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Файл:Mind Matters English for Clinical Psychologists. Учебное пособие
.pdf
41
FINAL TASKS
1. Write down the crossword (in a notebook) and solve it
The Work of a Psychologist
Across
Down
1. A professional relationship that helps
people explore problems and make
decisions
3. Deep understanding of a person’s
own thoughts or behavior
5. process of treatment aimed at
helping people deal with psychological
problems.
7. A strong feeling such as happiness,
anger, or fear.
9. The way a person acts, especially
towards others
1. The mental process of knowing,
understanding, and reasoning
2. A person who seeks help from a
psychologist
4. A deeply distressing or disturbing
experience often leading to
psychological difficulties
6. A mental or emotional state caused
by tension or pressure
8. The part of a person that enables
thinking, feeling, and consciousness
42
UNIT 3
Psychological Disorders
1. Read and translate the text
Individuals Prone to Mental Health Issues
Mental health issues are the health issues that influence thinking, mood,
natural cognition, emotional regulation and behaviour and cause distress in various
areas of cognitive functioning, causing thoughts of self-injury or suicide in severe
cases. Mental health is a state of optimum mental well-being that allows a person
to learn well, work well, utilise their abilities and contribute positively to the
community (WHO).
Mental health determines stress management and enables a person to
make appropriate lifestyle choices. It is essential at every stage of life, from
childhood to old age. It creates a positive outlook on life, allows a person to enjoy
life, better cope with stresses, improve creativity, develop better and stronger
relationships, make valuable contributions to the family and community, and
improve self-esteem. Poor mental health compromises all these things.
According to a 2017 report on the Global Burden of Disease by the
Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation (IMHE), just shy of 971 million people
around the world experienced mental disorders, slightly more than one out
every ten humans alive. According to authors of a 2018 article on Mental Health
published on the site Our World In Data, it’s entirely possible that this number is
higher as uncertainty on the data on mental health is high. Mental health
disorders are wholly underreported, especially in data-scarce lower-income
countries.
With a significant portion of the world's population grappling with
depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, schizophrenia,
or other mental health challenges, certain groups on our planet are more prone
to these issues than others.
Populations at increased risk for mental health problems include:
Children, especially those without a family or a guardian;
Seniors, particularly those who have lost family members who took care
of them;
People living in poverty;
People affected by particularly stressful events/traumas, including
violence, conflict, forced migration;
People with disabilities;
43
People who are subject to social stigmatization, such as sex workers,
people with severe mental disorders, and victims of sexual violence;
Individuals who are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses,
including political activists, members of ethnic or linguistic minorities, individuals
in institutional settings, detainees, and those who have experienced human
rights violations in the past, etc.
Good mental well-being is essential for a quality life. Mental well-being
doesn't mean a person is always happy and cheerful. It means that a person is
able to cope with the stresses and experience healthy emotions. Here are some
practical tips that help boost mental well-being:
Engage in physical activities;
Improve mindfulness;
Learning new and useful skills;
Improve diet and sleep;
Add contemplation and leisure to the priorities.
1. Translate the following words and word combinations
Mental health —
Self-injury —
Self-esteem —
Mental disorder —
Anxiety —
Eating disorders —
Schizophrenia —
Trauma —
Social stigmatization —
Leisure —
2. Translate into English
1. Проблемы с психическим здоровьем — это проблемы со здоровьем,
которые влияют на мышление, настроение, естественное познание,
эмоциональную регуляцию и поведение и вызывают расстройства в
различных областях когнитивного функционирования.
2. Слабое психическое здоровье ставит под угрозу способность жить
полной жизнью и наслаждаться ей.
3. Данные о психических расстройствах сильно занижены, особенно в
странах с низким уровнем дохода.
4. Значительная часть населения земного шара страдает от различных
психических расстройств таких как депрессия, тревожное расстройство,
расстройств пищевого поведения.
5. Исследования показывают, что некоторые психические расстройства
имеют наследственную природу.
44
3. Fill in the gaps and write down the sentences in a notebook
________ in physical activities;
Improve mind_______;
Learning new and useful _______;
_________ diet and sleep;
Add contemplation and ________ to the priorities.
4. Match the terms on the left with the corresponding descriptions on the right
1. Trauma
a. Mental disorder the main signs of which area decreased
mood (depressed, depressed, dreary, anxious, fearful or in
different) and a decrease or loss of the ability to enjoy.
2. Disorder
b. This is a serious mental disorder that is accompanied by
impaired thinking, perception and behavior.
3. Depression
c. Severe emotional shock following a distressing experience.
4. Schizophrenia
d. A pathological condition that disrupts the normal functions
of the body.
5. Based on the content of the text, write 5-7 sentences about the factors affecting
mental health
1. Read the text and write a short summary. Answer the questions based on the
content of the text and your own knowledge
1. Can we say that positive thinking reduces the risks of mental problems?
2. What biological factors influence the development of mental health
problems?
3. How do social factors contribute to mental disorders?
4. Why does chronic stress increase the risk of developing mental disorders?
5. How do nutrition and physical activity affect emotional well-being?
The Factors of Mental Health Issues
Human understanding of diseases and body conditions has evolved
along with the development of civilization. Previously, it was enough for people
to identify the external manifestations of the disease, such as fever, weakness,
or cough. For example, a high fever was considered an independent disease
("fever"), whereas now science explains it as a response of the immune system
to the presence of bacteria or viruses. Consequently, our perception of health
has evolved from a superficial observation of symptoms to a profound
comprehension of the internal processes of the body.
45
According to the World Health Organization, 970 million people with
mental disorders were registered worldwide in 2019. In our country, according
to statistics from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, about 1% of
the population are people with mental disorders who are registered in
neuropsychiatric dispensaries.
Mental disorders develop due to the interaction of various factors, each
of which plays a role. This is a complex problem that includes genetics, brain
physiology, human personality traits, the environment, and socio-cultural living
conditions. It is the combination of all these aspects that determines the
occurrence of a particular disease, so it is almost impossible to single out one
main cause.
Some factors that can lead to mental health issues:
Stress. Chronic or acute stress can cause emotional exhaustion and a
disruption of neurotransmitter balance in the brain;
Infections. Some infectious diseases can damage the nervous system,
disrupt its function, and cause mental health problems;
Injuries. Both physical (for example, traumatic brain injuries) and
psychological (such as financial difficulties, loss of a loved one, or sexual
violence), can lead to stress, which disrupts the functioning of the hormonal and
immune systems;
Heredity. Certain mental disorders are inherited from parents to their
offspring;
Personal factors. These factors comprise an individual's unique
personality and emotional disposition, including their propensity for intimacy,
vulnerability to depression, heightened sensitivity, excessive worry, and unease;
Psychoactive substances. The abuse of alcoholic beverages and illegal
drugs has a toxic effect on the nervous system and leads to the formation of
dependence;
Physical pathologies. The progression of certain illnesses can be
accompanied by psychological manifestations or may be exacerbated by them;
Social factors. Lack of support, conflicts in the family or at work,
discrimination or isolation can contribute to the development of mental illness.
To diagnose and treat mental health problems, you need to contact a
specialist, for example, a psychologist or a psychotherapist. Do not selfmedicate. Take care of yourself!
46
2. Write down the statements and mark the statements "true"(t), "false"(f) by
reading the text and drawing on personal experience
STATEMENT
NOTE
Genetics plays a significant role in the development of
mental illnesses.
Severe life events, such as the loss of loved ones or
divorce, can increase the risk of developing
depression.
The presence of bad habits, such as smoking and
alcohol consumption, can have a positive impact on
mental health.
The psychological effects of traumatic childhood
events do not persist into adulthood.
To diagnose and treat mental health problems, you
need to contact a specialist.
Public recognition and support help prevent mental
health problems.
In Russia, about50%of the population consists of
people with mental disorders who are registered in
neuropsychiatric dispensaries.
3. Read the text and write a short summary
Stress
Stress is an adaptive response of the body to environmental changes
that helps a person adapt to new conditions or cope with threats.
For the first time, the concept of "stress" was introduced into physiology
and psychology by Walter Cannon in his classic works on the universal fight-orflight response.
In 1936, the famous stress researcher and Canadian physiologist, Hans
Selye, published his first work on the general adaptation syndrome. However,
for a long time, he avoided using the term "stress", because it was often used to
refer to neuropsychic stress ("fight-or-flight" syndrome). Only in 1946 did G.
Selye begin to systematically use the term for general adaptive stress.
In psychological science, there are various types of stress. For example:
Eustress. It is "useful" stress that mobilizes the body's resources to
solve problems;
Distress. It is a harmful and destructive stress that the body cannot
cope with;
47
Acute stress. It is a temporary response to a specific event or situation.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as a major life change, a difficult
task, or a traumatic event. Acute stress usually lasts for a short period of time
and can cause physical and emotional symptoms, such as anxiety, irritability,
and fatigue;
Chronic stress. This type of stress is characterized by prolonged and
constant stress caused by long-standing problems.
Stress can be caused by both internal and external factors.
External factors: major life events (wedding, divorce, childbirth),
physical or mental health issues, natural disasters;
Internal factors: untreated mental health issues, internal conflicts
(between "needs"and "wants").
Stress manifests itself in various ways.
1) Emotional symptoms:
Shock, disbelief, and denial of the
situation;
Fear, anxiety, and panic;
Anger, irritability, and frustration;
Shame, guilt, and regret;
Despair, helplessness, and
hopelessness;
Emotional detachment, apathy, and
disconnection;
Decreased interest, motivation, and
engagement in daily activities.
2) Physical symptoms:
High blood pressure, rapid
heartbeat, shortness of breath;
Dizziness, headache, muscle tension;
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;
Trembling, sweating;
Fatigue, weakness;
Sleep disorders (insomnia,
nightmares, restless sleep).
3) Cognitive symptoms:
Impaired memory and
concentration;
Disorientation, confusion of
consciousness;
Inability to make decisions;
Constan tobsessive thoughts about
what happened.
4) Behavioral symptoms:
Avoidance of anything that might
cause injury;
Agitation, restlessness, or decreased
activity;
Alcohol or drug use;
Self-harm, either consciously or
unconsciously.
To reduce stress, the following methods and techniques have been found
to be effective in psychology:
Physical activity. Regular exercise stimulates the release of endorphins,
the body's natural feel-good hormones, which help to alleviate stress;
Breathing practices. Deep breathing can help to soothe the nervous
system and alleviate physical tension;
Muscle relaxation. Gradual muscle relaxation can help to consistently
release muscle groups, reducing overall physical stress;
48
Massage. Professional or self-administered massage can help to
alleviate muscle tension and improve overall body tone;
Meditation and mindfulness. Meditation practices and mindfulness
techniques allow you to focus on the present moment, reduce anxiety and
stress;
Psychotherapy. Sessions with a therapist can help uncover the origins of
stress and create personalized approaches to manage it;
Volunteering. By assisting others, we can divert our attention from our
own issues and feel a sense of purpose and worth;
Time management. Organizing our time and planning our activities
effectively prevents us from feeling overwhelmed and disorganized;
Prioritizing. Concentrating on one task at a time helps us to avoid
feeling overwhelmed and improves our productivity;
Healthy habits. Adopting healthy eating habits, getting enough sleep,
and quitting unhealthy behaviors contribute to our overall well-being and
reduce stress.
These recommendations can be used individually or in combination with
each other to achieve the best result. The selection of approach is contingent
upon individual preferences and attributes.
Stress is a phenomenon that every person faces in their daily lives. Stress
can be unpleasant, but you can work with it by choosing the right way to deal
with it. Each of us can do something right now, for example, take a break or
exercise, but if stress levels are high, it is recommended to seek professional
help.
1. Write down the crossword puzzle and solve it
Down
1. The stress response is a
physiological response to maintain
______
2. first stage of the stress response
3. Second phase of the stress
response
4. amount of stress is not as
important as one's ability to with
stress.
9. A physical symptom of stress that
results in frequent muscle
contractions
Across
5. an effective technique for
managing stress
6. A body system severely weakened
by long-term stress
7. Rated life's most stressful event
8. The stress response is often
referred to as the response or flight
response
10. It is a harmful and destructive
stress that the body cannot cope
with
11. event which produces stress
49
2. Specify the term and write down the sentences in a notebook
1. __________ is a state of intense arousal accompanied by anxiety and fear.
2. __________ is one of the methods of dealing with stress, the meaning of
which is selfless help to others.
3. __________ factors: major life events (wedding, divorce, childbirth), physical
or mental health issues, natural disasters.
3. Write down the statements and mark them "True"(T), "False"(F),
"Unspecified"(Ns)
STATEMENT
NOTE
1. For the first time, the concept of
"stress" was introduced into
physiology and psychology by Alfred
Adler in his classic works on the
universal "fight-or-flight" reaction.
2. Types of stress include eustress,
distress, acute and chronic stress.
3. Stress is a fairly rare phenomenon.
50
4. The choice of stress management
approach depends on the horoscope
for the week.
5. The term "stress" was proposed by
Hans Selye.
6. Despair, helplessness, emotional
attachment, apathy are cognitive
symptoms of stress.
7. You can organize your time by
keeping a daily planner, creating
schedule tables, and structuring tasks.
4. Translate the following phrases
An adaptive response of the body, to cope with threats, fight-or-flight response,
work on the general adaptation syndrome, general adaptive stress, eustress,
distress, acute stress, chronic stress, external, internal, shame, guilt, regret,
dizziness, headache, muscle tension, inability to make decisions, mindfulness,
self-harm.
5. Create a guide on “Tips for Maintaining Mental Health”
Grammar Focus
As a clinical psychologist, you often give advice, express obligation, or talk about
rules and responsibilities when working with patients or describing professional
practice.
Modal verbs such as should, must, and have to help you express different
degrees of necessity and recommendation.
SHOULD — giving advice or recommendations
Subject + should + base verb
You should listen carefully to the patient’s concerns.
The client should try relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.
Negative form: Subject + shouldn’t + base verb
The therapist shouldn’t interrupt when the patient is speaking.
We use should to:
1. Give professional advice or recommendations.
The patient should consult a psychologist.
2. Express moral or ethical duty, not a strict rule.
You should respect the client’s confidentiality.
3. Suggest appropriate behavior in clinical situations.
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