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Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет

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[НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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Medicine. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков чтения, перевода и устной речи на английском языке для студентов специальности «Лечебное дело»

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D. Ask questions about the information in italics.

Example: The first tadpole was cloned in 1968. (When...?) When was the first

tadpole cloned?

1. "Virus" has become a fashionable medical diagnosis. (What...?)

2. Research into such therapies has expanded markedly in the past five to 10

years. (When...?)

3. Today two thirds or more of these episodes can be prevented with medication.

(How...?)

4. Both these groups are placed in the kingdom Protista. (Where...?)

5. Tadpoles have been cloned a lot of times since 1968. (How many times...?)

6. Bandages are wound with even firm pressure to prevent further bleeding.

(Why...?)

7. The patient should be lead to a tap or sink. (Who...?)

Ex. 4. Rearrange these series of words to form sentences (or questions):

Example: formed / cells / are / division / by / ones / old / of/ new. — New cells

are formed by division of old ones.

1. formed / cells / are / division / by / ones / old /of/ new.

2. can / damaged / be / cells / and / killed / invasion / by / bacterial.

3. and / cells / epithelial / found / in / the / are / membranes / glands / skin.

4. muscle / where / are / cells / found?

5. malaria / is / by / tiny / a / parasite / caused / which / is / carried / mosquitoes / by?

6. results / the / what / are / artificial / of/ fertilization / called?

7. exact/nature/the/ viruses /of/has /been/not/settled/yet.

8. have / many / been / names / given / the / to / cancer / cells / different.

Ex. 5. Give English equivalents of the following phrases:

стенки кровеносных сосудов, пищеварительный тракт, костный мозг, по суще-

ству, репродуктивная система клетки, передавать сигналы, вырабатывать (производить) гормоны, красные кровяные тельца, кроветворные органы, спинной мозг, гладкая мышца.

Ex. 6. Here are some answers. What are the questions?

1. With a single fertilized egg cell.

2. By division of old ones.

3. To stimuli from the environment outside their walls.

4. By direct injury, by lack of foodstuff, etc.

5. Anything that cuts off the blood supply to a part of the body.

6. By replacement of cells.

7. In the skin, membranes, and glands.

8. To expand and contract.

Ex. 7. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. Most cells can be seen with the naked eye.

2. It is now known how new cells are formed.

3. The environment outside the walls of the cells does not affect the cells.

4. No one knows how different kinds of cells function.

5. Poison from chemical substances can kill cells.

6. A disease does not damage or deform cells.

7. Nerve cells cannot replace themselves.

8. Secretions are poured out by epithelial cells.

9. Scar tissue is a replacement of other tissue with muscle cells.

10.Smooth muscle cells are found in the voluntary muscles of the body.

Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Клетка — это масса протоплазмы, ограниченная клеточной стенкой.

2. Ядро — это сердцевина и репродуктивная система клетки.

3. Клетки соединительных тканей можно найти в костях, хрящах, связках

и сухожилиях.

4. Белые и красные клетки крови (кровяные тельца) формируются в крове-

творных органах (костном мозге).

5. Виды клеток в человеческом теле могут быть классифицированы сле-

дующим образом.

6. Какова функция эпителиальных клеток?

Ex. 9. Read about the structure of the cell:

Each cell is an invisibly small bag containing liquid cytoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane that regulates the passage of useful substances into the cell and waste materials and manufactured substances out of the cell. Some cells have microvilli, protections that increase the cells’ surface area to facilitate absorption.

All cells, except red blood cells, have a nucleus, a control center that governs all major cell activities. Inside the nucleus are the chromosomes, which are made of the nucleic acid DNA. This contains the instructions for protein synthesis, which are carried into the cytoplasm by a type of RNA, another nucleic acid, and are decoded in particles called ribosomes. The nucleus also contains a spherical structure called the nucleolus, which plays a role in the production of ribosomes.

The cell also contains various organelles, each with a specific role. Energy is generated from the breakdown of sugars and fatty acids by mitochondria. Substances that would damage the cell if they came into contact with the cytoplasm are contained in particles called lysosomes and peroxisomes. A system of membranes in the cytoplasm called the endoplasmic reticulum transports materials through the cell. Flattened sacs called the Golgi complex receive and process proteins dispatched by the endoplasmic reticulum. Products for export, such as enzymes and hormones, are secreted by vesicles at the cell surface.

Other materials, water, and waste products are transported and stored in the cytoplasm by vacuoles. The cytoplasm itself has a network of fine tubes (microtubules) and filaments (microfilaments) known as the cytoskeleton, which gives the cell a definite shape.

Answer the questions:

What is the function of microvilli?

What is made of DNA?

What is nucleolus?

What do lysosomes and peroxisomes contain?

What are mitochondria?

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

What do vacuoles do?

What is the cytoskeleton?

Look at the picture and speak about the structure of the cell using the questions.

Ex. 10. Find more information about different kinds of cells and make short presentations in Power Point. Give your presentations in class, prepare questions to your fellow students.

YOU HAVE TO KNOW

Латинизмы в английском языке (am, pm, etc)

1) даты и вpемя:

A.D. = anno Domini (in the year of the Lord) — после Pождества Христова

B.C. = before Christ — до Pождества Христова, но:

C.E. = Common Era — н.э. (более "наукообpазный" ваpиант)

B.C.E. = before the Common Era — до н.э. ("наукообpазный")

circa = около, приблизительно

a.m. = ante meridiem — до полудня

p.m. = post meridiem — после полудня

2) пpочие латинские аббpевиации:

e.g. = exempli gratia — "к пpимеpу": "...shells, e.g. incendiary, cumulative, high-explosive"

i.e. = id est — "т.е.": "...shells, i.e. cannon-launched projectiles"

viz = videlicit — "а именно": "...shells, viz incendiary, armour-piercing, high-

explosive"

etc. = &c. = et cetera — "и так далее": "...projectiles, e.g. unguided missiles, cannon shells, etc."

NB! Не надо писать "and etc.", так как and ("et") уже включен во фpазу.

В списке etc пpедваpяется запятой; впpочем, если сам пеpечисляемый pяд пpедметов содеpжит собственно единичный пpедмет, тогда запятую можно (как пpавило, нужно) опустить — "shells etc." et al. = 1) et alii — "и дpугие". Пpименимо, как пpавило, к людям. = 2) et alibi = and elsewhere (pедк.)

NB! Во всех пpиведённых пpимеpах можно опускать точки: e.g. = eg,

i.e. = ie

Собственно, NB — nota bene, "заметь". Ставится перед ремарками.

TEXT 8. THE HUMAN BODY

Read, translate and learn the words:

trunk, limb, cartilage, ligament, joint, skull, cranial, facial, enclose, jaw, temple, cheek, cheekbone, tongue, breathe, spine, chest, vertebra, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx, cavity, thorax, belly, breastbone, connect, lungs, forearm, stomach, gallbladder, intestines, ankle, muscle, nipple, diaphragm, wrist.

Read and translate the text:

The human body consists of three parts. They are the head, the trunk and the limbs. There are many bones of different sizes and shapes in the skeleton. The bones are connected together by the cartilages, the ligaments and joints. The joints allow the bones to move.

The main part of the head is called the skull. The bones of the skull are composed of cranial and facial parts. The skull encloses the brain. The forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth compose the face. The teeth and the tongue are lodged in the mouth.

One chews food with the teeth and tastes food with the tongue. The lips are the two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe and smell with the nose and hear with ears.

The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones. In the spine there are many vertebrae. They are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by diaphragm. The upper cavity of the trunk is called thorax and the lower one is called the belly. In the middle of the thorax (the chest) there is a long bone the breastbone by name. The ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages.

The lungs and the heart are located above the diaphragm the upper cavity. In the lower cavity (abdominal cavity) we find interior organs such as stomach, liver, urinary bladder, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen and intestines (bowels). There are two nipples on the chest, and, in women, the breasts with the teats. There is the naval in the middle of the abdomen. At the lowest part of the abdomen there are genitals (the external reproductive organs).

The upper limb (extremity) is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand.

The joint between upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The wrist is the joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index (fore finger), middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.

The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone (the femur), the shinbone (the tibia) and the fibula.

We call the calf the back of the lower leg. The joint between the femur and the lower leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap (the patella). The joints between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.

The muscles form about 40 per cent of the body weight. They are subdivided in-

noun

verb

adjective

preposition

to three groups.

These groups are the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities. There are about 600 skeletal muscles. As far as their form is concerned, they can be long, wide and short. The long muscles compose the free extremities, the wide ones lay on the trunk and from the walls of the body cavities. The short muscles are not numerous. Some of them form facial muscles. Muscles are attached to bones, internal organs and blood vessels. They allow us to make an internal or external movement due to their contraction and relaxation.

As for the structure of the muscles, there are also three types of them: striated (skeletal) muscles, smooth (visceral) muscles and a cardiac muscle. The first ones move all the bones, face and eyes.

The second ones move our internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels and secretory ducts. We have no conscious control over visceral muscles and a cardiac muscle. The muscles contain many muscle fibers (cells) which are connected together by connective tissue.

It is understood that there are many nerves and blood vessels in the muscles.

Glossary:

abdominal cavity — брюшная полость;

thigh-bone [ˈθaɪbəun] — бедренная кость;

shinbone [ˈʃɪnbəʊn] — большеберцовая кость;

knee-joint [niː dʒɔɪnt]– коленный сустав;

knee-cap — коленная чашечка;

pelvic bone — тазовая кость;

striated [straɪˈeɪtɪd] (skeletal) muscles — полосатые мышцы;

smooth [smuːð] (visceral) muscles — гладкие (висцеральные) мышцы;

cardiac [ˈkɑːdɪæk] muscle — сердечная мышца;

digestive [dɪˈdʒɛstɪv] tract — пищеварительный тракт;

secretory ducts — выводные протоки;

connective tissue — соединительная ткань;

thumb [θʌm] — большой палец (руки);

fibula — малоберцовая кость.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Define the part of speech, fill in the table below:

chew, cranial, temple, jaw, forehead, allow, cartilage, bladder, vessel, facial, cervical, vertebrae, pelvic, breast, upper, spleen, urinary, sole, compose, ankle, extremity, skeletal, blood, relaxation, move, cardiac, cavity, numerous, fiber, connective, between, sacral, thorax.

Ex. 2. Form the plural form of the nouns:

enclose

размещать

smell

дышать

locate

образовывать

connect

состоять из

compose

заключать, окружать

breathe

нюхать

divide

присоединять

form

позволять

attach

составлять

allow

делить

consist of

соединять

temple, jaw, forehead, cartilage, bladder, vessel, vertebra, breast, spleen, sole, ankle, extremity, blood, relaxation, cavity, fiber, thorax, tongue, belly, woman, index, tissue.

Ex. 3. Fill in the missing adjectives:

pelvic, sacral, digestive, abdominal, upper, blood, urinary, cervical, skeletal, thoracic, connective, lower, lumbar, internal

1. There are about 600 … muscles.

2. Muscles are attached to bones, … organs and … vessels.

3. The muscles contain many muscle fibers (cells) which are connected together

by… tissue.

4. In the… cavity (abdominal cavity) we find interior organs.

5. The lungs and the heart are located above the diaphragm the… cavity.

6. There are …, …, …, … vertebrae and the coccyx in the spine.

7. The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the … bones.

8. We can find … bladder in the … cavity.

9. Smooth (visceral) muscles move our internal organs such as … tract.

Ex.4. Translate into English:

брюшная полость, кровеносный сосуд, внутренние органы, соединительная ткань, тазовая кость, мочевой пузырь, шейный позвонок, нижняя полость, скелетная мышца, грудной позвонок, поясничный позвонок, крестцовый позвонок.

Ex. 5. Match the verbs with their Russian equivalents:

Ex. 6. Replace the verbs in brackets by their English equivalents:

1. The trunk (состоит из) the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones.

2. The diaphragm (делит) the trunk into two large cavities.

3. Cartilages (соединяют) the ribs with the breastbone.

4. The skull (окружает) the brain.

5. The cranial and facial parts (составляют) the bones of the skull.

6. We (дышим) with the nose.

7. The foot (состоит из) heel, sole and toes.

8. The muscles (образуют) about 40 per cent of the body weight.

9. They (подразделены) into three groups.

10. The joints (позволяют) the bones to move.

Ex. 7. Translate the words and word combinations into Russian:

human body, abdominal cavity, ligament, cartilage, cranial part, facial part, forehead, cheekbone, tongue, pelvic bones, chest, breastbone, urinary bladder, body weight, extremity, internal organ, external organ, facial muscle, cardiac muscle, blood vessel, digestive tract, muscle fiber, connective tissue.

Ex. 8. Write the words and word combinations in English:

мочевой пузырь, внутренние органы, соединительная ткань, брюшная полость, грудная клетка, позвоночник, туловище, кровеносный сосуд, верхние конечности, тазовые кости, желудок, пищеварительный тракт, сердечная мышца, лоб, скула, указательный палец, бедренная кость, коленная чашечка, хрящ, связка, язык, мышечные волокна.

Ex. 9. Replace the words and word combinations in brackets by their English equivalents:

1. The three parts of the human body are (голова), (туловище) и (конечности).

2. (Суставы) allow the bones to move.

3. The bones of (череп) are composed of (черепная) and (лицевая) parts.

4. (Лоб), the temples, the cheeks, (скулы), the two jaws and (рот) compose

the face.

5. (Туловище) consists of the spine, (грудная клетка) and (тазовые кости).

6. (Позвоночник) consists of (шейный), thoracic, (поясничный), sacral verte-

brae and (копчик).

7. (Ребра) are connected with the breastbone by (хрящи).

8. (Внутренние органы) such as stomach, liver, (мочевой пузырь), (желчный

пузырь), kidneys, spleen and intestines are in the abdominal cavity.

9. (Верхняя конечность) is divided into (плечо), (предплечье) and the hand.

10. (Мышцы) are attached to bones, (внутренние органы) and (кровеносные

сосуды).

Ex. 10. Match the words with their definitions:

stomach, abdominal cavity, urinary bladder, breastbone, trunk, skull, digestive tract, blood vessel.

1. The main part of the head.

2. A part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout

the human body.

3. The largest body cavity in humans.

4. An organ system responsible for consuming and digesting foodstuffs, absorb-

ing nutrients, and expelling waste.

5. The organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal

by urination.

6. A muscular, hollow, dilated part of the digestive system which functions as an

important organ of the digestive tract.

7. A long flat bony plate located in the center of the thorax and connected to the

ribs by cartilages.

8. The central part of the body, comprising the chest and abdomen.

Ex. 11. Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The head, the trunk and the limbs are the three main parts of the human body.

2. The lower cavity of the trunk is called thorax.

3. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae compose the face.

4. Elbow is the joint between upper arm and forearm.

5. The spine, the chest and the pelvic bones compose the trunk.

6. Cartilages connect ribs with the breastbone.

7. 50 per cent of the body weight take the muscles.

8. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.

9. Cardiac muscles move our internal organs.

10. Visceral muscles cannot be easily controlled.

Ex. 12. Make up a plan of the text. Write out key words and phrases for each point of the plan. Speak about a human body using the plan. You can use pictures in Appendix.

SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS

Text 1

Read the text.

Our skeleton forms a strong, solid internal framework of bones for our body, yet our bones only make up about 14% of our total body weight. Bones get their elasticity from tough elastic ropelike fibers of collagen. The core of some small bones is called marrow, it is soft and jellylike. The hard outside of bones is reinforced by strong rods called osteons. Bones have special cells called osteoblasts that make new bone and osteoclasts that break up the old bone. Bones grow by getting longer on the ends called the epiphyseal plate or growth plate. Bones are made rigid by hard deposits of minerals like phosphate and calcium. The bones of the skeleton support our skin, give our body shape, protect and support our organs and make it possible for us to move by acting as single and double levers. Bones do not move on their own; muscles move our bones by pulling on them. Muscles cannot push against the bone, so muscles come in pairs, one muscle pulls the bone one way and the paired muscle

pulls the bone back the other way. Some bones come in pairs that are almost identical in size and shape — the bones in the left arm are the same as the bones in the right arm. There are also single bones in the median plane of our body — the vertebrae in our back and neck. However, since our bones are constantly being rebuilt as we get older, both their structure and form can change. Our bones can be rigidly connected to each other or joined by rubbery cartilage, or flexibly linked by muscular or ligamentous joints. An adult skeleton has 206 bones, although some people have extra bones in their spine (backbone). A baby’s skeleton has 300 bones or more. As the baby grows, some of the bones fuse such as the bones in the skull and the pelvis. Most girls and women have smaller skeletons than boys and men of the same age. There are two main parts of the skeleton—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Check your comprehension:

1. Collagen makes our bones elastic.