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Файл:What is Law. Часть I. Учебное пособие для студентов-юристов
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UNIT 11. U.S. COURTS
Active vocabulary
to establish – основывать, учреждать, создавать
the judicial branch – судебная власть
the legislative branch – законодательная власть
the executive branch – исполнительная власть
ruling – постановление, судебное решение
to protect rights and liberties – защищать права и свободы
guaranteed by the Constitution - гарантированные Конституцией
to apply the law – применять закон
to resolve disputes – урегулировать споры
to enforce the laws – следить за соблюдением законов
The Founding Fathers – отцы-основатели
an independent judiciary – независимое судопроизводство
to ensure fairness and equal justice – обеспечить справедливость и равное
правосудие
to promote judicial independence – обеспечить независимость
судопроизводства
to draft a law – составить законопроект
to appoint for life – назначать пожизненно
to remove from office – снять с должности
continuance in office – пребывание в должности
conviction - осуждение, признание виновным
treason – измена (high treason - государственная измена)
bribery - взяточничество
misdemeanors – судебно наказуемый проступок, преступление
to reduce the salary of a federal judge – уменьшить заработную плату
федерального судьи
to decide a case – принять решение по делу
I. Прочтите и переведите текст “А”.
Text A. U.S. COURTS
Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch as
one of the three separate and distinct branches of the federal government. The
other two are the legislative and executive branches.
They often say that the federal courts are the guardians of the Constitution
because their rulings protect rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.
Through fair and impartial judgments, the federal courts interpret and apply the
law to resolve disputes. The courts do not make the laws. That is the responsibility
of the Congress. The courts do not have the power to enforce the laws. That is the
role of the President and the executive branch departments and agencies.
The Founding Fathers of the nation considered an independent federal
judiciary essential to ensure fairness and equal justice for all citizens of the United
States. The Constitution that they drafted promotes judicial independence in two
major ways. First, federal judges are appointed for life. The society can remove a
federal judge from office only through impeachment and conviction by Congress
of “Treason, Bribery, or other high crimes and Misdemeanors.” Second, the
Constitution provides that neither the President nor the Congress can reduce the
salary of a federal judge during his continuance in office. These two protections
help an independent judiciary to decide cases free from popular passions and
political influence.
II. Найдите в тексте “А” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. Какое определение дано судебной власти в статье III Конституции
Соединенных Штатов?
2. Какие три ветви власти вы можете назвать в США?
3. Являются ли федеральные суды гарантами Конституции в США?
4. Каковы функции федерального суда в США?
5. Пишут ли суды законы?
6. Должен ли федеральный суд следить за соблюдением законов?
7. Считали ли отцы-основатели американской нации независимость
судопроизводства важным фактором обеспечения справедливости и равного
правосудия для всех граждан США?
8. Назначаются ли судьи федерального суда на должность пожизненно?
9. Каким образом судьи федерального суда могут быть сняты с должности?
10. Может ли заработная плата федерального судьи быть уменьшена в
период пребывания в данной должности?
III. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова и выражения:
enforce laws; separate and distinct; to ensure fairness and equal justice; the
guardians of the Constitution; a federal judge; legislative, executive and judicial;
rights and liberties; to resolve disputes; judicial independence; for life; makes laws
1. There are three … branches of the federal government: … .
2. The federal courts are … because their rulings protect … guaranteed by the
Constitution.
3. The federal courts interpret and apply the law … .
4. The Congress … , the President and the executive branch departments and
agencies … .
5. An independent federal judiciary is essential … for all citizens of the United
States.
6. The US Constitution promotes … in two major ways.
7. Nobody can reduce the salary of … during his continuance in office.
8. Federal judges are appointed … .
IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на
английский:
1. статья III Конституции Соединенных Штатов
2. судебная власть
3. законодательная власть
4. исполнительная власть
5. гарант Конституции
6.федеральный суд
7. защищать права и свободы
8. с помощью справедливых и беспристрастных решений
9. интерпретировать и применять законы
10. структуры и подразделения исполнительной власти
11. обеспечить справедливость и равное правосудие
12. обеспечить независимость судопроизводства
13. отцы-основатели американской нации
14. назначать пожизненно
15. снять с должности
16. уменьшить заработную плату
17. принять решение по делу
18. независимо от общественного мнения и политического давления
V. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
1. There, three, are, legislative, branches, federal, the, government, of, executive,
judicial, and.
2. Federal, the, courts, the, guardians, the Constitution, are, of.
3. Protect, liberties, the federal courts, the rulings, rights, and, guaranteed by the
Constitution, of.
4. Through, and, impartial, the federal courts, judgments, fair, interpret, apply, and,
the law.
5. The courts, to enforce, do not, the power, have, the laws.
6. Тhe President, enforce, departments, the laws, and, the, branch, and, agencies,
executive.
7. The US Constitution, independence, judicial, promotes, in two major ways.
VI. Найдите в тексте “А” и переведите на русский язык глаголы в форме
3л.ед.ч. в Present Simple.
VII. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках:
1. The US Constitution … (to establish) the judicial branch as one of the three
separate and distinct branches of the federal government.
2. The rulings of the federal courts … (to protect) rights and liberties guaranteed by
the Constitution.
3. The federal courts … (to interpret) and … (to apply) the law through fair and
impartial judgments.
4. The Congress … (to make) the laws, and the President and the executive branch
departments and agencies … (to have) the power to enforce the laws.
5. An independent federal judiciary … (to ensure) fairness and equal justice for all
citizens of the United States.
6. The US Constitution … (to promote) judicial independence in two major ways.
7. The US Constitution … (to provide) that neither the President nor the Congress
can reduce the salary of a federal judge during his continuance in office.
8. The society … (to remove) a federal judge from office only through
impeachment and conviction by Congress of “Treason, Bribery, or other high
crimes and Misdemeanors.”
9. The judicial independence … (to help) to decide cases free from popular
passions and political influence.
VIII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What are the branches of the federal government?
2. How does Article III of the US Constitution establish the judicial branch of the
federal government?
3. Why are the federal courts the guardians of the US Constitution?
4. What are the functions of the federal courts in the USA?
5. Do the federal courts have the power to enforce the laws?
6. Did the Founding Fathers of the American nation consider an independent
federal judiciary essential to ensure fairness and equal justice for all citizens of the
United States?
7. How does the US Constitution promote judicial independence?
8. Can the society remove a federal judge from office?
9. Who can reduce the salary of a federal judge during his continuance in office?
IX. Подготовьте пересказ текста “А” на английском языке.
X. Прочтите и переведите текст “В”.
Text B. THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE USA
The American court system is complex. Individuals fall under the
jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts.
Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. There is also a
system of federal courts which coexist with the state courts. People can sue in
either system but the majority of cases go to the state courts.
The system of federal courts is like a pyramid. The lowest courts in the
Federal Court system are the district courts where litigation begins. There are about
ninety district courts in different parts of the USA and about two hundred district
judges. Most criminal and civil cases go to the district courts.
There are eleven judicial circuits in the USA and each of them has a Federal
Court of Appeals which hears appeals from lower courts. To appeal means to take
a case to a higher court. As a rule a Federal Court of Appeals sits with three judges
on the bench.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body of the United States. It is at
the top of the pyramid of the US federal courts. Above the main entrance of the
Supreme Court Building in Washington we can see the following words: ‘Equal
Justice under law’. The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any
law of the Congress or any decree of the President. The Supreme Court consists of
the Chief Justice of the USA and eight Associate Justices. The President appoints
them all, and the Senate approves them. The Federal Courts of Appeals and the
Supreme Court are appellate courts. The decision of the Supreme Court is final.
XI. Найдите в тексте “В” предложения, отвечающие на следующие
вопросы:
1. Какие две судебные системы существуют в США?
2. Какие суды являются судами низшей инстанции в США? Каковы их
функции?
3. Каков состав федерального апелляционного суда в США? Каковы его
функции?
4. Какой высший судебный орган в Соединенных Штатах?
5. Какая надпись висит над входом в здание Верховного Суда в Вашингтоне?
6. Каковы функции Верховного Суда?
7. Каков состав Верховного Суда США?
XII. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на
английский:
1.подпадать под юрисдикцию
2. сосуществовать
3. суды штатов
4. федеральные суды
5. подать иск
6. большинство дел
7. судебное разбирательство, тяжба
8. окружной суд
9. апелляционный суд
10. Верховный Суд
11. высший судебный орган
12. объявить неконституционным
13. указ президента
14. главный судья
15. рассматривать апелляции
XIII. Подготовьте пересказ текста “B” на английском языке.
XIV. Прочтите и перескажите своим друзьям английские шутки:
A husband said to his friend, “My wife does not allow me to sleep. She is
afraid of thieves, she wakes me up if she hears the slightest noise, and makes me
get up to see if there are any burglars in the house.”
“You can easily get over that difficulty. Just explain to your wife that thieves
don’t make any noise, they work quietly and don’t disturb anybody.”
“I explained it to her two days ago but it only made things worse. Now she
wakes me up several times every night because she hears nothing”.
______________
a thief (thieves) – вор
a burglar – грабитель, взломщик
the slightest noise – малейший шум
to get over smth – справиться с чем-либо, преодолеть что-либо
to disturb smb – побеспокоить кого-либо
It only made things worse. – (зд.) Это только обострило ситуацию.
* * *
One night a policeman stopped two cars, one after another, and gave the
drivers who were both judges tickets for speeding. When the cases came up for
hearing the next day, the two judges agreed that each of them should leave the
bench in turn and the other one should hear the case.
The first judge pleaded guilty and received a fine of ten dollars. When they
exchanged places the second magistrate also pleaded guilty and was rather shocked
to receive a fine of fifteen dollars.
“That’s not fair,” he complained. “I only fined you ten dollars.”
“I know,” was the reply, “but there is too much of this sort of thing going on
– this is the second case of speeding today.”
______________
to plead guilty – признать себя виновным
That’s not fair. – Это несправедливо.
there is too much of this sort of thing going – (зд.) происходит слишком много
подобных нарушений
* * *
Believe it or not, but…
… in Texas, USA, before 1932 an escape from prison was not considered a crime
if the prisoner escaped without using fire arms.
… if you leave an elephant on the parking lot in Florida you must pay for the
parking as if it were a car.
… in Indiana it is illegal to go to the cinema or to the theatre or use public
transport if you ate garlic less than four hours before that.
______________
an escape from prison - побег из тюрьмы
was not considered a crime – не считался преступлением
parking lot – стоянка, место для парковки
as if it were… – (зд.) как если бы он был…
garlic - чеснок
less than – менее, чем
UNIT 12 VIOLENCE
Active vocabulary
a victim – жертва
unimaginable atrocities - невообразимые зверства / жестокость
humanity – человечество
to threaten the peace – угрожать миру / мирному сосуществованию
security – безопасность
well-being of the world – зд. благосостояние мирового сообщества
the international community – мировое сообщество
to take measures – принимать меры
at the national level – на национальном уровне
to enhance international cooperation – расширять международное
сотрудничество
to ensure effective prosecution оf serious crimes – обеспечить эффективное
судебное преследование за серьезные преступления
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Римский статут
Международного уголовного суда
crimes against humanity – преступления против человечества
extermination – уничтожение, истребление
enslavement – порабощение
deportation or forcible transfer of population – депортация или насильственное
переселение
torture – пытка
rape – изнасилование
sexual slavery – сексуальное рабство
persecution on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender and
other grounds – преследование по политическим, расовым, национальным,
этническим, культурным, религиозным, половым и другим мотивам
inhumane acts – бесчеловечные действия
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