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Файл:Medicine. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков чтения, перевода и устной речи на английском языке для студентов специальности «Лечебное дело»
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P. — Here, doctor.
D. — Strip to the waist, please, and lie down on the couch.
D. — Which side did you say the pain was on?
P. — Right here, doctor.
D. — Any rigidity here?
P. — I don’t feel any.
D. — Here?
P. — Oh, yes.
D. — What have you been eating of late?
P. — Well, I think everything that I’ve always been used to — meat, cabbage
and the like.
D. — Does this often happen with you?
P. — Not that I remember, doctor.
D. — Seems you will have to be operated on for appendicitis.
P. — Yes? I’m rather scared, doctor.
D. — You needn’t be. Stand up and let me check your heart and blood pressure.
P. — Is it all right, doctor?
D. — Yes, and your blood pressure is almost normal too. Put this under your
armpit. A slight temperature. You may dress now. Well, here is an admittance to the
hospital. Goodbye.
Make up a dialogue by analogy with your partner.
YOU HAVE TO KNOW
Глаголы, означающие исцеление
Разные виды исцеления в английском обозначаются разными глаголами.
Глагол “heal” обозначает:
— Всегда некий длительный процесс, в исходе которого никто
не сомневался.
He was finally healed — Наконец-то он вылечился /его вылечили.
— Исцеление раны, перелома, видимого повреждения.
The cut on my hand healed without a trace — Порез у меня на руке бесследно
зажил.
— Процесс, который может произойти сам по себе, без вмешательства.
The burn is small, it will heal itself, don't worry — Ожог маленький, не бойся,
сам заживёт.
Глагол “cure” обозначает:
— Иногда процесс, а иногда некое моментальное, а то и чудесное
исцеление.
Jesus cured lepers — Иисус исцелил прокажённых.
Если «healing» — это процесс самостоятельного излечения, то «curing» —
это процесс приёма лекарств.
— Исцеление болезни, отравления, заражения
This disease cannot be cured yet — Эту болезнь ещё не умеют лечить.
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— Процесс, который не может произойти сам по себе, для которого обязательно нужны некие вещества — противоядие, антибиотик, химиотерапия и пр.
Your acne won't heal itself, but it can be cured with these pills — Ваши угри
сами не пройдут, но их можно вылечить вот этими таблетками.
Хороший пример различия между этими двумя глаголами привёл один хирург, занимающийся раковыми больными. Одна из его пациенток была успешно вылечена, но после лечения впала в депрессию, бросила работу, перестала
видеться с друзьями и выходить из дома — словом, опустилась. Вторая же,
хоть и не избавилась от рака, сумела принять это и достойно прожить оставшиеся дни. Так вот, по словам хирурга, первая пациентка “was cured, but not
healed”, а вторая — “was healed, but not cured”.
То есть, «heal» — это, прежде всего возвращение в нормальное, действующее состояние; а «cure» — это удаление из организма чего-то зловредного,
инородного (яда, раковых клеток, вируса).
Существует ещё глагол «treat», но он имеет значение «оказать медицинскую помощь», «обработать рану», «осмотреть». Не факт, что после таких действий наступит исцеление:
The AIDS can be treated, but it cannot he cured — СПИД можно полечить, но
нельзя вылечить.
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TEXT 5. DISEASE
Read, translate and learn the words:
scientific, investigation, cause, congenital, disorder, obvious, nervous, abnormality,
deformity, fault, chromosomal, embryo, affect, pregnancy, measles, tissue, agent, paralysis, extracellular, fever, shivering, violent, chronic, nutrition, famine, sufficient,
diet, consistently, deficiency, deficient.
Read and translate the text:
For many centuries it was thought that diseases were caused by evil spirits.
Modern medical science, however, has made great advances in the scientific investigation of the causes of disease, and these causes are now grouped into a few general
categories. The following are some of the main categories.
1. Congenital causes of disorders. These act within the womb and result in dis-
orders which are usually obvious at birth such as mongolism, abnormalities of the
nervous system and deformities of the heart. These disorders are caused either by a
fault in the chromosomal structure of the fertilized egg or by damage caused to the
developing embryo in the womb. A developing embryo can be affected by a disease
of the mother. For example, during the early months of pregnancy, German measles
can lead to abnormalities of the heart and ears. The smoking of more than ten cigarettes a day by a pregnant woman may retard the normal growth of the foetus in the
womb. Deformities may also be due to drugs taken during pregnancy.
2. Infection. An enormous number of living things enter the body's tissues, grow
there and cause disease. Infectious agents act in different ways. Viruses act inside the
cells. The polio virus, for example, causes paralysis by growing in and destroying a
particular type of nerve cell in the spinal cord. Bacteria, on the other hand, are mainly extracellular. Malaria, which is still one of the world's greatest killers, destroys the
blood's red cells. It is caused by a tiny parasite which is carried by mosquitoes. Its
symptoms are a high fever, headache and violent shivering. It can result in chronic ill
health or death.
3. Nutrition. The effects of nutrition on health are both direct and indirect as
health depends in many ways on the quantity and quality of diet. Large numbers of
people suffer from chronic starvation, and devastating famine can result from floods,
droughts and poor harvests. Even a diet which is quantitatively sufficient can lead to
disease if it is deficient in vitamins. A diet which consistently lacks a sufficient quantity of a particular vitamin is certain in time to give rise to the corresponding vitamin
deficiency disease.
Glossary:
German measles — коревая краснуха;
extracellular — внеклеточный;
be due [djuː] to — быть обусловленным;
quantitatively [ˈkwɒntɪtətɪvlɪ] — количественно;
is certain in time to give rise to — наверняка со временем приведет к;
vitamin deficiency [dɪˈfɪʃənsɪ] disease — авитаминоз;
fertilized [ˈfəːtɪlaɪzd] egg — оплодотворенная яйцеклетка;
foetus [ˈfiːtəs] — утробный плод.
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EXERCISES
Ex. 1. What is missing? Fill in the missing verbs:
1. These act within the womb and ________ disorders….
2. German measles can ________ to abnormalities …
3. Viruses ______ inside the cells.
4. Its symptoms _________ a high fever, headache and violent shivering.
5. Large numbers of people ________ from chronic starvation…
6. A diet which consistently ________ a sufficient quantity…
7. The smoking of more than ten cigarettes a day by a pregnant woman
may ________ the normal growth of the foetus in the womb.
8. An enormous number of living things _______ the body's tissues, _______
there and ______ disease.
Ex. 2. Give Russian equivalents to the following phrases:
modern medical science, to make great advances, congenital causes of disorders,
a fault in the chromosomal structure, abnormalities of the heart (ears), to be due to
smth., to enter the body’s tissues, to destroy a nerve cell, to result in death,
both…and…, in many ways, deficiency disease
Ex. 3. Here are some answers. What are the questions?
1. To abnormalities of the heart and ears.
2. An enormous number of living things.
3. By growing in and destroying a particular type of nerve cell.
4. Destroys the blood red cells.
5. On the quantity and quality of diet.
Ex. 4. Correct the wrong statements using the following as phrase openings:
1. (I'm afraid) I don't agree.
2. You can't be serious!
3. Actually, as a matter of fact, I think…
4. On the contrary.
5. I don’t believe that.
1. A disease of the mother never affects a developing embryo.
2. Viruses act outside the cells.
3. Bacteria are intracellular.
4. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite carried by sheep.
5. A diet leads to disease if it is sufficient in vitamins.
6. Deformities are due to drugs taken during pregnancy.
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Ex. 5. Give English equivalents to the following phrases. Use them in sen-
tences of your own:
авитаминоз, современная медицинская наука, врожденные причины расстройств, проникать в ткани тела, приводить к смерти, разрушать нервную
клетку, во многих отношениях, дефект в структуре хромосомы, быть обусловленным.
Ex. 6. Choose the correct word corresponding to the definitions below:
cell, disease, congenital, embryo, infection, virus
1. Present, belonging to one from or before birth.
2. Offspring of an animal in the early stage of its development before birth.
3. Communication of disease, especially by agency of the atmosphere or water.
4. Any of various poisonous elements, smaller that bacteria, causing the spread
of infectious disease.
5. Microscopic unit of living matter enclosing a nucleus with self-producing
genes.
6. Disorder of body or mind.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Современная медицинская наука достигла больших успехов в исследо-
вании причин болезни.
2. Болезнь матери может воздействовать на развивающийся зародыш.
3. Вирусы действуют внутри клеток.
4. Симптомы малярии — высокая температура, головная боль и сильный
озноб.
5. Питание воздействует на здоровье как прямо, так и косвенно.
6. Авитаминоз может развиться, если в пище недостаточно витаминов.
Ex. 8. Insert articles before names of diseases if necessary. (See Appendix 9
for information):
1. She got kind of quiet, like she had…headache.
2. “What’s happened to your friend?” he said. I told him about … influenza.
3. He is only fifty but the liver has stopped restoring itself, the precipitating fac-
tor is … alcoholism.
4. I got … pneumonia making a picture last January and I’ve been recuperating.
5. I made sure it was … chill, Doctor.
6. She clung to him, face distorted and crimson. … cough rocked her.
7. Old and young, talkative and taciturn, rich and poor, they all had two things in
common, lice and … dysentery.
8. After … typhoid she was just skin and bone.
9. It probably accounts for some of … flu you spoke of, but that is not too seri-
ous in itself.
10. I developed … blister on my thumb and had to quit.
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SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
Text 1
Read the text.
At the doctor
If we caught cold, have a splitting headache, have a clogged nose, cough, are
running high temperature, we must go to the policlinic. First, we come to the registry.
The registry clerk on duty asks our name, address, age and occupation. He writes out
some slips because several specialists will examine us. Some of them will listen to
our heart and lungs, some will check up our kidneys, liver, stomach, eyesight, and
hearing. The others will make our blood analysis, take our blood pressure and
X-ray us.
Our district doctor sees his patients in consulting room 4. A nurse gives us a
thermometer to take our temperature. We must keep it under an armpit. Last time my
temperature was 37.9. The doctor asked what my trouble was. He offered to sit down
in a chair and to strip to the waist. He felt my pulse. It was faint and accelerated.
Then I lay on the examination couch and the doctor palpated my abdomen. He asked
me from what disease I suffered in my childhood. I suffered from scarlet fever. Now I
felt dizzy and was damp with sweat. The doctor filled in my card and diagnosed the
case as the flu.
Then he wrote out a prescription for some medicines: pills, powder, drops, and
mixture. He also advised me to take a scalding footbath, to put a hot water bottle to
my feet, to have hot tea with raspberry jam. That would keep my fever down. The result of my X-ray examination and blood analysis was normal. I had the prescription
made at the chemist’s. I followed the prescribed treatment to avoid complications.
Every day I took a tablespoonful of mixture 3 times a day and some pills. In two days
I was better and in a week I recovered from my illness. I began to take care of myself.
Now I go in for sports because sports make me strong, healthy and cheerful. Every
day I do my morning exercises and have a cold rubdown to prevent myself from
catching cold. There is a good proverb: An apple a day keeps a doctor away. That is
why I eat a lot of fruits and vegetables.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the first thing we usually do in the policlinic?
2. Why does a registry clerk write out some slips?
3. How do specialists examine their patients?
4. Who helps the doctor in the consulting room?
5. What disease did the patient suffer from in his childhood?
6. What prescription did the doctor make for the flu?
7. What, according to the doctor, would keep the patient’s fever down?
8. Where did the patient have his prescription made?
9. What helped the patient recover from his illness?
10. How does the patient take care of his health now?
Speak about the patient’s visit to the doctor.
36
Text 2
Read the dialogue.
Doctor: Hi Jessica. How are you feeling today?
Patient: A bit better.
Doctor: That's good to hear. Are you still feeling nauseous?
Patient: No, I haven't felt sick to my stomach since you switched my
medication.
Doctor: Great. Say, your test results came in this morning.
Patient: It's about time. Is it good news or bad?
Doctor: I guess it's a bit of both. Which do you want first?
Patient: Let's get the bad news over with.
Doctor: Okay. It looks like you're going to need surgery to remove the tumour
from your leg. After the operation you're going to have to stay off your feet for at
least three weeks. That means no soccer.
Patient: I was afraid you were going to say that.
Doctor: Now for the good news. The biopsy shows that the tumour is benign,
which means it's not cancerous. We're going to take it out anyway just to be on the
safe side.
Patient: Wow, that's a load off my mind. Thanks, Doctor.
Doctor: Don't get too excited. We still need to get to the bottom of all of this
weight loss.
Patient: I've probably just been so worried about this stupid lump.
Doctor: These things often are stress related, but we're still going to do a few
blood tests just to rule a few things out.
Patient: Things like what? Cancer?
Doctor: Actually, I'm thinking more along the lines of a food allergy.
Glossary:
nauseous ['nɔːsɪəs ] — вызывающий тошноту, тошнотворный;
switch medication — поменять лечение;
tumour ['t(j)uːmə] — опухоль;
benign [bɪ'naɪn] — доброкачественный;
be on the safe side — для надежности, на всякий случай;
That's a load off my mind! — У меня камень с души свалился!;
rule out — исключать
Choose the right variant of answer:
1. Why did the woman have to switch medication?
a) She was allergic to it.
b) It gave her a lump.
c) It was upsetting her stomach.
d) It was too expensive.
37
2. What bad news does the doctor give the patient?
a) She has cancer.
b) She needs an operation.
c) She has a food allergy.
d) She needs a leg amputation.
3. What medical procedure did the patient already undergo?
a) an allergy test;
b) major surgery;
c) a blood transfusion;
d) a biopsy.
Make up a dialogue by analogy using the given expressions. You can use your
own expressions if you want. You can also use phrases from Appendix 8.
Physician:
Your test results have come in. — Пришли результаты ваших анализов.
I'm afraid the prognosis isn't good. — Боюсь, прогноз не очень хороший.
You have a long road to recovery. — Вам придется долго лечиться.
We have several options to discuss. — У нас есть несколько вариантов.
The blood test came back negative. — Анализ крови отрицательный.
It looks like you're ready to go home. — Похоже, вас можно выписывать.
We'll know more in a few days. — Мы узнаем больше через несколько дней.
We've ruled out diabetes. — Мы исключили диабет.
I'm hoping to get to the bottom of this soon. — Надеюсь, вскоре с этим разо-
браться.
Patient:
I don't understand what this means. — Я не понимаю, что это значит.
Am I going to need surgery? — Мне понадобится операция?
Is it good news or bad? — Это хорошо или плохо?
When will the tests results come in? — Когда придут результаты анализов?
How long do I have to stay in the hospital? — Как долго мне придется лежать
в больнице?
What is the success rate? — Какой прогноз?
Are they going to run more tests? — Еще будут брать анализы?
Is this a common problem for people my age? — Это обычная проблема для
людей моего возраста?
I'd like to discuss other options. — Мне бы хотелось обсудить другие вариан-
ты.
YOU HAVE TO KNOW
Read and learn the names of diseases:
корь — measles ['miːzlz];
краснуха — German measles, rubella;
скарлатина — scarlet fever;
38
hay fever — сенная лихорадка;
коклюш — whooping cough ['huːpɪŋˌkɔf];
оспа — smallpox;
ветряная оспа — chickenpox;
свинка (эпидемический паротит) — mumps;
грипп — flu, influenza [fluː];
желтуха — jaundice ['ʤɔːndɪs];
ящур — foot-and-mouth disease (hoof and mouth disease);
лихорадка — fever ['fiːvə];
тиф — typhus ['taɪfəs];
бешенство — rabies;
чесотка — scabies;
зоб — goiter, wen;
гайморит — antritis;
рак — cancer ['kæn(t)sə];
СПИД — AIDS [eɪdz];
бессонница — insomnia, sleeplessness;
туберкулёз — tuberculosis [t(j)uːˌbɜːkjə'ləusɪs];
гастрит — gastritis [gæs'traɪtɪs];
вегетососудистая дистония — vegetative-vascular dystonia (vegetocirculatory
dystonia);
остеохондроз — osteochondrosis;
сколиоз — scoliosis, lateral curvature;
язвенная болезнь — stomach ulcer ['stʌmək 'ʌlsə];
ринит — rhinitis [ˌraɪ'naɪtɪs], nazal catarrh;
близорукость — short-sightedness;
дальнозоркость — long sight; farsightedness; long-sightedness;
дальтонизм — colour blindness, daltonism;
варикоз (неравномерное расширение вен) — varix, varicosity;
гепатит — hepatitis [ˌhepə'taɪtɪs];
гипертония — hypertension [ˌhaɪpə'ten(t)ʃ(ə)n];
сахарный диабет — diabetes mellitus [ˌdaɪə'biːtiːz];
инфаркт миокарда — myocardial infarction;
кариес — caries ['keəriːz];
пиелонефрит — pyelonephritis [ˌpaɪələunɪ'fraɪtɪs]
Fill in the blanks the names of diseases corresponding to their definitions:
1. … is a disease which gives you a high temperature and red spots that itch.
2. … is a disease usually caught by children. It causes a mild fever and painful
swelling of the glands in the neck.
3. … is a serious infectious disease that produces spots on the skin, a high fever,
and a severe headache.
4. … is an illness which is similar to a bad cold but more serious. It often makes
you feel very weak and makes your muscles hurt.
39
5. … is an infectious disease which gives you a painful throat, a high tempera-
ture, and red spots on your skin.
6. … is inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
7. … is a disorder of the metabolism causing excessive thirst and the production
of large amounts of urine.
8. … is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, caused by a virus in-
fection (e.g., the common cold) or by an allergic reaction (e.g., hay fever)
9. … is a serious disease which causes people and animals to go mad and die. It
is particularly common in dogs.
10. … is a medical condition in which a person has very high blood pressure.
(diabetes, mumps, typhus, hypertension, scarlet fever, chickenpox, rhinitis,
gastritis, rabies, flu)
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