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Файл:Medicine. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков чтения, перевода и устной речи на английском языке для студентов специальности «Лечебное дело»
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EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Form adjectives:
a) from the following nouns by adding the suffix ‘al’:
function, origin, condition, center, structure, practice, logic, nature, evolution, addition, medicine.
b) from the following verbs by adding the suffix ‘able’:
to desire, to move, to manage, to consider, to distinguish, to compare, to favour,
to observe, to change, to question, to treat
Ex. 2. Form the plural of the following nouns. Note that some of them are of
Latin and Greek origin. See Appendix 3 for information.
stimulus, nucleus, century, woman, goose, city, fish, toy, property, phenomenon,
tooth, activity, genus, datum, alga, bacterium, process, theory, box, medium, species,
analysis, maximum, stoma, bacillus, basis, criterion, uterus
Ex. 3. Make the sentences a) negative; b) interrogative.
Example: Some students live in the hostel.
a) Some students don’t live in the hostel.
b) Do any students live in the hostel?
1. Many young people enter medical institutes and become students.
2. Sometimes students get an increased scholarship.
3. A new life begins after entrance examinations.
4. The course of studies is six years.
5. At the end of the third year all the students have a six-weeks’ practical
training.
6. The practical training after the 4th year usually lasts for eight weeks.
7. There are pre-clinical and clinical subjects in the course of studies.
Ex. 4. Answer the questions:
1. What kind of people usually enter medical institutes and become students?
2. Where do students live?
3. Who usually gets increased scholarship?
4. Why must students рaу attention to modern medical literature?
5. Why do students need to learn foreign languages?
6. What helps students to become more knowledgeable and observant?
7. How long does the course of studies last?
8. What subjects do medical students have?
9. When do students learn to diagnose different diseases and to carry out labora-
tory analyses?
10. When do students try to help doctors?
11. How many practical trainings do students have?
Ex. 5. Retell the text using questions in Ex. 4 as a plan.
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SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
Text 1
Read and translate the text into Russian (without a dictionary, guess the
meaning of the unknown words), and then back into English, compare your version with the original.
Doctors
There are different doctors who treat diverse diseases and disorders, according
to their specialties. They specialize in one field and carry on their service in the same.
They are experts in whatever medical work they carry out. There are doctors who
treat and cure eye, ear, teeth, nose, bones, kidneys, or heart problems. Nowadays,
since there are different types of diseases and physical and mental health conditions
being discovered, doctors are required to get to know more about these newly sprung
up diseases. Those treating physical issues might have to work with doctors dealing
with mental problems to treat certain patients.
The types of doctors and their duties differ greatly. The more specializations
these doctors opt for, the more are their career and income prospects. Doctors are
highly skilled in their field, and are well believed of starting to treat a disorder or illness just by their touch. It is surprising how doctors somehow possess the ability to
make patients feel good by just a simple talk or a touch.
Text 2
Read the text.
A Pen Can Help Your Health
Here is a tip that will help you get the best out of your doctor. Whenever you go
to the surgery for a consultation, take a pen and a notebook with you.
This may sound crazy, but just stop and think about it. Have you ever seen a doctor
conducting a consultation without a computer or paper and pen in front of him? Of
course you haven’t.
The doctor writes down what the patient tells him, because he knows that is the
only way he can be sure of remembering what he has been told.
Most patients who go into the doctor’s surgery have nothing to jog their memories. While they are in the surgery, they are often at a loss because their memories let
them down. They can remember one or two symptoms or complaints, but so often
they leave with things unsaid. Twenty minutes later, they think of something they
wish they had mentioned at the time.
Patients who take a notebook with them to the surgery will benefit in two distinct and important ways. First, they can write down all their most important symptoms and questions before they get to the surgery. They can, therefore, be absolutely
sure that they tell the doctor everything they wanted to say to him. They can also be
positive that they ask all the questions they want to. Secondly, they can write down
all the advice and information they are given by the doctor, such as when they’ve got
to go back to the surgery, how often the pills they are given have to be taken, what
hospital tests are necessary, what foods need to be avoided, what side effects the tablets might produce and so on.
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All of this is important information, especially as the consequences of taking
some modern drugs in the wrong way can be disastrous.
Misunderstandings really can be fatal and a notebook and a pencil can save
your life!
It does not have to be a large notebook. If you are sensible, you will limit the information you take with you to half a page or so.
However, your doctor will not mind your doing this. Indeed, he will be enthusiastic. After all, you will be helping him to do a better job.
(surgery — зд. кабинет или приёмная врача)
Answer the questions:
1. Why does the doctor write down what the patient tells him?
2. Why cannot patients remember everything they want to tell the doctor when
they are in the surgery?
3. What are the benefits of taking a notebook to the surgery?
4. How can a notebook and a pencil save your life?
5. Will the doctor like the idea of your writing after him? What do you think?
6. What is the main idea of the text?
YOU HAVE TO KNOW
Symptoms of diseases — cимптомы заболеваний
abscess ['æbsəs] — нарыв;
absence of appetite ['æpɪtaɪt] — отсутствие аппетита;
bitter taste in the mouth — горький вкус во рту;
bleeding — кровотечение;
bruise [bruːz] — синяк;
burning ['bɜːnɪŋ] — жжение;
constipation [ˌkɔn(t)stɪ'peɪʃ(ə)n] — запор;
cough [kɔf] — кашель;
diarrhea [ˌdaɪə'rɪə] — диарея, понос;
dizziness ['dɪzɪnəs] — головокружение;
drowse [drauz] — сонливость;
faint [feɪnt] — обморок;
fever ['fiːvə] — лихорадка;
headache ['hedeɪk] — головная боль;
stomachache ['stʌməkeɪk] — боль в желудке;
toothache ['tuːθeɪk] — зубная боль;
backache ['bækeɪk] — боль в спине;
heartburn ['hɑːtbɜːn] — изжога;
high blood [blʌd] pressure ['preʃə] — высокое кровяное давление;
low blood pressure — низкое кровяное давление;
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injury ['ɪnʤ(ə)rɪ] — травма, повреждение;
nausea ['nɔːsɪə] — тошнота;
pain in a back — боль в спине;
pain in a chest — боль в груди;
pain in a side — боль в боку;
pain in a stomach — боль в желудке;
pus [pʌs] — гной;
queasiness [kwiːzines] — общее недомогание;
rash [ræʃ] — сыпь, покраснение;
running nose — насморк;
short wind / breath [breθ], breathlessness, shortness of breath — одышка;
sleeplessness/ insomnia — бессонница;
weakness ['wiːknəs] — слабость;
sore throat [sɔː θrəut] — больное горло, боль в горле; фарингит, ангина.
I've got a toothache. — У меня болит зуб.
I've got a backache. — У меня боли спина.
I've got a nasty cough. — У меня сильный кашель.
I've got a temperature. — У меня температура.
I've got a sore throat. — У меня болит горло.
I'm not feeling very well. — Я не очень хорошо себя чувствую.
I think I’m coming down with a cold — Мне кажется я простыл.
I have a touch of flu. — У меня начинается грипп.
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TEXT 4. A PHYSICIAN
Read, translate and learn the words:
injury, impairment, focus, patient, provision, competence, promote, maintain, restore,
assume responsibility, require, underlie, variety, qualification, degree, consideration,
compassion, benevolence, license, evaluate, condition, prescribe, minor, specialize,
evaluation, checkup, advice, particular, emergency, burn, sprain, cut, case, ailment,
specialization, thorough knowledge, medical care, specific fields, solve, skill,
achieve, circumstance, examine
Read and translate the text:
A physician is a professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with
promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and
treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. They may
focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, or methods of
treatment (known as specialist medical practitioners) or assume responsibility for the
provision of medical care to individuals, families, and communities (known as general practitioners). Medical practice requires a detailed knowledge of the academic
disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology) underlying diseases and their treatment.
Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the
world, including a wide variety of qualifications and degrees, but there are some
common elements. For example, the ethics of medicine requires that physicians show
consideration, compassion and benevolence for their patients.
Before being any of the many types of doctors around, all of them need to be a
doctor first. Basically, a doctor is a licensed health practitioner with a medical degree.
The license permits him to evaluate, diagnose, and treat medical conditions of a patient.
Aside from advice, a doctor has the license to operate on patients, prescribe
medicines, and makes the patient’s personal health evaluation plan. He may work on
his own (private practice) or he might work under a professional health institution
(hospitals or clinics).
Today, your primary care doctor is the first among the many types of doctors
that you will see in the hospital. He is the one who takes care of a patient’s (or a
family’s) general health needs including minor illnesses, injuries, checkups, tests, and
immunizations. Sometimes, he may also specialize in other specific fields and, whenever necessary, will refer a patient to a specialist of a particular illness.
Another important group among the many types of doctors is the immediate care
physicians. They are the ones to go to in urgent (but non-emergency) medical
needs — burns, sprains, cuts, sore throats and the like.
They are the doctors to see to when you cannot wait for a regular appointment,
although your case may not be classified as emergency. Usually, these doctors are
general practitioners.
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Doctors often choose specializations nearest their interests. These are the types
of doctors that general practitioners refer their patients to for better health evaluation,
diagnosis and treatment related to their patient’s ailments.
Today there are many types of medical specializations. The more familiar ones
are mostly associated with the organs or their related ailments: oncologists (cancer),
cardiologists (heart), psychiatrists (mental health), pediatricians (child), dermatologists (skin) and many more.
However, becoming a doctor is not an easy task. A doctor is a person who has a
thorough knowledge of his field and excellent problem solving and critical thinking
skills. Besides being intelligent, a doctor is determinant, compassionate, consistent
and hard-working by nature. After several years in medical school and a medical residency, one can achieve the M.D. title. Only the one who is patient during all circumstances can examine, diagnose, treat and operate the patients well.
Glossary:
primary care doctor — врач первичной помощи (терапевт);
general practitioner — терапевт;
immediate care physician — врач неотложной медицинской помощи;
regular appointment — регулярный прием;
sore throat — больное горло;
case — больной, случай (медицинский);
checkup — проверка состояния, наблюдение, осмотр;
tests — медицинские анализы.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Practice reading the following words and word combinations. Translate them into Russian:
occupation, neurologist, otolaryngologist, laboratory analyses, hospital treatment, local polyclinic, pulse, a correct diagnosis, doctor's instructions, to telephone, to hospitalize, to recommend, to measure, to administer (prescribe), temperature, necessary,
patient, period, condition, injection, course
Ex. 2. Give the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
заниматься медициной, лечить болезни, умственные нарушения, учебные дисциплины (предметы), детальное (полное) знание, ученая степень по медицине,
частная практика, легкая болезнь, неотложная помощь, определенное заболевание, регулярные визиты к врачу, недомогание, квалификация, медицинские цели, лечение болезни, план оценки здоровья, осматривать пациента, скорая (медицинская) помощь, психическое здоровье, назначать лекарство.
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Ex. 3. Match the verbs with their Russian equivalents:
to deal with
to be related to
to be proficient in
to be responsible for
to focus on
to be concerned with
to maintain
to assume responsibility
to specialize in
to take care of
поддерживать, сохранять
сосредоточиться на чем-либо
заботиться о ком-либо
отвечать за что-либо
заниматься чем-либо
брать на себя ответственность
специализироваться в чем-либо
иметь дело с чем-либо
быть опытным в чем-либо
быть связанным с чем-либо
Dermatologist [ˌdɜːmə'tɔləʤɪst]
is related to the treatment and cure of all oral
complications such as teeth, mouth, and jaw
problems
Neurologist [njuə'rɔləʤɪst]
deals with treating health issues in children
Nephrologist
is proficient in finding, treating, and preventing complication in the heart and blood vessels system
Psychiatrist [saɪ'kaɪətrɪst
deals with diagnosing and treating various
nervous system diseases
Dentist
treats women who have problems in reproductive system or any body part in the female
anatomy
Pediatrician [ˌpiːdɪə'trɪʃ(ə)n]
cures all types of skin diseases and disorders
like acne, psoriasis, and skin cancer
Cardiologist
is responsible for administering anesthesia
to the patient prior to any surgery
Gastroenterologist
treats various kidney disorders
Obstetrician [ˌɔbstɪ'trɪʃ(ə)n] /
Gynecologist [ˌgaɪnə'kɔləʤɪst]
deals with diagnosing and treatment of disorders related to the digestive system
Anesthesiologist
[ˌænəsθiːzɪ'ɔləʤɪst]
specializes in the prevention and intervention
of mental, emotional or behavioral diseases
Ex. 4. Match medical professions with their definition:
Ex. 5. Answer the questions:
1. What is a dentist related to?
2. What is an anesthesiologist responsible for?
3. What does a dermatologist cure?
4. What does a pediatrician deal with?
5. What does a nephrologist treat?
6. What is a cardiologist proficient in?
7. What does a neurologist deal with?
8. What does a gynecologist treat?
9. What does a psychiatrist specialize in?
10. What does a gastroenterologist deal with?
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Ex. 6. Read the patient complaints. Which specialist does each
patient need?
1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food,
but it also might be grass.
2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive.
We want to know when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.
3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being
stuck in a wheelchair.
4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.
5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry
for two weeks now.
6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them,
but I do need some sort of pain relief.
7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble
breathing.
8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't
know what to do now.
9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two
months and she keeps getting ear infections.
10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have
tried everything that the books suggest.
Ex. 7. Translate into English.
1. Врачи узкого профиля сосредоточены на лечении определенных катего-
рий болезней. 2. Терапевты отвечают за предоставление медицинской помощи
населению. 3. Врачи могут оценивать состояние здоровья пациента, ставить диагноз и проводить лечение. 4. Врач также имеет право назначать лекарства, составлять оценочный план состояния здоровья и оперировать пациента. 5. Некоторые врачи специализируются в особых областях медицины. 6. Они часто выбирают специализацию согласно своим интересам. 7. Самые известные специализации связаны с различными органами и относящимися к ним заболеваниями. 8. Основная задача врача — поддержание или восстановление здоровья пациента путем исследования, диагностирования и лечения.
Ex. 8. Make up a presentation about one of the famous physicians (Russian
or foreign). In your presentation speak about:
Some facts from biography (briefly).
Fields of scientific interests and achievements.
Personal qualities of the chosen doctor.
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SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
Text 1
Read the text.
It is winter now and it is often cold. I really can't stand the cold. So some time
ago I suddenly fell ill. I had a high temperature, a running nose and a sore throat. I
also had a splitting headache and a cough. My whole body was aching. My mother
fixed me a hot lemonade but that didn't help me much. She wanted to give me some
aspirin too, but there wasn't any at home. My mother told me to stay in bed and called
a doctor. The doctor came, took off his coat and put on his white gown. The doctor
asked me to strip to the waist. He examined my lungs and throat, took my pulse and
temperature, measured my blood pressure. Finally, he said that it was a light case of
flu and told me to stay in bed and have complete rest. He wrote a prescription for
some gargle and cough medicine. He also gave me some sulfa pills, a slip for X-Ray
and blood examination. He recommended to apply glass-cups and mustard plasters. I
followed all the doctor's instructions and very soon I felt much better. I fully recovered in ten days and resumed my studies.
Describe the physical condition of the patient.
Describe the manipulations of the doctor.
Speak about the doctor’s recommendations.
What do you think can be the title to the text?
Text 2
Read the text.
What is expected of a physician
No greater opportunity, responsibility, or obligation can fall to the lot of a human being than to become a physician. In the care of the suffering, the physician
needs technical skill, scientific knowledge and human understanding. Tact, sympathy,
and understanding are expected of the physician, for the patient is no mere collection
of symptoms, signs, disordered functions, damaged organs, and disturbed emotions.
The patient is human, fearful, and hopeful, seeking relief, help, and reassurance.
When a patient poses challenging clinical problems, an effective physician must
be able to identify the crucial elements in a complex history and physical examination
and to extract the key laboratory results from the crowded computer printouts of data
in order to determine whether to "treat" or to "watch". Deciding whether a clinical
clue is worth pursuing or should be dismissed as a "red herring" and weighing whether a proposed treatment entails a greater risk than the disease itself are essential
judgments that the skilled clinician must make many times each day. This combination of medical knowledge, intuition, experience, and judgment defines the art of
medicine, which is as necessary to the practice of medicine as is a sound scientific
base.
(“red herring” — отвлекающий манёвр (сильно пахнущая копчёная селёдка
использовалась, чтобы сбивать охотничьих собак со следа).
29
What is the main idea of the text?
What kind of person should a physician be?
Give your opinion on the following statements:
1. “The art of medicine consists of amusing the patient while nature cures the
disease.” ( Voltaire)
2. “As to diseases, make a habit of two things — to help, or at least, to do no
harm.” (Hippocrates)
3. “The good physician treats the disease; the great physician treats the patient
who has the disease.” (William Osler)
4. “Time is generally the best doctor.” (Ovid)
5. In the name of Hypocrites, doctors have invented the most exquisite form of
torture ever known to man: survival. (Edward Everett Hale)
Text 3
Make a written translation of the text.
Physicians
Physicians or doctors have always been a very respected and revered group of
people. The reasons for this are quite obvious; they have always been the healers and
the voice of the necessity for good health. Due to the advancements in the understanding of medicine, physicians are generally categorized under various specialties
like cardiologists, radiologists, internal medicine, surgeons and many more. These,
however, are not the only classification of doctors. There are medical practitioners
who practice traditional methods of healing; methods like Ayurveda and Chinese traditional medicine. The science of medicine has seen great advancements in the past
and even more so in recent times; all of which have been the result of the work of
some dedicated people. A list of such people would include names like Frederick
Banting, who was famous for his work with insulin, Elizabeth Blackwell, she was the
first woman in the US to get a medical degree and laid the foundation for the entry of
women into medicine and Harvey Cushing, a neurosurgeon who is widely accepted
as the father of brain surgery in its current form.
Read the dialogue. Translate it into Russian.
In the consulting room
Patient. — Good morning, doctor.
Doctor. — Morning. What is wrong with you?
P. — I’m awfully sick, doctor. All night I’d been having an awful pain in the
stomach.
D. — Why didn’t you call in a doctor?
P. — Well, it had subsided a little in the morning so I thought I might come
myself.
D. — Where does it pain you?
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