cloud Computing Engineer d. Planning and design of the Infrastructure on Cloud
5. Database Administrator e. Backing up and restoring data to
prevent data loss
6. Software/Application Developer f. Create models and diagrams to show
programmers the code needed for applications
Ex. 9. Answer the questions:
1. The technical field is rapidly developing, isn’t it?
2. What do some employers require from their applicants?
3. What does Cloud Engineering include?
4. What is the priority of the Computer Network Specialist?
5. What kind of education should the computer networking specialists
have?
6. May an apprenticeship be recognized in the career of a computer support
specialist?
7. In what fields of industries can database administrators work?
8. What is the primary task of an Information Security Specialist?
9. What are Web developers responsible for?
10. Who codes and scripts applications?
Ex. 10. Discuss with your groupmates which job would you like to find
after your graduate?
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UNIT 2. COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Vocabulary
core – ядро, сердцевина, сущность
control unit – блок контроля, центральный процессор
arithmetic-logic unit – арифметико-логическое устройство (АЛУ)
main memory – оперативное запоминающее устройство
request – запрос
temporarily – временно
primary memory – первичная память, основная память
bus – шина, магистраль, информационный канал
storage capacity – ёмкость памяти ЗУ
volatile memory – память с разрушением информации; энергозависи-
мое запоминающее устройство
liable – подверженный
power failure – перебой в подаче электроэнергии; отключение элек-
тропитания
Random Access Memory – запоминающее устройство с произвольной
выборкой
Read Only Memory – постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ)
Power On Self Test – самотестирование при включении питания
to verify – проверять; сверять
to edit – редактировать
Cache Memory – быстродействующая буферная память большой ём-
кости
to enhance – усиливать, увеличивать, повышать
memory location – ячейка запоминающего устройства; адрес ячейки
запоминающего устройства
intact – нетронутый, неповреждённый, исправный
Secondary Memory – вторичная память; память второго уровня; вспо-
могательная память
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printed circuit board – плата с печатной схемой; плата с печатным мон-
тажом
to allocate – распределять
Power Supply Unit – блок питания; устройство питания
trackball – шаровой манипулятор (в дисплее); шаровой координато-
граф; шаровое устройство ввода графической информации
light pen – прибор для считывания штрих–кодов; световое перо
to facilitate – способствовать; содействовать; упрощать
backup – резервная копия
System Software – системное ПО
Application Software – прикладное ПО
Ex. 1. Make sure if you can read these words and word combinations
correctly and say what words in the Russian language help you to guess
their meaning:
A computer system; music; a smartphone; data; phone lines; information;
functional; magnetic; organization; to examine; component; communication; to
generate; peripherals; technology; machine; microphone; monitor; code; specific.
Ex. 2. Form adjectives adding the suffix -ful to the given nouns. Translate the nouns and adjectives into Russian:
Example: care – careful – забота, осторожность – заботливый, осто-
рожный
Doubt; wonder; thank; grace; use; pain; success; hope; awe; art; taste;
beauty; death; fruit; colour; blush; event; delight; harm; disgrace; effort; dread;
stress; dream; force; sin.
Ex. 3. Read the words and say what affixes they have and what parts
of speech they belong to:
Power, powerful, superpowerful; use, user, useful, useless; build, rebuild,
builder, building; act, underact, actress, acting; code, encode, decoder, coding;
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produce, reproduce, product, producer, producing, productive; perform, performer, performance, performing; speak, speaker, unspeakable; real, reality, realist, really; realize, unreal; depend, dependence, independence, dependable,
depending; improve, improvement, improver, improving.
Ex. 4. Match the terms with their definitions:
1. central processing unit; 2. Blu-ray disc; 3. motherboard;
4. keyboard; 5. earphones; 6. monitor; 7. modem
a) a piece of equipment worn in or over the ears that makes it possible to
listen to music, the radio, etc. without other people hearing it;
b) the set of keys for operating a computer or typewriter, or the set of letters that you can touch to write on a smartphone or tablet;
с) the part of a computer that controls all the other parts of the system;
d) a type of DVD on which large amounts of data can be stored, used especially to play high quality video;
e) a device that is used at both ends of a connection between two computers to allow data to be sent over phone lines;
f) a screen that shows information from a computer;
g) the main board of a computer, containing all the circuits.
Ex. 5. Find out synonyms in the list of words:
1. Necessary; to store; to carry out; to determine; liable; to enhance; auxil-
iary; to link; properly; to provide.
2. To increase; supplementary; to connect; responsible; to keep; correctly;
needed; to perform; to supply; to define.
Ex. 6. Find out antonyms in the list of words:
1. Typical; temporarily; completion; subtraction; multiplication; internal;
unstable; to lose; to connect; input; helpful.
2. Division; output; external; useless; to separate; permanently; abnormal;
addition; beginning; constant; to find.
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Text 8. Computer system
A computer system is a base, functional and complete software and
hardware setup with everything necessary to implement computing perfor-
mance. Computer system enables users to input, manipulate and store data.
The core of any computer is its central processing unit (CPU), processor
or a chip. The typical CPU comprises a control unit to control the transfer between memory, input and output sources, an arithmetic-logic unit to carry out
calculations; main memory to store data temporarily for processing.
1. CU (Control Unit): It accepts the request from CPU and does not perform any task itself. It determines, guides and control the request and then send
it to ALU.
2. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit): ALU accepts the request from CU
and performs the required task. It checks the request for what kind of task to be
performed such as arithmetic operation (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplica-
tion or Division) or Logical comparison such as (Less Than, Greater Than
etc.). After completion of the task, it sends the request to the next unit.
3. MU (Memory Unit): It is the next functional unit of computer organization. It is responsible for storing data into computer storage locations. It stores
data permanently or temporarily.
Memory Unit (Computer memory) is also known as “Computer Storage
Device” stores data and information for fast access. Further MU is divided into
two kinds of memory as follows:
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Primary memory is known as “Main Memory” or “Internal Memory” or
“Primary Storage Device” or “Internal Storage Device” helps to transfer data in
between CPU and storage memory with the help of various buses. These memories have limited storage capacity. Semiconductor chips are the principle technology used for primary memory. Firstly CPU search all data in primary
memory (storage device). It’s a volatile memory meaning the data is stored
temporarily and is liable to change or lose in case of power failure.
Primary memory is classified as into the following categories:
1. RAM
2. ROM
3. Cache Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory). Data can be accessed at random. It is
unstable memory i. e. when power gets off data will be lost.
ROM (Read Only Memory). It plays a significant role in performing POST
(Power On Self Test). It will verify all the connected devices are working correctly or not. Written data cannot be edited.
Cache Memory. It is used to enhance the speed of CPU operations. It is set
between CPU and RAM. It stores the copies of data from frequently accessed
memory locations that decrease the average time required to access data. If the
CPU needs some data this memory is examined first.
Secondary Memory is also called “storage device” and “auxiliary memo-
ry“, “external memory“. It can be used to store data and information on a long-
term basis. It’s a non-volatile memory which means data stays intact even if the
computer is turned off. Data cannot be directly processed by the processing unit
in secondary memory; in fact, it is first transferred into the main memory and
then it’s transferred back to the processing unit. Secondary Storage devices
(memory) have four examples like as
• Magnetic Storage Devices (Floppy diskette, Hard drive, Magnetic strip,
SuperDisk, Tape cassette, Zip diskette)
• Optical Storage Devices (Blu-ray disc, CD-ROM disc, CD-R and CD-
RW disc, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc)
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• Flash Memory Devices (USB flash drive, jump drive, or thumb drive, CF
(CompactFlash), M.2, Memory card, MMC, NVMe, SDHC Card, SmartMedia
Card, Sony Memory Stick, SD card, SSD, xD-Picture Card)
• Online Cloud System (Cloud storage, Network media)
All сomputers need these following hardware components; like as:
Motherboard: alternatively referred to as the mainboard, mb, mboard,
mobo, mobd, main circuit board, backplane board, system board, base board,
planar board. The motherboard is a printed circuit board and foundation of
a computer. It allocates power and allows communication to and between the
RAM, CPU, and all other computer hardware components, like hard drive, and
video card. There are multiple types of motherboards, designed to fit different
types and sizes of computers. A computer motherboard is located inside the
computer case and is where most of the parts and computer peripherals connect.
Power Supply Unit: Abbreviated as PS, P/S, or PSU (power supply unit)
is a hardware component of a computer that supplies all other components with
power. It converts a 110–115 or 220–230 volt AC (alternating current) into
a steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by the computer and rated by
the number of watts it generates.
A computer is fully functional only with diverse peripheral devices. They
are typically connected to a computer through wires, though some may be built
into the same unit with the CPU and occasionally non-cable technology, such as
radio frequency, is used to link peripherals.
Peripheral devices include ones for the input of data, such as keyboards,
mice, trackballs, light pens, microphones, modems, scanners, and magnetic
strip card readers, as well as items for the output of data, such as monitors,
loudspeakers, earphones, printers, modems, and plotters.
Modems facilitate both input and output by communicating with other
computers. Other types of peripherals include data storage devices like optical
disk drives or tape drives for expanded storage capabilities or system backups.
Insights of Computer Systems and Organization
79
The computer system is just like an organization with different units. All
units have their own functional parts or units to do a specific task. Look at the
following diagram:
Finally, a digital computer requires programs or sets of instructions written
in computer-readable code (the programming language) to function automatically. This needed component is widely known as software. It is often abbreviated as SW or S/W. User is to install software before usage.
There are two types of software: System Software and Application Soft-
ware.
1. System Software
In Computer Systems and Organization, software plays vital role in operations. A computer is just like a rectangular box of hardware without software.
The system software is responsible to perform some internal tasks of a computer system. There are two types of system software: Operating System and Lan-
guage Processor.
Operating System. Its primary function is to provide a platform to user and
make the computer useable. It makes the hardware run properly. There are dif-
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