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Файл:Mind Matters English for Clinical Psychologists. Учебное пособие
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15. Antisocial Personality Disorder is
associated with
a) Extreme shyness
b) Manipulativeness and disregard for
others
c) Excessive worry
d) Obsessive rituals
16. Insomnia primarily involves
a) Excessive daytime sleepiness
b) Difficulty falling/staying asleep
c) Sudden muscle weakness
d) Nightmares
17. Benzodiazepines are used as
a) Antidepressants
b) Tranquilizers (anxiolytics)
c) Antipsychotics
d) Mood stabilizers
18. SSRIs primarily increase levels of
a) Dopamine
b) Serotonin
c) Acetylcholine
d) GABA
19. Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) treat
a) Anxiety disorders
b) Schizophrenia/psychotic symptoms
c) Sleep disorders
d) Phobias
20. A side effect of long-term
antipsychotic use is:
a) Hypertension
b) Tardive dyskinesia
c) Weight loss
d) Insomnia
21. "All-or-nothing" thinking is
characterized by
a) Seeing gray areas
b) Extreme, black-and-white conclusions
c) Balanced perspectives
d) Overgeneralization
22. Catastrophizing involves
a) Minimizing problems
b) Expecting the worst possible
outcome
c) Rational risk assessment
d) Emotional detachment
23. The "Big Five" personality trait
related to neuroticism is
a) Openness
b) Conscientiousness
c) Neuroticism
d) Agreeableness
24. A cognitive distortion where
positive events are dismissed as flukes
is
a) Mental filtering
b) Disqualifying the positive
c) Emotional reasoning
d) Personalization
25. Distractibility in psychology refers
to
a) Lack of attention
b) Active shifting of attention to
irrelevant stimuli
c) Selective ignorance
d) Memory loss
26. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for
a) Maintaining focus/resisting
distractions
b) Processing emotions
c) Motor coordination
d) Language production
27. Mindfulness practices help reduce
distractibility by
a) Increasing multitasking
b) Enhancing attention control
c) Promoting rumination
d) Blocking all external stimuli
28. Secondary gains in neuroses refer
to
a) Financial compensation
b) Unconscious benefits (e.g.,
attention/sympathy)
c) Cure of symptoms
d) Improved relationships
29. A core feature of neurotic paradox is
a) Adaptive coping strategies
b) Persisting in maladaptive behaviors
despite harm
c) Rational decision-making
d) High self-awareness
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30. Lithium is commonly prescribed for
a) Major Depressive Disorder
b) Bipolar Disorder
c) Schizophrenia
d) Anxiety disorders
2. Watch the films
Title
Year
Psychological Focus
One Flew Over the
Cuckoo’s Nest
1975
Institutional psychiatry, power dynamics,
identity, conformity
A Beautiful Mind
2001
Schizophrenia, hallucinations, genius vs.
madness
Girl, Interrupted
1999
Borderline personality disorder, female
mental health, inpatient care
Shutter Island
2010
Psychosis, trauma, delusion, perception of
reality
Split
2016
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), trauma,
control, ethics in representation
3. Choose one main character from any of the films and write a short
psychological profile (150–200 words)
Include:
Main symptoms and behaviors
Possible diagnosis according to DSM-5
External triggers (environmental or social)
Suggested treatment or therapeutic approach
4. Discuss how the medical or institutional system is portrayed in each film
Questions to guide you:
How are patients treated — as individuals or as diagnoses?
What ethical problems do you see (e.g. medication, isolation, power abuse)?
How does this reflect or differ from modern clinical practice?
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5. Write a reflective entry (200–250 words)
How did watching these films change your understanding of people with mental
disorders?
Use prompts like:
What stereotypes were challenged?
Which scene evoked empathy or discomfort?
How does this relate to your future clinical role?
MEMORY
Modern psychologists consider that any experience is stored in our
memory as coded information. They distinguish three different kinds of
memory: sensory, short-term and long-term. They differ in the time they can
span, in how much they can carry, in their type of coding, and in their forgetting
mechanisms.
Sensory memory is the simplest of the three. It is of brief duration and
lasts a fraction of a second. It has a relatively large capacity and can handle as
much as the sense organ can register. It processes and encodes information in a
direct, non-distorted manner. The visual afterimage is an ideal example of a
sensory memory store.
Short-term memory lasts for only a minute or so and its coding is indirect.
Looking up a telephone number, closing the book, and then dialing the number
is an example of short-term memory at work. Our short-term memories are
forever lost within a minute or so unless they are reprocessed into long-term
memories. We can improve our short-term memory by organizing material into
smaller, more manageable groups. One name for this is chunking.
Long-term memory can last for several minutes or many years and its
capacity is almost unlimited. Its coding system is very complex. We do not fully
understand this system, but much is known about it. For example, words are
coded by clustering. This is a way of organizing material into meaningful groups
and thereby making it more manageable.
You can improve your memory by imposing your own organization on the
material you want to remember, instead of leaving the organizational process to
chance association. By thinking over your experiences and ideas, weaving them
into systematic relations with each other, you can consolidate them into longlasting memories.
1. Give Russian equivalents of the following
To be stored in one’s memory, to distinguish three different kinds of
memory, type of coding, forgetting mechanisms, brief duration, large capacity,
in a non-distorted manner, the visual afterimage, to look up a telephone
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number, to dial the number, to improve one’s short-term memory, unlimited
capacity, to be coded by clustering, to impose one’s own organization, to leave
the organizational process to chance association, long-lasting memories.
2. Write down the sentences in a notebook and mark each statement as T (True)
or F (False) according to the text. Correct the false statements using your own
words
1. Modern psychologists consider that any experience is stored in our memory
as visual information.
2. There are three kinds of memory: sensory, short-term and long-term.
3. Three types of memory differ in their capacity only.
4. Sensory memory is the most complex of the three.
5. It processes and encodes information in a direct, non-distorted manner. The
visual afterimage is an ideal example of a sensory memory store.
6. Short-term memory lasts for an hour and its coding is indirect.
7. Long-term memory can last for several minutes or many years and its capacity
is almost unlimited.
3. Fill the gaps and write down the sentences in a notebook
1. Modern psychologists consider that … as coded information.
2. Sensory memory is … lasts a fraction of a second.
3. It has a relatively … and can handle as much as the sense organ can register.
4. Short-term memory lasts … and its coding is indirect.
5. Long-term memory can last … and its capacity is almost unlimited.
6. Clustering is … and thereby making it more manageable.
7. You can improve your memory by … instead of leaving the organizational
process to chance association.
4. Match the terms with their explanations
Chunking
a) The system with an extremely large capacity and
memory complex organization that is assumed to
account for relatively enduring memories.
Clustering
b) The systems with a limited capacity that accounts
for memories of very short duration.
Sensory memory
c) The tendency to recall items in meaningfully related
groups, even though the items were originally learned
in random order.
Short-term memory
d) Organizing of items in memory into smaller groups.
Long-term memory
e) The memory system that stores stimulus
information directly but for duration of less than a
second.
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5. Fill in the correct verb and write down the sentences in a notebook
enable stores requires agree lasts
1. Short-term memory … for only a minute.
2. The theorists of today … that any experience must be coded into some kind of
information.
3. Chunking … that the material be coded appropriately.
4. Long-term memory … massive amounts of material.
5. Drugs may … us to aid memory.
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental psychology studies behavioral changes and continuity
from infancy to old age. Much emphasis in psychology has been given to the
child and to the deviant personality. Developmental psychology is particularly
significant, then, in that it provides for formal study of children and adults at
every stage of development through the life span.
Developmental psychology reflects the view that human development
and behavior throughout the life span is a function of the interaction between
biologically determined factors, such as height or temperament, and
environmental influences, such as family, schooling, religion, and culture.
Studies of these interactions focus on their consequences for people at different
age levels. For example, developmental psychologists are interested in how
children who were physically abused by their parents behave when they
themselves become parents. Studies, although inconclusive, suggest that
abused children often become abusive parents.
Other recent studies have focused on the relationship between the aging
process and intellectual competence; contrary to the traditional notion that a
person’s intellectual skills decline rapidly after the age of 55, research indicates
that the decline is gradual. American studies of adulthood, building on the work
of Erik Erikson, point to stable periods with a duration of 5 to 7 years, during
which energy is expended on career, family, and social relationships, punctuated
by “transitional” periods lasting 3 to 5 years, during which assessment and
reappraisal of major life areas occurs. These transitional periods may be smooth
or emotionally stormy; the “midlife crisis” is an example of such a transition.
Whether such transitions are the same for men and women, and whether they
are universal, is currently under study.
1. Suggest the English for
Изменения в поведении, от раннего детства до старости, большое
внимание уделяется, на протяжении всей жизни, взаимодействие между
биологически обусловленными факторами и влиянием окружающей среды,
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последствия для людей разного возраста, отношения между возрастными
процессами и интеллектуальными навыками, противоположно
традиционному представлению, быстро уменьшаться, стабильные
периоды, энергия направлена на, переходные периоды, кризис среднего
возраста, еще изучается.
2. Write down the sentences in a notebook and mark each statement as T (True)
or F (False) according to the text. Correct the false statements using your own
words
1. Developmental psychology studies behavioral changes and continuity from
adolescence to old age.
2. Developmental psychology provides for formal study of children and adults at
special stages of development through the life span.
3. Human temperament is a function of the interaction between biologically
determined factors and environmental influences
4. Abused children often become abusive parents.
5. A person’s intellectual skills decline rapidly after the age of 55.
6. Transitional periods may be smooth or emotionally stormy.
3. Complete the following sentences and write down them in a notebook
1. Developmental psychology studies …
2. Much emphasis in psychology has been given to …
3. Developmental psychology is particularly significant, then, in that …
4. Developmental psychology reflects the view that …
5. Developmental psychologists are interested in …
6. Other recent studies have focused on …
7. Contrary to the traditional notion that a person’s intellectual skills …
8. American studies of adulthood point to ...
4. Ask all possible questions
1. Developmental psychology studies behavioral changes and continuity from
infancy to old age.
2. Abused children often become abusive parents.
3. Transitional periods may be smooth or emotionally stormy.
5. Answer the following questions
1. What does developmental psychology study?
2. Cognitive psychology studies children and adults at every stage of
development through the life span, doesn’t it?
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3. Is human development and behavior throughout the life span a function of
the interaction between biologically determined factors and environmental
influences?
4. Family, schooling, religion, and culture are biologically or environmentally
determined factors?
5. What do studies of these interactions focus on?
6. Do abused children become abusive parents?
7. Do intellectual skills decline rapidly or gradually?
8. In what periods does assessment and reappraisal of major life areas occur?
REPRESSION
Repression was first introduced by Freud over a century ago. Repression is
basically a defense mechanism from when a very traumatic event is experienced
(e.g. sexual abuse, abduction or witnessing a death). The subconscious mind
blocks unwanted thoughts or desires from the consciousness. The ego is not
entirely successful at doing this, and memories may surface as slips of the
tongue, or symbols in dreams: more serious mental problems may be shown
because of the internal conflict caused by repression. The displacement of the
traumatic event makes one feel better, at least temporarily.
Some controversy over repression is that it touches on a very sensitive
topic e.g. death, abuse it. And asking people to take part in a study who have
witnessed such events may be too much for them, so there are some ethical
issues.
Studies of World War 2 veterans showed that many who experienced
battlefield trauma appeared to repress the memories and then the traumas
were remembered in therapy many years later: more evidence which supports
repression.
Evidence that goes against repression — experimental evidence for the
existence of repression is less convincing. The syndrome of PSTD shows that
verifiable traumatic events, rather than being repressed into the unconscious
mind, leave trauma victims haunted by intrusive memories in which the victim
relives the trauma. Further evidence against which several studies discovered
was even peoples whom were not present at the time of the traumatic event
still had memories of the event, hence being ‘false memories’ which were
created from exposure to the stories of others who were there.
1. Give Russian equivalents of the following
Over a century ago, traumatic event, unwanted thoughts or desires, slips of the
tongue, symbols in dreams, to take part in a study, ethical issues, appeared to
repress the memories, many years later, less convincing, haunted by intrusive
memories, further evidence against, several studies discovered, were created
from exposure
78
2. Suggest the English for
Было впервые введено, защитный механизм, подсознание, нежелательные
мысли, не совсем успешно справляется с этим, из-за внутреннего
конфликта, разногласия по поводу вытеснения, просить людей принять
участие, были свидетелями, боевая травма, доказательства в пользу,
экспериментальные доказательства, поддающиеся проверке
травматические события, ложные воспоминания
3. Write down the sentences in a notebook and mark each statement as T (True)
or F (False) according to the text. Correct the false statements using your own
words
1. Repression was introduced by Freud as a way to enhance memory recall.
2. Repression occurs when the subconscious mind blocks traumatic events from
entering consciousness.
3. Memories of traumatic events can resurface through dreams or slips of the
tongue.
4. Studies on World War 2 veterans provide evidence against the concept of
repression.
5. PTSD supports the idea that traumatic events are always repressed and
forgotten.
6. Ethical issues arise when studying repression because it involves sensitive
topics like abuse or death.
7. False memories can be created by hearing stories from others who
experienced the event.
4. Find in the text sentences with these words and translate them
The subconscious mind, a very sensitive topic, the traumas were remembered,
leave trauma victims haunted by
5. Answer the following questions
1. How did Freud define repression, and when was it introduced?
2. What kinds of traumatic events can lead to repression?
3. How might repressed memories reappear in a person’s consciousness?
4. What evidence from World War II veterans supports the theory of
repression?
5. Why are there ethical challenges in conducting research on repression?
6. How does PTSD contradict the concept of repression?
7. What are "false memories," and how can they develop?
8. What arguments does the text provide for and against the existence of
repression?
79
ALTRUISM
Altruism by definition is a motive to increase another’s welfare without
conscious regard for one’s self-interests. This is obviously very difficult to
accomplish.
The social-exchange theory states that interactions are guided by a social
economics idea. This theory describes how we exchange not only material goods
and money but also social goods. For example, we exchange love, services,
information, and status. As with economics, we aim to minimize the input and
maximize the rewards. The social exchange theory would state that people do
these good deeds for the reward of feeling good about yourself, although the
act itself may seem selfless. The helping we give can be disguised in two ways.
Either externally or internally. For example of externally, when someone gives
the women help up the stairs for appreciation. An example of internally
disguised helping would be responding with empathy to someone who is
distressed.
The altruistic acts serve to increase our sense of self-worth. The example
given in our text describes nearly all blood donors report feeling good about
giving blood after they do. A few researchers have attempted to define six
motivations for why people volunteer to befriend AIDS patients. They include
values, understanding, social, career, ego protection, and esteem enhancement
(Clary & Snyder, 1993, 1995; Clary & others.) This cost-benefit analysis does
seem to belittle the overall intentions of good deeds. When you consider it
further, it can be said that this, in fact, speaks volumes about humanity. Humans
innately derive pleasure from helping others.
The internal explanation for our behaviors regarding altruism is that of
empathy. Empathy seems to insinuate a purely emotional response to the
misfortune of others. But what is theorized is that we do not like the feeling of
distress brought on by the suffering of others. To alleviate the distress we
attempt to help the person. The feeling of empathy is found to be strongly
correlated with how well we know the person.
1. Give Russian equivalents of the following
By definition, to increase another’s welfare, the social-exchange theory, not only
material goods, to minimize the input, good deeds, can be disguised in two
ways, the altruistic acts serve to, have attempted to define, esteem
enhancement, innately derive pleasure, the feeling of distress brought on by the
suffering of others.
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2. Suggest the English for
Без осознанного учета собственных интересов, взаимодействие
основывается на социально-экономической идее, максимизировать
вознаграждение, чувствуют себя хорошо в награду, проявление сочувствия
к кому-то, повышение нашей самооценки, люди добровольно помогают,
анализ затрат и выгод, внутреннее объяснение нашего поведения,
эмоциональная реакция, облегчить страдания
3. Write down the sentences in a notebook and mark each statement as T (True)
or F (False) according to the text. Correct the false statements using your own
words
1. Altruism is defined as increasing another's welfare without any self-interest.
2. The social-exchange theory suggests that all human interactions are purely
material.
3. Helping others can be motivated by internal rewards, such as feeling good
about oneself.
4. Blood donors often report feeling worse after donating blood.
5. Empathy is a purely logical response with no emotional component.
6. One of the motivations for volunteering to help AIDS patients includes career
advancement.
7. According to the text, humans naturally enjoy helping others.
4. Find in the text sentences with these words and translate them
Interactions are guided by, empathy to someone, esteem enhancement,
strongly correlated
5. Answer the following questions
1. How does the text define altruism, and why is it difficult to achieve?
2. What does the social-exchange theory say about human interactions?
3. What are the two ways in which helping behavior can be disguised? Provide
examples.
4. How does donating blood relate to self-worth, according to the text?
5. What were the six motivations identified for volunteering to help AIDS
patients?
6. How does empathy influence altruistic behavior?
7. Why might someone help another person to alleviate their own distress?
8. What does the text suggest about humanity’s innate relationship with helping
others?
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