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Файл:Mind Matters English for Clinical Psychologists. Учебное пособие
.pdf
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Therapists should remain calm during crisis interventions.
In clinical psychology use should when advising patients or discussing
therapeutic steps.
MUST — strong obligation or necessity
Subject + must + base verb
A psychologist must maintain patient confidentiality.
You must report any signs of self-harm or suicidal intent.
Negative form: Subject + must not (mustn’t) + base verb
You mustn’t ignore warning signs of depression.
We use must to:
1. Express strong internal obligation (rules, ethics, laws).
Psychologists must follow the professional code of conduct.
2. Indicate something essential or required.
The therapist must document each session carefully.
3. Express logical conclusion.
He’s been very quiet and withdrawn; he must be feeling depressed.
In clinical psychology use must when referring to ethical duties, legal obligations,
or urgent clinical actions (e.g., suicide prevention).
HAVE TO — external obligation or necessity
Subject + have to/has to + base verb
Clinical psychologists have to complete supervised training before
practicing.
He has to attend therapy sessions twice a week.
Negative form: Subject + don’t/doesn’t have to + base verb
You don’t have to make a diagnosis immediately.
We use have to to:
1. Express external obligations (rules, schedules, institutional policies).
Therapists have to write reports after each session.
2. Talk about necessity due to circumstances, not personal will.
The patient has to take medication prescribed by the psychiatrist.
3. Contrast with must — it’s less formal and often refers to rules set by others.
In clinical psychology use have to for institutional, procedural, or practical
obligations, such as hospital rules or treatment protocols.
Function
SHOULD
MUST
HAVE TO
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Function
SHOULD
MUST
HAVE TO
Type of
obligation
Advice / moral
duty
Strong internal /
ethical obligation
External / rule-based
obligation
Strength
Medium
Very strong
Strong, but external
Example
(clinical)
You should talk to
a therapist.
You must report selfharm cases.
You have to follow the
hospital protocol.
Negative
shouldn’t
mustn’t
don’t/doesn’t have to
Meaning of
negative
Not advisable
Forbidden
Not necessary
Clinical Examples
1. A therapist must respect the patient’s privacy.
2. The client should express his emotions freely during therapy.
3. The psychologist has to write a summary after each session.
4. You mustn’t discuss the case with non-professionals.
5. The patient doesn’t have to attend group therapy if he feels uncomfortable.
Complete the sentences with should, must, or have to in the correct form and
write down them in a notebook.
1. A psychologist ______ maintain professional confidentiality.
2. You ______ take a short break if you feel emotionally exhausted.
3. The therapist ______ record all sessions for clinical supervision.
4. Patients with suicidal thoughts ______ be taken seriously.
5. The counselor ______ not give advice outside their area of competence.
Suicide
Ideation [ˌaɪdiˈeɪʃən] — размышления, идеи (в контексте: суицидальные
мысли)
Self-harm [ˌself ˈhɑːm] — самоповреждение
Intervention [ˌɪntəˈvenʃən] — вмешательство, мера предотвращения
Psychiatric disorder [ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk dɪsˈɔːdə] — психиатрическое расстройство
Crisis hotline [ˈkraɪsɪs ˈhɒtlaɪn] — телефон доверия
Risk assessment [rɪsk əˈsesmənt] — оценка риска
Protective factors [prəˈtektɪv ˈfæktəz] — защитные факторы
Coping mechanisms [ˈkəʊpɪŋ ˈmekənɪzəmz] — механизмы совладания
Warning signs [ˈwɔːnɪŋ saɪnz] — предупредительные признаки
Therapeutic alliance [ˌθerəˈpjuːtɪk əˈlaɪəns] — терапевтический альянс,
доверительные отношения между пациентом и терапевтом
53
1. Read the text
Suicidal behavior is one of the most complex and sensitive issues in
clinical psychology. It refers to actions, thoughts, or tendencies that indicate a
person’s desire to end their own life. This behavior can include suicidal ideation,
self-harm, suicide attempts, or completed suicide. Psychologists and other
mental health professionals play a crucial role in recognizing the early signs and
providing effective intervention.
The causes of suicidal behavior are multifactorial. They often include a
combination of psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, bipolar disorder,
or substance abuse. However, social and environmental factors also play a
significant part. Experiences like bullying, social isolation, family conflict, or
trauma can increase vulnerability. In many cases, suicidal behavior is not a
sudden event but a process that develops gradually.
Recognizing warning signs is essential for prevention. Some of these signs
include sudden withdrawal from friends and activities, changes in sleep or
appetite, loss of interest in previously enjoyed things, giving away possessions,
or talking about hopelessness and death. In some cases, individuals may express
their thoughts indirectly through art, writing, or social media posts.
When dealing with a potentially suicidal patient, clinicians must conduct a
careful risk assessment. This includes evaluating the person’s mental state,
access to means of suicide (such as medication or weapons), and history of
previous attempts. Along with identifying risk factors, psychologists should also
consider protective factors, such as family support, religious beliefs, or a strong
therapeutic alliance.
Coping mechanisms and emotional regulation skills can significantly
reduce the risk of suicidal behavior. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) are among the most effective evidence-based
treatments. These approaches help individuals recognize and change negative
thought patterns, develop healthier emotional responses, and build problemsolving skills.
In crisis situations, immediate intervention is necessary. Psychologists may
need to contact crisis hotlines, emergency services, or hospitalize the patient to
ensure safety. Importantly, patients should never be judged or blamed. Building
trust and showing empathy are vital components of effective therapy.
Suicide prevention also requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Collaboration between psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and family
members is essential. Education and public awareness campaigns can help
reduce stigma and encourage people to seek help before a crisis occurs.
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Understanding suicidal behavior means understanding human suffering. It
reminds us that even the smallest act of kindness, attention, or empathy can
make a difference. In the words of many psychologists: suicide prevention starts
with listening.
2. Match the terms with their definitions
a) Ideation
b) Risk assessment
c) Coping mechanisms
d) Protective factors
e) Self-harm
1. ______ Strategies people use to manage
stress and emotions
2. ______ Thoughts or ideas about suicide
3. ______ Behaviors that cause physical injury
to oneself
4. ______ Factors that reduce the likelihood of
suicide
5. ______ Evaluation of a person’s potential for
suicide
3. Write down the sentences in a notebook and mark each statement as T (True)
or F (False) according to the text. Correct the false statements using your own
words
1. Suicidal behavior always appears suddenly.
2. Depression and substance abuse are common risk factors.
3. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help prevent suicidal behavior.
4. Protective factors increase the likelihood of suicide.
5. A strong therapeutic alliance can support recovery.
4. Use the vocabulary from the list to complete the sentences: (intervention, risk
assessment, coping mechanisms, warning signs, self-harm) and write down them
in a notebook
1. The psychologist performed a __________ to understand the patient’s
mental state.
2. Cutting or burning oneself is a form of __________.
3. Sudden isolation or talking about death may be __________.
4. Teaching patients effective __________ can prevent future crises.
5. Immediate __________ is required when a patient expresses suicidal
thoughts.
5. Answer the questions
1. Why is it important to recognize early warning signs of suicidal behavior?
2. How can family members or friends help someone showing suicidal ideation?
3. What role does empathy play in suicide prevention?
55
6. Write a short paragraph (120–150 words) explaining how a clinical
psychologist can support a patient with suicidal thoughts. Use at least
three vocabulary words from the list
7. Discuss: “Suicidal behavior is not only a medical issue, but also a social
and ethical one.” Give at least two psychological and two social
arguments
Listening
Follow the link or scan QR-code and listen to the audio
https://cloud.mail.ru/public/LT1F/K5MXCm9MU
1. Learn the vocabulary
be or feel down (verb): feel sad or depressed
consider (verb): think about
pick on (verb): treat someone badly
address (verb): deal with or talk about something
post (verb): publish a message, picture, or document
phase (noun): a part or step of a process
be at a loss (idiom): not know what to say or do
crisis (noun): dangerous or difficult emergency (plural form is crises)
assessment (noun): a check, test, or evaluation
impact (noun): effect
run the risk (idiom): take the risk
haul (verb): pull, drag, or force someone to go somewhere
2. Fill in the Gaps with appropriate phrase or word and write down them in a
notebook
1. You should take Ashley to see a therapist soon. You just don’t want to
________________ of her doing something to harm herself.
2. We ________________ on how to help our son with his depression, so we
got professional help from a therapist.
3. My sister ________________ since she lost her job.
4. Your physical health can have an ________________ on your emotional
health.
5. You should ________________ meeting with a psychologist to discuss your
concerns and problems.
6. How is the school ________________ the two recent suicides with all of the
students?
56
7. The hospital needs to do an ________________ of his emotional state before
they admit him.
8. Some people might say that feeling down is just a ________________ in a
teenager’s life, but such situations should be taken seriously.
9. Several boys were ________________ Andrew at school today, and now he
doesn’t want to go to school tomorrow.
10. Three girls ________________ terrible messages about our daughter
online, and now she is feeling very depressed and suicidal.
11. The loss of a job, good health, or loved one can be significant
________________ that everyone might face at some point in their lives.
12. The police had to ________________ the man to the hospital because he
became a danger to himself.
3. Match the psychological terms with their definitions
Term
Definition
1. Depression
a. Behavior of deliberately harming oneself as a way to
cope with emotional pain
2. Bullying
b. Deep sadness and loss of interest lasting for a long
period
3. Self-harm
c. The act of intimidating or mistreating someone weaker
4. Assessment
d. A professional evaluation of a patient’s mental state
5. Crisis hotline
e. A phone service for people in emotional distress
4. Answer the questions in complete sentences
1. How long has Daniel been feeling depressed?
2. What signs of depression are mentioned in the dialogue?
3. What behaviors show that his situation is serious?
4. What advice does the woman give to the man?
5. What does she suggest about taking Daniel to the hospital?
5. Imagine you are two clinical psychologists discussing Daniel’s case.
Use these prompts to guide your conversation
What symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation do you notice?
What possible risk factors can you identify?
What would be your first steps in psychological intervention?
Which therapy method could be effective in this case? (CBT, crisis
intervention, family therapy, etc.)
57
6. Complete the sentences with should, must, or have to and write down them in a
notebook
1. He ______ take Daniel to a mental health specialist immediately.
2. You ______ ignore these symptoms; they’re serious.
3. The father ______ show emotional support and care.
4. They ______ call a crisis hotline for advice.
5. The family ______ stay in contact with the therapist after the first visit.
7. Write 3 short recommendations to Daniel’s father using modals
8. Write a short case report (100–120 words) based on the dialogue.
Include
Patient’s symptoms
Possible causes
Risk level
Recommended interventions
Example beginning:
The case describes a teenage boy, Daniel, who has shown symptoms of
depression for about six months. He has lost motivation, withdrawn from social
contact, and displayed self-harm behavior…
Drug Addiction
Addiction [əˈdɪkʃən] — зависимость
Substance abuse [ˈsʌbstəns əˈbjuːs] — злоупотребление психоактивными
веществами
Withdrawal [wɪðˈdrɔːəl] — синдром отмены, ломка
Tolerance [ˈtɒlərəns] — привыкание, толерантность
Craving [ˈkreɪvɪŋ] — сильное желание, влечение
Relapse [rɪˈlæps] — рецидив, возвращение к употреблению
Rehabilitation [ˌriːəˌbɪlɪˈteɪʃən] — реабилитация, восстановление
Detoxification [ˌdiːtɒksɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] — детоксикация, очищение организма
Counseling [ˈkaʊnsəlɪŋ] — психологическое консультирование
Comorbidity [ˌkəʊmɔːˈbɪdəti] — сопутствующее психическое или физическое
расстройство
1. Read the text and write the short summary
Understanding Drug Addiction
Drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is a chronic and
relapsing condition characterized by the compulsive use of drugs despite
harmful consequences. It affects the brain’s reward system, leading to changes
58
in mood, motivation, and behavior. People suffering from addiction often lose
control over their ability to choose not to use the substance, and their daily lives
become centered around the drug.
Addiction typically develops gradually. It often begins with recreational
use, when a person takes a drug out of curiosity or to relieve stress. Over time,
the brain adapts to the presence of the substance, building tolerance —
meaning that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect. As physical
dependence develops, stopping the drug causes unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms, such as anxiety, shaking, sweating, or nausea.
The psychological component of addiction is equally powerful. Users may
experience intense cravings that make it extremely difficult to resist the urge to
use again. This can lead to repeated cycles of relapse, even after long periods of
abstinence. Addiction can destroy relationships, lead to job loss, financial
problems, and severe health issues including liver disease, heart failure, or brain
damage.
From a clinical psychology perspective, drug addiction is not merely a lack
of willpower but a mental health disorder involving both biological and
psychological processes. Many patients with addiction also suffer from
comorbidity, such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Treating these co-occurring conditions is crucial for effective recovery.
Effective treatment usually begins with detoxification, a medically
supervised process that helps remove the drug from the body and manage
withdrawal symptoms. However, detox alone is rarely sufficient. Long-term
success requires psychological support, behavioral therapy, and sometimes
medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing are
common psychological interventions that help individuals recognize destructive
thought patterns and develop healthier coping strategies.
Rehabilitation programs often combine medical treatment, counseling,
and peer support to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of
addiction. Inpatient rehab centers offer structured environments with 24-hour
care, while outpatient programs allow individuals to continue their work or
education while receiving therapy.
Preventing relapse is one of the biggest challenges in addiction treatment.
Building a strong support system, avoiding triggers, and maintaining regular
therapy sessions are key strategies. Psychologists emphasize the importance of
self-awareness, goal-setting, and developing positive habits to replace
destructive behaviors.
Drug addiction remains a major public health issue worldwide, affecting
millions of people and their families. By understanding addiction as a complex
biopsychosocial disorder, clinicians can approach patients with empathy rather
59
than judgment. Early intervention, education, and consistent psychological care
can change lives — proving that recovery, though difficult, is always possible.
2. Match the term with its definition
a) Withdrawal
b) Craving
c) Tolerance
d) Relapse
e) Rehabilitation
_____ Returning to drug use after a period of recovery
_____ A strong desire or urge to take the substance
again
_____ A process of physical and psychological recovery
from addiction
_____ Physical and emotional symptoms that occur after
stopping drug use
_____ Needing larger amounts of a substance to get the
same effect
3. Write down the sentences in a notebook and mark each statement as T (True)
or F (False) according to the text. Correct the false statements using your own
words
1. Addiction only affects the body, not the mind.
2. Detoxification is the final step of addiction treatment.
3. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help prevent relapse.
4. Comorbidity means having two or more disorders at the same time.
5. Cravings are a temporary and weak desire to use drugs.
3. Fill in the gaps and write down the sentences in a notebook
Use the vocabulary from the list: (addiction, tolerance, counseling, relapse,
detoxification)
1. Medical __________ helps patients safely stop using drugs.
2. Many people experience a __________ after months of abstinence.
3. Psychological __________ can provide emotional support and motivation.
4. As the body builds __________, more of the drug is needed.
5. __________ affects both brain chemistry and behavior.
4. Answer the questions
1. What are the main psychological causes of drug addiction?
2. Why is relapse common even after treatment?
3. How can society reduce stigma toward people with addiction?
5. Write a short paragraph (120–150 words) explaining how clinical
psychologists can support individuals with addiction during recovery.
Use at least three vocabulary words from the list
60
Listening
Follow the link or scan QR-code and listen to the audio
https://cloud.mail.ru/public/k1Nj/KzzPmGVFY
1. Learn the vocabulary
face the facts (verb): come face to face with something difficult
figure (verb): believe or conclude
buck (noun): informal for dollar
run (verb): function or operate
confront (verb): come face to face with something difficult
escalate (verb): grow bigger, intensify
blow up (verb): suddenly get angry
2. Fill in the gaps with appropriate phrase or word and write down the sentences
in a notebook
I ________________ that that drug rehab is going to take a lot of time and
money to be successful.
My wife ________________ when she found cigarettes in our daughter’s
bedroom.
This flashlight ________________ on AAA batteries.
My parents ________________ me about the drugs they found in the car.
Let’s ________________. Your brother has a real substance abuse problem.
Drug use has ________________ in some schools across the nation.
I’m not going to lend ________________you a single ________________ to
support your bad habit.
3. Answer the questions below. Use full sentences and refer to the dialogue
1. What signs made Stacy think her sister was using drugs again?
2. How does Brandon react to the information?
3. What examples does Stacy give to support her opinion?
4. What does Stacy suggest they should do?
5. Why is Brandon hesitant to confront Stephanie?
4. Work in groups of three
Roles: Stacy, Brandon, and a clinical psychologist.
Recreate the conversation, but this time the psychologist mediates
between them. The psychologist should use empathy, open-ended questions,
and supportive language. Try to include professional phrases such as:
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