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Файл:IT English through Short Films. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
.pdf
Management information systems director: A management
information systems director spearheads the implementation of
software, equipment installation and other projects to improve the
quality of a company's information systems.
Web administrator: A web administrator sets up an organization's web
host, grants access for specific users, creates mail servers and helps
users understand the basic functions of the system they're using.
Applications engineer: An application engineer is a liaison between
engineers and customers. They review customer sales data and to assist
in producing and testing complex software programs. They also present
engineers' findings to the public to render feedback on changes that need
to be made.
Data quality manager: A data quality manager manifests data practices
for an organization. For example, they can establish processes with a
customer relationship management (CRM) system to keep the
operational quality high for its users.
Help desk technician: A help desk technician renders technical support
to address issues with a company's hardware or software equipment.
They can serve as in-house or remote employees and must convey
issues to employees in a clear and understandable way.
IT coordinator: An IT coordinator completes administrative tasks to
help maintain an organization's computer networks. Some tasks include
giving IT advice to users, providing training to new employees and
applying new IT practices to computer hardware or software.
Cloud system engineer: A cloud system engineer estimates the amount
of database storage a company has and measures the availability of
programs for the user. They also evaluate if data is being processed
correctly within an organization's cloud infrastructure.
https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/types-of-it-jobs
1. Do all the jobs listed above require a higher education?
2. Have you chosen the right career?
3. Is it possible to combine different jobs and what are they?
4. What attracts you in these jobs?
5. Which jobs are the most promising?
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b) Work in pairs. Choose two jobs from the article and say what
qualities, education and experience a person should have to be
successful at this position.
22. WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yku5GXPwa6Y
Before you watch
1. Work with a partner and discuss the following questions:
1. Do you know the origin of the word “multimedia”?
2. Do you know where this word comes from?
3. Do you know how old this term is?
While you watch
2. Watch the video “What is Multimedia” and answer the following
questions:
1. Who coined the term “multimedia”? When?
2. What was the reason for coming up with this term?
3. What happened in 1993?
4. What was the title of the book?
5. What does the term “multimedia” mean?
6. Give the combination of multiple forms of media.
7. When can we call media interactive?
After you watch
3. Read the text and answer the questions:
Multimedia
A growing percentage of the websites presented on the World Wide
Web today feature multimedia files. Multimedia on websites is what
makes them all so attractive, entertaining and worth being paid repeat
visits. The term 'multimedia' refers to all types of media files, such as
text, graphics, animation, audio, video, etc., integrated into a website's
layout. Here you will learn more about the separate media file formats,
their basic uses and the various techniques for presenting them online.
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GIF
Being the first image format introduced for the needs of the web, GIF
(short for Graphics Interchange Format) represents a bitmap file format,
based on the 2D raster data type. It allows for lossless data compression,
which helps for the image quality to be preserved after the file size
decrease.
JPEG
JPG is one of the most widely used image file formats on the web. It is
responsible for reproducing photographic color images, making it the
format that best represents the real world online. Its name is an
abbreviation of Joint Photographic Experts Group, the committee that
created it more than a decade ago.
AVI
AVI is the video format, which Microsoft adopted for its video files.
Today, AVI files are almost synonymous with video files and the format
is still being used for a great deal of video files.
MP3
MP3 is the file format that changed the world of music forever,
bringing CD-audio quality music to everybody, everywhere.
FONT
Fonts work for the aesthetic presentation of text content on websites.
They represent a combination of the properties of a set of characters
including typeface, size, pitch, and spacing. The wide variety of fonts
available on the Web Wide Web is organized into groups, called font
families.
VIDEOS / MOVIES
Initially presented as a TV format, video clips made a splashing debut
on the Internet several years ago, and thanks to the recent progress in
web technologies, we can today all enjoy watching video clips online.
ANIMATION
Animation refers to the quick presentation of a sequence of images on
the screen with the purpose of creating the illusion of a real movement.
IMAGES
No one could image our world without images – they have been a part
of our lives for a really long time now and today they continue playing
an important role in helping us reflect all interesting aspects of the world
we live in.
ILLUSTRATIONS
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Illustrations, both vector and raster, have found a second life with the
creation of the World Wide Web, representing both image gallery
pictures and elements of the web page design.
CLIP ART
Clip art was used long before the computer was even created, but it
gained popularity only after it was incorporated into the web as a web
design element.
GRAPHICS
The modern computer would not have existed the way we know it if it
was not for graphics. Starting from the Graphical User Interface (GUI)
and ending with the most simple icon, graphics are everywhere in the
world of computers.
https://www.ntchosting.com/encyclopedia/multimedia/
1. Name some of the separate media file formats from the text.
2. What does GIF stand for?
3. What does GIF represent?
4. What is JPEG responsible for?
5. Why is JPEG the abbreviation of Joint Photographic Experts Group?
6. Which file format is used for video?
7. Which file refers to the quick presentation of a sequence of images?
8. How important is Graphics?
4. Make up a short story “The advantages of multimedia”
SCRIPTS
1. COMPUTER BASICS: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cu3R5it4cQs
Computers are all around us. From laptop computers to smartphones, to
smartwatches they are changing the way that we live our lives. But have
you ever asked yourself: “What exactly is a computer?”
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data.
The computer sees data as 1s and 0s, but it knows how to combine them
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into much more complex things, such as a photo, movie, website, game
and much more.
Computers use a combination of hardware and software. Hardware is
any physical part of the computer, which includes all the internal
components and also the external parts like the monitor and keyboard.
Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do,
such as a web browser, media player or word processor.
When most people say ‘computer’, they are talking about a personal
computer. This can be a desktop computer or a laptop, which has
basically the same capabilities but in a more portable package.
Personal computers come in a few different styles. Most common type
uses the Windows operating system. Macs or Macintosh computers
feature the Mac OS operating system. Chromebooks run on Chrome OS.
Smartphones and other mobile devices mostly use the iOS or Android
operating systems.
Computers come in many other shapes and sizes. TVs, game consoles
and even appliances like refrigerators can have built-in computers,
although they may not do everything a desktop or a laptop can.
There’s another type of computers that plays an important role in our
lives: servers. A server sends information to other computers on a
network. In fact, every time you use the internet, web servers deliver the
web pages that you want to see to your computer. Servers are also used
in many offices to store and share files. As you can see, there are many
types of computers out there, and each one plays a part in our modern
world.
2. WHAT ARE PERIPHERAL DEVICES OF A COMPUTER?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0F4cc2dkV8
Say you just bought a new computer and, with excitement, you unpack
it and set it all up. The first thing you want to do is print out some
photographs of the last family party. So it's time to head back to the
store to buy a printer. A printer is known as a peripheral device.
A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to a computer but is
not part of the core computer architecture. The core elements of a
computer are the central processing unit, power supply, motherboard
and the computer case that contains those three components.
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Technically speaking, everything else is considered a peripheral device.
However, this is a somewhat narrow view, since various other elements
are required for a computer to actually function, such as a hard drive and
random-access memory (or RAM).
Most people use the term peripheral more loosely to refer to a device
external to the computer case. You connect the device to the computer
to expand the functionality of the system. For example, consider a
printer. Once the printer is connected to a computer, you can print out
documents. Another way to look at peripheral devices is that they are
dependent on the computer system. For example, most printers can't do
much on their own, and they only become functional when connected to
a computer system.
There are many different peripheral devices, but they fall into three
general categories:
Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard
Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive
Some devices fall into more than one category. Consider a CD-ROM
drive; you can use it to read data or music (input), and you can use it to
write data to a CD (output).
Peripheral devices can be external or internal. For example, a printer is
an external device that you connect using a cable, while an optical disc
drive is typically located inside the computer case. Internal peripheral
devices are also referred to as integrated peripherals. When most people
refer to peripherals, they typically mean external ones.
The concept of what exactly is 'peripheral' is therefore somewhat fluid.
For a desktop computer, a keyboard and a monitor are considered
peripherals - you can easily connect and disconnect them and replace
them if needed. For a laptop computer, these components are built into
the computer system and can't be easily removed.
The term 'peripheral' also does not mean it is not essential for the
function of the computer. Some devices, such as a printer, can be
disconnected and the computer will keep on working just fine. However,
remove the monitor of a desktop computer and it becomes pretty much
useless.
Here you can see a typical desktop computer system with a number of
common peripheral devices. The CPU (№2), motherboard (№ 8) and
power supply are the core computer system. Expansion slots (№4) on
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the motherboard make it possible to connect internal peripherals such as
a video card or sound card (not shown). Other internal peripherals
shown are a hard disk drive (№7) and an optical disk drive (№6).
External input peripherals are a scanner (№1), a display monitor (№ 10),
a keyboard (№ 13) and a mouse (№14). External output peripherals are
a set of speakers (№ 9) and a printer (№ 16). Note that labels 11 and 12
in the figure refer to software and are not peripherals. There are many
other examples of peripherals such as a microphone, a web camera,
headphones, external hard drive and flash drive. Most users have at least
several of these peripheral devices.
Internal peripherals are directly connected to the motherboard using one
of the different types of slots on the motherboard. External devices can
be connected using a wired connection or wireless connection. As the
name suggests a wired connection uses a cable that needs to be plugged
into the computer using a connector. The most widely used connector is
universal serial bus or USB connection. But several other types are used
depending on the specific computer system and the type of a peripheral.
A wireless connection does not require a cable. The most widely used
wireless connections are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Bluetooth is good for
very short distances so such peripherals as wireless mouse and keyboard
typically use a Bluetooth connection. Wi-Fi is good for longer distances.
If you set up a wireless network in your home or office, you may be able
to print wirelessly to a printer if it is also connected to the network.
Computer peripherals expand the functionality of your computer. Some
are essential for the computer to properly function such as a monitor and
a keyboard. Others serve a more specialized purpose but allow you to do
a lot more with your computer.
3. HOW COMPUTERS WORK: BINARY AND DATA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USCBCmwMCDA
- Hi! My name is Limor Fried, and I’m an engineer here at Adafruit
Industries. And this is where I do engineering and design, and I design
circuits for fashion and music and technology.
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- My name is Federico Gomez Suarez, and I’m a software developer
with Microsoft Hack for Good. And I look into using technology to help
us solve some of the big social problems of our times.
Limor: You may have heard that computers work on ones and zeros. Or
you may have seen scary-looking visuals like this. But almost nobody
today actually deals directly with these ones and zeros. But ones and
zeros do play a big role in how computers work on the inside.
Federico: Inside a computer are electric wires and circuits that carry all
the information in a computer. How do you store or represent
information using electricity?
Limor: Well, if you have a single wire with electricity flowing through
it, the signal could either be on or off. That’s not a lot of choices, but it’s
a really important start. With one wire, we can represent a yes or no,
true or false, a one or zero, or anything else with only two options. This
on/off state of a single wire is called a bit, and it’s the smallest piece of
information a computer can store. If you use more wires you get more
bits: more ones and zeros. If you use more wires you get more bits:
more ones and zeros. With more bits you can represent more complex
information. But to understand that, we need to learn about something
called the binary number system.
Federico: In the decimal number system, we have ten digits from zero to
nine, and that’s how we’ve all learned to count. In the binary number
system, we only have two digits: zero and one. With these two digits,
we can count up to any number. Here’s how this works. In a decimal
number system we/re all used to, each position in a number has a
different value. There’s a 1 position, the 10 position, the 100 position,
and so on. For example, a 9 in the 100 position is a 900. In binary, each
position also carries a value. But instead of multiplying by 10 each time,
we multiply by 2. So there’s the 1 position, the 2 position, the 4
position, the 8 position, and so on. For example, the number 9 in binary
is 1001. To calculate the value, we add 1 times 8, plus 0times 4, plus 0
times 2, plus 1 times 1. Almost nobody does this math because
computers do it for us. What’s important is that any number can be
represented with only ones and zeros, or by a bunch of wires that are on
or off. The more wires you use, the larger the number you can store.
Limor: With 8 wires, you can store numbers between 0 and 255. That’s
8 ones. With just 32 wires, you can store all the way from 0 to over 4
billion. Using the binary number system, you can represent any number
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you like. But what about other types of information? Like text, images,
or sound? It turns out that all these things can also be represented with
numbers.
Text in binary
Think of all the letters in the alphabet. You could assign a number to
each letter. A could be 1, B could be 2, and so on. You can then
represent any word or paragraph as a sequence of numbers. And as we
saw, these numbers can be stored as on or off electrical signals. Every
word you see on every webpage or your phone is represented using a
system like this.
Images in binary
Now, let’s consider photos, videos, and all the graphics you see on a
screen. All of these images are made out of teeny dots called pixels, and
each pixel has a color. Each of the colors can be represented with
numbers. When you consider the typical image has millions of these
pixels, and the typical video shows 30 images per second now we’re
talking about a lot of data here.
Sound in binary
Federico: Every sound is basically a series of vibrations in the air.
Vibrations can be represented graphically as a waveform. Any point on
this waveform can be represented by a number. And this way, any sound
can be broken down into a series of numbers. If you want higher quality
sound, you will pick 32-bit audio or an 8-bit audio. More bits means a
higher range of numbers.
Limor: When you use a computer to write code or make your own app,
you’re not dealing directly with these ones and zeros. But you will be
dealing with images or sound or video. So if you want to understand
how computers work on the inside, it all comes down these simple ones
and zeros and the electrical signals in the circuits behind them. They are
the backbone of how all computers input, store, process and output
information.
4. HOW EXACTLY DOES BINARY CODE WORK?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgbV6DLVezo
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Imagine trying to use words to describe every scene in a film, every note
in your favorite song, or every street in your town. Now imagine trying
to do it using only numbers 1 and 0. Every time you use the Internet to
watch a movie, listen to music, or check directions, that’s exactly what
your device is doing, using the language of binary code.
Computers use binary because it’s a reliable way of storing data. For
example, a computer’s main memory is made of transistors that switch
between either high or low voltage levels, such as 5 volts and 0 volts.
Voltages sometimes oscillate, but since there are only two options, a
value of 1 volt would still be read as “low”. That reading is done by the
computer’s processor, which uses the transistors’ states to control other
computer devices according to software instructions.
The genius of this system is that a given binary sequence doesn’t have a
pre-determined meaning on its own. Instead, each type of data is
encoded in binary according to a separate set of rules. Let’s take
numbers. In normal decimal notation each digit is multiplied by 10
raised to the value of its position, starting from zero on the right. So 84
in decimal form is 4 x+ 8 x. Binary number notation works
similarly, but with each position based on 2 raised to some power. So 84
would be written as follows:
Meanwhile, letters are interpreted based on standard rules like UTF-8,
which assigns each character to a specific group of 8-digit binary
strings. In this case, 01010100 corresponds to the letter T. So how can
you know whether a given instance of this sequence is supposed to
mean T or 84? You can’t from seeing the string alone. Just as you can’t
tell what the sound “da” means from hearing it in isolation. You need
context to tell whether you’re hearing Russian, Spanish or English. And
you need similar context to tell whether you’re looking at binary
numbers or binary text.
Binary code is also used for far more complex types of data. Each frame
of this video, for instance, is made of hundreds of thousands of pixels.
In color images every pixel is represented by three binary sequences that
correspond to the primary colors. Each sequence encodes a number that
determines the intensity of that particular color. Then a video driver
program transmits this information to the millions of liquid crystals in
your screen to make all the different hues you see now.
The sound in this video is also stored in binary, with the help of
technique called pulse code modulation. Continuous sound waves are
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