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Файл:IT English through Short Films. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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4. a domain name
d) application software for accessing the World
Wide Web.
5. a skyscraper
e) the location of a webpage or file on the
Internet.
6. URL
f) an easy-to-remember name that's associated
with a physical IP address on the Internet.
1. emerge
a) meet
2. seamlessly
b) start
3. set up
c) fulfil
4. provide
d) a network
5. in a linear fashion
e) easily
6. accomplish
f) step by step
7. a web
g) give
8. encounter
h) appear
3. Match the words with their synonyms:
While you watch
4. Mark the statements as True or False. Correct the False ones.
1. The Internet and the World Wide Web often mean the same for
most people.
2. Web servers are special skyscrapers in big cities where you need to
rent some space to set up your website.
3. A web browser uses hyperlinks to turn the code of a website into a
readable form.
4. The Web belongs to web hosts who you pay to get access to the
Internet.
5. The Web is organized in the way our brains work.
6. The World Wide Web is a big virtual city where we communicate
with each other in web languages, with hyperlinks acting as our
translators.
5. Check your answers to the questions in ex.1
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After you watch
6. a) Study the diagram which illustrates how a browser finds the
webpage you want. Find these items in the diagram:
a) router, b) DNS server, c) remote Web server, d) browser PC, e) URL,
f) IP address
b) Put the sentences into the correct order to describe how a
browser finds the webpage you want (The first and the tenth
statements are done):
a) The browser sends the URL to a DNS server.
b) The browser combines the packets to form the page. (10)
c) The router determines the best route for each packet.
d) Click on webpage hyperlink or URL. (1)
e) The browser sends the request in series of data packets via
router.
f) The DNS server finds the IP address of the URL Web server.
g) The Web server sends the requested page to the browser
computer in the same way.
h) The DNS server sends the IP address to the browser.
i) The browser uses the IP address to request the webpage.
j) The Web server puts the packets together again.
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14. HOW THE INTERNET WORKS IN 4 MINUTES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfzo4xm5eX8
Before you watch
1. Work in pairs and discuss the questions:
1. What is the Internet?
2. What is the WWW?
3. Do you know anything new about the development of the
Internet?
While you watch
2. Mark the sentences as true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones:
1. The Internet works by satellite.
2. The data is sent via cables.
3. The optical fiber inside the cables is thick and strong.
4. The data is stored in a data center on an SSD of a server.
5. Any device connected to the Internet is identified by a unique
group of numbers.
6. The server doesn’t have an IP address.
7. Through the IP the information has a sender, not a recipient.
8. The data is transmitted by the router in the form of electrical
signals.
3. Watch the video “How the Internet works in 4 minutes” again
and answer the questions:
1. Where is the data you want to access on the Internet stored?
2. In what way is data transmitted to you?
3. What is data on the Internet circulate through?
4. Why can the cables protect the optical fiber?
5. What are the cables connected to?
6. What is the IP address?
7. What is it easier for humans to remember: a domain name or
numbers?
8. How does the data reach a router?
After you watch
4. Explain the following terms in your own language and make up
sentences to activate them in context:
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Satellite, notification, hosting companies, bandwidth, fiber optic cable,
router, service provider, server, domain name
5. Give the full form of the following abbreviations and find the
Russian equivalent for them:
1. TV 2. SSD 3. IP address 4. DNS
5. Wi-Fi
6. Use the script and make a plan of the text, then write a 10sentence summary.
7. Read the text about the Internet and answer the questions:
WHAT HAPPENED?
The Internet has turned our existence upside down. It has
revolutionized communications, to the extent that it is now our preferred
medium of everyday communication. In almost everything we do, we
use the Internet. Ordering a pizza, buying a television, sharing a moment
with a friend, sending a picture over instant messaging. Before the
Internet, if you wanted to keep up with the news, you had to walk down
to the newsstand when it opened in the morning and buy a local edition
reporting what had happened the previous day. But today a click or two
is enough to read your local paper and any news source from anywhere
in the world, updated up to the minute.
The Internet itself has been transformed. In its early days it was a
static network designed to shuttle a small freight of bytes or a short
message between two terminals. Today, however, immense quantities of
information are uploaded and downloaded over this electronic leviathan,
and the content is very much our own, for now we are all commentators,
publishers, and creators.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Internet widened in scope to encompass
the IT capabilities of universities and research centers, and, later on,
public entities, institutions, and private enterprises from around the
world. The Internet underwent immense growth. The emergence of web
2.0 in the first decade of the twenty-first century was itself a revolution
in the short history of the Internet, fostering the rise of social media and
other interactive, crowd-based communication tools.
The Internet was no longer concerned with information exchange
alone: it was a sophisticated multidisciplinary tool enabling individuals
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to create content, communicate with one another, and even escape
reality. Today, we can send data from one end of the world to the other
in a matter of seconds, make online presentations, live in parallel “game
worlds,” and use pictures, video, sound, and text to share our real lives,
our genuine identity. Personal stories go public; local issues become
global. The rise of the Internet has sparked a debate about how online
communication affects social relationships. The Internet is the tool we
use to interact with one another, and accordingly poses new challenges
to privacy and security.
In our world, global information networks are vital infrastructure—
but in what ways has this changed human relations? The Internet has
changed business, education, government, healthcare, and even the ways
in which we interact with our loved ones—it has become one of the key
drivers of social evolution.
The Internet has removed all communication barriers. Online, the
conventional constraints of space and time disappear and there is a
dizzyingly wide range of communicative possibilities.
The development of the Internet today is being shaped
predominantly by instant, mobile communications. The mobile Internet
is a fresh revolution. Comprehensive Internet connectivity via
smartphones and tablets is leading to an increasingly mobile reality: we
are not tied to any single specific device, and everything is in the cloud.
(www.bbvaopenmind.com)
1. How has the Internet changed the communication?
2. How has the Internet itself been transformed?
3. What fostered the rise of social media?
4. What opportunities does the Internet give?
5. What aspects of life has the Internet changed?
6. Can we call the mobile Internet a fresh revolution? Why?
15. THE INTERNET: CYBERSECURITY & CRIME
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuYNXgO_f3Y&t=214s
Before you watch
1. Answer the questions with your partner:
1. What is malware?
2. What types of malware do you know?
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2. Match the terms with their definition:
1. a bug
a) a state of being open to attack
2. to hijack
b) a form of cyberattack that prevents
legitimate users from accessing a computer or
network
3. to hack
c) to damage something or make something
less effective or successful
4. vulnerability
d) an unexpected defect
5. software virus
e) the practice of trying to trick people into
giving secret financial information by sending
emails that look as if they come from a bank
6.denial-of-service
attack
f) to be able to cope with the change, usually
by changing at the same rate
7. to harm
g) take control of a vehicle
8. to replicate
h) to destroy, to disrupt
9. phishing scam
i) an instruction to a computer to provide
information or perform another function
10. to take down
j) to get illegal access to a computer network,
system, etc.
11. to keep up
k) to make or be a copy of, to reproduce
12. a request
l) a malicious software program loaded onto a
user's computer without the user's knowledge
While you watch
3. Watch the video and mark the statements as True or False.
Correct the false statements:
1. All cybercrimes are committed through using weaknesses in
hardware and software, or, more commonly, by accidental mistakes
made by software users.
2. The people who commit cybercrimes have the same intentions or
characteristics.
3. A virus is executable software that, usually intentionally, is installed
by a user and causes damage to their computer. But it is impossible
for a virus to infect other machines.
4. The cybercriminals may trick a victim into installing software by
misleading them about its purpose.
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5. It's also possible that the software on your computer has a
weakness, so an attacker needs your direct permission to install
itself.
6. A denial of service is when hackers crush a website with incorrect
requests.
7. Phishing scam keeps track of your keystrokes on your keyboard and
records them on a log.
8. Cybercriminals can then take your username and password from a
fake website to get control over your personal accounts, potentially
stealing information or money.
9. Ninety percent of the time the system gets hacked happens because
of the security bug in a program.
10. The way you behave on the Net influences the security of people at
work and at home.
4. Complete the statements from the video with the words below.
Then watch again and check:
a) a fake website b) to replicate c) take down
d) fit e) vulnerabilities f)with computers g) spread
h) overloaded i) take over j) unintentional decisions
k) respond l) shut down m) a trustworthy email
n) traditional weapons
1. Cybercrimes are committed by exploiting ……………. in hardware
and software or by taking advantage of ………………………made
by the people using the software.
2. The people committing cybercrimes don't …………… a single
profile or motivation.
3. The next World War may not be fought with……………………,
but ………….used to ………………..national water supplies,
energy grids, and transportation systems.
4. Viruses work by infecting cells, injecting their genetic material, and
using those cells…………….. They can make people really sick and
then …………..to other people.
5. Using computer viruses, hackers can ………….. millions of
computers worldwide and then use them as a digital army, known as
a botnet, to attack and ……………..websites.
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6. Most websites are ready to …………to millions of requests a day,
but if you hit them with billions or trillions of requests, coming from
different places, the computers are ……………..and stop
responding.
7. A phishing scam is when you get what seems like
…………………asking you to log into your account, but clicking
the email takes you to………………..
After you watch
5. Read the text and find the words in the text that mean the
following:
1. a person or thing that is relatively unprotected or vulnerable,
especially to military or terrorist attack;
2. a mark or a series of signs or objects left behind;
3. communication or direct involvement with someone or
something;
4. to make a gap in and break through;
5. to produce copies of itself;
6. to reproduce itself and spread;
7. an email or electronic communications scam targeted towards a
specific individual, organization or business;
8. a graphical user interface (GUI) display area, usually a small
window, that suddenly appears in the foreground of the visual
interface;
9. (an adjective) including or dealing with all elements or aspects
of something;
10. a computer file sent along with an email message.
Common Misconceptions about Malware
Malware threats often rely on common misconceptions to create soft
targets. Taking into account some of the most widely misunderstood
points can remove you from the soft target list.
One of the most common misconceptions about malware is the belief
that infection is obvious. Users often think they'll know if their
computer has been hacked. Typically, however, the target of malware is
to perform their task(s) for as long as possible. So, malware doesn't
leave a trail to follow, and your system displays no signs of infection.
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Most users think that viruses and worms require user interaction to
activate. It is false. This is actually the primary difference between
viruses and worms. Although viruses require the activation of their host
file in order to execute, this may be part of an automated process. In
contrast, once a worm has breached a system, it can execute, selfreplicate and propagate freely and with no trigger, human or automated.
Another common misconception is that all reputable websites are safe.
Compromising legitimate websites with infected code is one of the
easiest ways to convince potential victims to download files or provide
sensitive information. Many users believe their personal data—photos,
documents and files—have no value for malware creators. But cyber
criminals mine publicly available data, like that on social networks, to
create custom targeted attacks on individuals or to gather intelligence
for spear phishing emails popular for accessing the networks of large,
secure organizations.
What are the signs of malware and computer virus infections? While
most malware leaves no indicative signs and leaves your computer
operating normally, sometimes there can be indications that you might
be infected. Reduced performance tops the list. This includes slowrunning processes, windows that take longer to load than usual and
random programs running in the background. You may also notice that
internet homepages have been changed in your browser, or that pop-up
ads are occurring more frequently than usual. In some cases, malware
can also impact more basic computer functions: Windows may not open
at all, and you may be unable to connect to the internet or access higherlevel system control functions.
If you suspect that your computer might be infected, scan your
system immediately. If nothing is found, but you're still in doubt, get a
second opinion by running an alternative antivirus scanner.
Ideally, you should prevent an attack, not discover it. Your best defense
is a comprehensive internet security solution that includes real-time
scanning and monitoring of disk drives, files and activities as well as
real-time updates on web threats provided by a team of experienced
cyber security professionals. This includes monitoring instant messaging
services, scanning email attachments, providing a firewall. Effective
antivirus and cyber security software should be able to work and
coordinate between all your devices.
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8. Answer the questions using the video and the text above:
1. How does a virus get on your computer?
2. What is distributed denial-of-service?
3. How can a hacker get your personal data, such as your credit
card number and password?
4. Is it always obvious that your computer system is infected?
5. Does a user need to give permission to activate a virus?
6. Are legitimate sites always safe?
7. Why do cybercriminals mine publicly available data?
8. What are the signs that your computer is infected?
9. What is the best way to protect your computer system from
hacking?
9. Study the diagrams below. Explain how the PC users get infected.
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