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Файл:Medicine. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков чтения, перевода и устной речи на английском языке для студентов специальности «Лечебное дело»
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TEXT 6. SURGERY
Read, translate and learn the words:
technique, pathological, injury, procedure, perform, relieve, reduce, improve, remove, tissue, examine, incision, insert, tool, complication, bleeding, accidental, pain,
means, comprehensive, replacement, operative, peripheral.
Read and translate the text:
Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition
such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair
unwanted ruptured areas.
An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or
simply surgery. In this context, the verb operate means to perform surgery. The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery (e.g. surgical instruments or surgical
nurse). The patient or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an
animal. A surgeon is a person who practises surgery. A surgery can last from minutes
to hours, but is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term sur-
gery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a
physician, dentist, or veterinarian.
There are many reasons to have surgery. Some operations can relieve or prevent
pain. Others can reduce a symptom of a problem or improve some body function.
Some surgeries are done to find a problem. For example, a surgeon may do a biopsy,
which involves removing a piece of tissue to examine under a microscope. Some surgeries, like heart surgery, can save your life.
Some operations that once needed large incisions (cuts in the body) can now be
done using much smaller cuts. This is called laparoscopic surgery. Surgeons insert a
thin tube with a camera to see, and use small tools to do the surgery.
After surgery there can be a risk of complications, including infection, too much
bleeding, reaction to anesthesia, or accidental injury. There is almost always some
pain with surgery.
There are different surgical specialties.
A general surgeon is a specialist who is trained to diagnose, treat, and manage
patients with a broad spectrum of surgical conditions affecting almost any area
of the body.
A colon and rectal surgeon is trained to diagnose and treat patients with various
diseases of the intestinal tract, colon, rectum, anal canal, and perianal area through
medical and surgical means. This specialist may also deal with the liver, urinary, and
female reproductive systems if they are involved with primary intestinal disease.
A neurological surgeon provides operative and nonoperative management (prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, critical care, and rehabilitation) of patients
with disorders of the brain, spinal cord, spinal column, and peripheral nerves, including their support structures and blood supply.
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Obstetricians/gynecologists provide medical and surgical care of the female pa-
pathological condition
обеспечить медицинский уход
musculoskeletal system
репродуктивная система
various diseases
патологическое состояние
accidental injury
интенсивная терапия и реанимация
provide medical care
нарушения зрения
reproductive system
случайный вред
medical specialty
костно-мышечная система
surgical means
различные заболевания
vision disorders
всестороннее медицинское обслуживание
comprehensive care
медицинская специальность
heart surgery
проводить операции
intestinal disease
хирургические методы
perform surgery
хирургия сердца
critical care
кишечное заболевание
tient. The focus for this specialty is on the female reproductive system, including performing surgical procedures, managing the care of pregnant women, delivering babies, and rendering gynecologic care, oncology care, and primary health care for
women.
An ophthalmologist specializes in the comprehensive care of patients with disorders of their eyes and vision.
Plastic surgeons specialize in the care of patients requiring repair, replacement,
and reconstruction of defects of the form and function of the body covering and its
underlying musculoskeletal system, with emphasis on the craniofacial structures, the
oropharynx, the upper and lower limbs, the breast, and the external genitalia.
Glossary:
biopsy ['baɪɔpsɪ] — биопсия;
heart surgery –хирургия сердца;
laparoscopic surgery — лапараскопическая хирургия;
anesthesia [ˌænɪs'θiːzɪə] = anaesthesia — анастезия;
colon and rectal surgeon — колоректальный хирург;
intestinal tract — кишечный тракт;
colon — толстая кишка;
rectum — прямая кишка;
perianal area — перианальная область;
musculoskeletal system — костно-мышечная система, опорно-двигательный
аппарат;
craniofacial — черепно-лицевой;
oropharynx [ˌɔːrə(ʊ)ˈfarɪŋks] — ротоглотка
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Match the following word combinations with their Russian
equivalents:
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Ex. 2. Replace the words in brackets with their English equivalents. Use
the information from the text:
1. A colon and rectal surgeon is trained (диагностировать) and (лечить) patients with various diseases of (кишечный тракт), colon, rectum, anal canal, and perianal area through (медицинские и хирургические методы).
2. An act of performing surgery may be called (хирургическая операция).
3. Some operations can (ослабить) or (предотвратить) pain.
4. After surgery there can be a risk of (осложнения), including infection, too
much bleeding, reaction to anesthesia, or (случайный вред).
5. The specialist may also (иметь дело с) the liver, urinary, and (женская ре-
продуктивная система) if they are involved with primary intestinal disease.
6. (Пластические хирурги) specialize in the care of patients requiring repair,
replacement, and (исправление дефектов) of the form and function of the body.
7. The term (хирургия) can also refer to the place where surgery is performed,
or simply the office of a (врача-терапевта), (стоматолога), or (ветеринара).
8. Obstetricians/gynecologists (предоставляют) medical and (хирургическую
помощь) of the female patient.
Ex. 3. Translate into English:
оказывать гинекологическую помощь, нарушения зрения, интенсивная терапия
и реанимация, принимать роды, кишечный тракт, патологическое состояние,
женская репродуктивная система, черепно-лицевой дефект, хирургическое
вмешательство, нижние конечности, беременная женщина, кровотечение, хирургическая сестра, восстанавливать поврежденные области, пластический хирург, первая помощь.
Ex. 4. Agree or disagree with the statements. See Appendix 7 for useful
phrases:
1. Surgery is a modern medical specialty.
2. Surgery deals with investigating and treating pathological conditions
of patients.
3. Any surgical procedure takes a considerable amount of time.
4. The term ‘surgery’ is sometimes referred to the office of a physician, dentist,
veterinarian or lawyer.
5. When a surgery is performed to find a problem, a surgeon may do a biopsy.
6. In most cases there are no complications after surgery.
7. A general surgeon is a specialist who deals with the liver, urinary, and female
reproductive systems.
8. Medical and surgical care of the female patient is provided by gynecologists.
9. Some surgical operations are performed to relieve or prevent pain.
10. Laparoscopic surgery deals with operations that need large incisions.
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Ex. 5. Answer the questions:
1. Is surgery an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient?
2. May an act of performing surgery be called a surgical procedure?
3. Does the adjective surgical mean pertaining to surgery?
4. Do surgeons insert a thin tube with a camera to see, and use small tools to do
the surgery?
5. Does an ophthalmologist specialize in the comprehensive care of patients with
disorders of their eyes and vision?
(make up 5 more questions of the type)
6. What is surgery?
7. What else does surgery refer to?
8. What is laparoscopic surgery?
9. What complications can a patient have after surgery?
10. What surgical specialties do you know? What do they deal with?
(make up 5 more questions of the type)
Ex. 6. Speak about:
the main aims of surgery
the words pertaining to surgery
the reasons for surgery
modern surgical techniques
the most famous surgical specialties
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
Text 1
Read and translate the text.
When Planning for Surgery
The single most important way you can stay healthy is to be an active member
of your own health care team. One way to get high-quality health care is to find and
use information and take an active role in all of the decisions made about your care.
This information will help you when planning for surgery.
No surgery is risk free. It is important to learn about the possible benefits and
risks involved in the surgical procedure you are about to have. Research has shown
that patients who are informed about their procedure can better work with their doctors to make the right decisions.
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Getting a second opinion is important. Your doctor, surgeon, health plan, or local medical society can help you find someone who can give you a second opinion.
Before seeking a second opinion, make sure your health plan will cover this expense.
Before having surgery, ask your physician these questions:
What operation are you recommending?
Why do I need the operation?
Are there alternatives to surgery?
What are the benefits of having the operation?
What are the risks of having the operation?
What will happen if I don't have this operation?
Where can I get a second opinion?
What has been your experience in doing the operation? How many have you
performed?
Where will the operation be done?
What kind of anesthesia will I need?
How long will it take me to recover?
How much will the operation cost?
Remember, quality matters, especially when it comes to your health.
Make up a dialogue. Discuss the questions mentioned above with your
partner.
Text 2
Read the text.
Going in for an operation
Physical fitness is as important as the mental preparation for surgery. You
should be able to climb a couple of flights of stairs — one or two at a time quickly —
without getting out of breath.
Being overweight contributes to breathlessness and that leads to breathing problems during and after a general anaesthetic. Sluggish, overweight people also get
more chest complications after surgery.
The same goes for smoking. Smokers are six times as likely to suffer from postoperative chest problems as non-smokers. So try to cut down on both cigarettes and
calorie consumption.
Drinking alcohol on a regular basis makes you tolerant to other drugs, especially
anaesthetics. It affects the liver and its ability to destroy drugs, so do not drink every
day and cut down on your overall consumption.
Some medicines may have to be changed or stopped prior to an operation, so
discuss this with your doctor. Women taking the pill may be advised to stop it several
weeks ahead or carry on if it’s a minor operation.
After the operation, follow the advice given and do any special exercises you are
taught — they will be vital to your recovery. Do a bit more activity each day and you
will soon recover your bounce.
Speak about the instructions a person should follow before having an operation. (Begin with You should… or You shouldn’t…)
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Text 3
Read and translate the text.
History of surgery
Surgical treatments date back to the prehistoric era. The oldest for which there is
evidence is trepanation, in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, thus exposing the dura mater in order to treat health problems related to intra cranial pressure and other diseases. Prehistoric surgical techniques are seen in Ancient Egypt,
where a mandible dated to approximately 2650 BCE shows two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Instruments resembling surgical tools have also been found in the archaeological sites of
Bronze Age China dating from the Shang Dynasty, along with seeds likely used for
herbalism. The oldest known surgical texts date back to ancient Egypt about 3500
years ago. Surgical operations were performed by priests, specialized in medical
treatments similar to today and the use of sutures to close wounds. Infections were
treated with honey. In ancient Greece, temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius,
known as Asclepieia, functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.
The Greek Galen was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations—including brain and eye surgery—that were not
tried again for almost two millennia. In the Middle East, surgery was developed to a
high degree in the Islamic world. Abulcasis, an Andalusian-Arab physician and scientist who practised in the Zahra suburb of Córdoba, wrote medical texts that influenced European surgical procedures. In Europe, the demand grew for surgeons to
formally study for many years before practicing; universities such as Montpellier,
Padua and Bologna were particularly renowned. In the 15th century, Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, laying the foundation for modern Western surgical
manuals. Basic surgical principles for asepsis are known as Halsteads principles.
Write 10 questions to the text.
Work in pairs. Ask your partner the questions you have written.
Choose one of the surgeons mentioned in the text. Prepare a short presentation in Power Point about his life.
YOU HAVE TO KNOW
Word combinations with the word ‘surgery’
outpatient surgery — амер. хирургия в амбулаторных условиях;
plastic surgery — пластическая, восстанавливающая хирургия;
brain surgery — нейрохирургия;
major surgery — радикальная или полостная операция;
open-chest surgery — операция со вскрытием грудной клетки;
open-heart surgery — операция на открытом сердце;
surgery hours — часы приема;
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cell surgery — клеточная инженерия;
closed surgery — бескровная операция;
closed heart surgery — операция на закрытом сердце;
conservative surgery — мини-инвазивная операция;
corrective surgery — восстановительная хирургия;
decorative surgery — косметическая операция;
esthetic surgery — косметическая операция;
featural surgery — косметическая операция на лице;
gynecological surgery — гинекологическая операция;
immediate surgery — неотложная операция;
maxillofacial surgery — хирургическая стоматология;
microvascular surgery — микроваскулярная хирургия;
neonatal surgery — хирургия новорожденных;
pediatric surgery — детская хирургия.
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TEXT 7. CELLS
Read, translate and learn the words:
congregation, estimate, essentially, circumscribe, crudely, span, division, waste
products, metabolism, degenerate, respond to, stimulus, design, total, stretch, contract, perform, heal, striped, smooth, injury.
Read and translate the text:
Cells are the fundamental units of all living things — human, animal, plant, microbe. There are one-cell creatures, for example, the ameba; and many-celled creatures, for example, man. The human body is a congregation of an estimated 26 trillion
cells that all started with a single fertilized egg cell.
Most cells are so small that they can be seen only when greatly magnified; the
cells of the human body vary in size from about 1/10,000 to 1/1,000 of an inch.
A cell is essentially a mass of protoplasm — a jellylike living substance — circumscribed by a cell wall and containing a nucleus. The nucleus is, crudely, the heart
and reproductive system of the cell. New cells are formed by division of old ones, a
process called mitosis. A group of cells form a tissue, like muscle tissue.
Each cell has its own life span. It is born (by the process of cell division), lives,
feeds itself and gets rid of waste products (the process called metabolism), grows, reproduces itself by division or degenerates, dies, and is replaced. Cells respond to
stimuli from the environment outside their walls. They also function, that is, perform
the special task designed for them in the total economy of the living body. Thus, for
example, muscle cells stretch and contract, nerve cells carry signals, endocrine-gland
cells manufacture hormones.
Cells can be damaged and killed by direct injury, by poison from chemical substances or bacterial invasion, and by lack of foodstuff or oxygen. Anything that cuts
off the blood supply to a part of the body kills and damages cells. A disease process
is in essence damage or deformity of cells, which can no longer perform their functions. Many injured cells can replace themselves or be replaced by other tissue; a
broken bone, for example, heals by replacement of cells. Unfortunately nerve cells do
not regenerate.
There are many different kinds of cells in the human body, but they can generally be classified as follows:
1. Epithelial cells, which are found in the skin, membranes, and glands. Their
function is to protect surfaces and pour out secretions.
2. Connective tissue cells, found in bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons,
make up the supporting tissues of the body. Scar tissue is a replacement of other tissue with connective tissue cells.
3. Muscle cells, which have the power to expand and contract, are of three kinds:
(a) striped (striated) muscle cells, found in the voluntary muscles of the body; (b)
smooth muscle cells, which appear in the walls of blood vessels, the alimentary canal,
and other body tubes and organs that operate by involuntary control; and (c) cardiac
muscle cells, found only in the heart.
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4. Nerve cells, found in the brain, spinal cord, ganglia, and all other nerves.
5. Blood cells, red and white, found in the blood stream and the blood-forming
organs (bone marrow).
6. Sex or germ cells, which are the egg cells (ova) formed in the female ovary
and the sperm cells generated in the male testes.
Glossary:
mitosis — митоз, кариокинез;
gland — железа;
cartilage — хрящ;
ligament — связка;
tendon — сухожилие;
striated — бороздчатый, полосатый;
alimentary — пищеварительный;
spinal cord — спинной мозг;
ganglion- ганглий, нервный узел;
bone marrow — костный мозг;
ovary — яичник;
testis — семенник, мужская половая железа.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Answer the questions:
1. What are cells?
2. How many cells are there in the human body?
3. How much do the cells measure?
4. What does a cell consist of?
5. What is the life span of a cell?
6. What do muscle cells and nerve cells do?
7. How can cells be damaged and killed?
8. Do nerve cells regenerate?
9. How can cells in the human body be classified?
10.Where are epithelial cells found?
11.What do connective tissue cells do?
12.What kind of power do muscle cells have?
13.Where are sex cells found?
Ex. 2. Choose the correct word corresponding to the definitions below:
protoplasm, blood, poison, muscle, hormone, tissue
1. Internal secretion that passes into the blood and stimulates the bodily organs.
2. Elastic substance in an animal body that can be tightened or loosened to pro-
duce movement.
3. Colorless, jelly-like substance which is the material basis of life in animals
and plants.
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4. Mass of cells and cell products in an animal body.
5. Red liquid flowing throughout the body of man and the higher animals.
6. Substance causing death or harm if absorbed by a living thing (animal or
plant).
Ex. 3. Restate the following sentences according to the pattern:
A. Change into negative.
Example: Most cells can be seen only when greatly magnified. Most cells can't
be seen when greatly magnified.
1. Most cells can be seen only when greatly magnified.
2. New cells are formed by division of old ones.
3. This spread of cancer cells is called metastasis.
4. The evolution has been faced with new problems.
5. Cloning clinics will be founded in future.
6. A great many viruses have been identified since 1901.
7. These strains could then be massproduced in large tanks.
B. Use the verbs in the Passive Voice.
Example: Yeasts leaven our bread. Our bread is leavened by yeasts.
1. Yeasts leaven our bread.
2. We are putting bacteria to work in wondrous ways.
3. Scientists spliced the gene of a toad into the genes of a bacterium.
4. The pharmaceutical giant was erecting a new facility when I visited it.
5. It will produce Humulin.
6. Doctors would take a healthy egg from a woman and destroy the nucleus.
7. People have accepted artificial fertilization.
8. A herpesvirus can cause blindness.
C. Use the verbs in the Active Voice.
Example: This method of reproduction is called "cloning". (We...) We call this
method of reproduction "cloning".
1. Sometimes the stomach is invaded by cancer cells. (Cancer cells...)
2. Hormones are manufactured by endocrine-gland cells. (Endocrine-gland
cells...)
3. The egg's nucleus is being destroyed at the moment. (A biologist...)
4. Central secrets of the cell growth and development have not yet been fath-
omed. (People...)
5. Under the microscope hundreds of different varieties of cancer cells can be
identified. (Scientists...)
6. Secretions are poured out by epithelial cells. (Epithelial cells...)
7. The genetic information of the egg's nucleus was destroyed. (They...)
8. A new form of immortality could be found. (People...)
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