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Файл:IT English through Short Films. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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circuit- электронная схема
complex- сложный
deal with- иметь дело с
decimal- десятичный
multiply- умножать
option- вариант, выбор
represent-представлять
scary-looking- устрашающий
While you watch
2. Watch the video “Binary and data” and answer the questions:
1. What numbers play a big role in how computers work on the
inside?
2. What things carry all the information in a computer?
3. What is the smallest piece of information?
4. How many digits are used in the decimal number system?
5. How many digits are there in the binary number system and
what are they?
6. How do numbers work in a text?
7. In what way are colors in videos and photos connected with
numbers?
8. What is the backbone of how all computers work?
3. Match the words (a-j) with their definitions (1-10)
a) to represent 1) conductor
b) image 2) information
c) to flow 3) to handle
d) visual 4) location
e) value 5) related to sight
f) wire 6) picture
g) position 7) to symbolize
h) to deal with 8) to move steadily and without difficulty
i) digit 9) a particular number or quantity
j) data 10) a written symbol for a number from 0 to 9
After you watch
4. Read the text and answer the questions:
sequence- последовательность
software developerразработчик программ
teeny=tiny- крошечный
value- величина, значение
wave- форма волны
wire- провод
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Binary Numeration System
During the latter part of the 17th century a great German philosopher
and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was doing
research into the simplest numeration system. While he was developing
a numeration system, he was using only the symbols 1 and 0. This
system is called a base two or binary numeration system. This became
the basis of virtually all modern computers. Leibniz also invented a
mechanical calculating machine. This machine was the first that could
perform the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. Only three of these machines were produced due to the
difficulty of their construction. But more important to the history of
binary numbers and computers was Leibniz’s work where he described
a machine that was operating on the binary principle and was using
marbles or cubes governed by punch cards. A container had holes in
such a way that they could be opened and closed. They were opening at
those positions that corresponded to a 1 and were closing at those
positions that corresponded to a 0. The open gates permitted small cubes
or marbles to fall through into a channel but the closed gates didn’t.
Though Leibniz never built this machine, his work described precisely
how electronic computers function. Nowadays gravity and movement of
marbles are replaced by electrical circuits, but the principle functions in
the same way.
The electronic circuits in a digital computer detect the difference
between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current
doesn’t pass through) and represent these states as 1 and 0. Each 1 or 0
is called a binary digit or bit. Bits are grouped into 8-digit codes that
represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). 8 bits together are
called a byte. Computers use a standard code for the binary
representation of characters. This is the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange, or ASCII ['ꬱski]. But we use bigger units such
as kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB) to avoid
complex calculations of bytes. We use these units to describe the RAM
memory, the storage capacity of disks and the size of a program.
1) What is Leibnitz famous for?
2) How many symbols did he use in his new numeration system?
3) What sort of machine did he build?
4) Which Leibnitz’s work was more important to the history of
binary numbers and computers?
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5) How did he describe the operation of this machine?
1. binary
a) строка
2. circuit
b) кодировать
3. frequency
c) напряжение
4. hue
d) оцифровать
5. sequence
e) сжимать
6. string
f) схема
7. to compress
g) оттенок
8. to digitize
h) передавать (данные)
9. to encode
i) последовательность
10. to transmit
j) десятичный
11. voltage
k) частота
12. decimal
l) двоичный
1. voltage
a) the smallest unit of data in a computer.
2. digit
b) a part of a larger sequence of images that make up a
video or computer game.
3. bit
c) a loop through which current can flow.
4. binary
d) a written symbol for any of the ten numbers from 0
to 9.
5. frame
e) a numeric system that only uses two digits — 0 and
1.
6. circuit
f) an electrical potential difference, the difference in
6) Why is this machine important for modern computers?
7) How do the electronic circuits detect the difference between two
states?
8) What is a bit?
9) What is a sequence of eight bits called?
10) What is ASCII? Why do we use it?
4. HOW EXACTLY DOES BINARY CODE WORK?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgbV6DLVezo
Before you watch
1. Match the words with their meaning:
2. Match the terms with their definition:
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electric potential between two places.
While you watch
1. Computers use binary because
…
a) three binary sequences that
correspond to the primary colors.
2. A computer’s main memory is
made of transistors …
b) numbers in the form of binary
strings, with as many as 44,000 for
every second of sound.
3. You need similar context to tell
…
c) the result of simple “true” or
“false” choice…
4. In color images every pixel is
represented by …
d) which assigns each character to
a specific group of 8-digit binary
strings.
5. Each sequence encodes a
number …
e) that switch between either high
or low voltage levels.
6. Sound waves are recorded as …
f) that determines the intensity of
the particular color.
7. Letters are interpreted based on
standard rules like UTF-8 …
g) it’s a reliable way of storing
data.
8. Everything you see, hear and
read through your screen comes to
you as …
h) whether you’re looking at
binary numbers or binary text.
3. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences. Then watch the
video and check. While watching the video pay attention to the
words below:
coil – катушка (динамика)
primary colors – основные цвета
pulse code modulation – импульсно-кодовая модуляция
simultaneously – одновременно
ternary – троичная система счисления
to oscillate – колебаться
4. Watch the video again and answer the questions.
1) How many different "quantities" can be expressed with a
binary sequence of 8 bits?
a. Infinite b. 256 c. Only 2 d. 26
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2) How do you know if a binary sequence corresponds to a
number, text, color, or audio?
a. There is absolutely no way to know
b. Machine-learning techniques can identify the type of the
binary data
c. The programmer who created the data provides the context
necessary to define it, similar to a user that creates a file with an
appropriate extension
3) Which sentence best describes the way a color is represented
in binary when considering the RGB (red, green and blue)
system?
a. Each color is associated with three numbers and the binary
representation of the color is given by those numbers' binary
representation
b. The binary representation of a color is equivalent to the
energy of its associated photons
c. The characters that compose the name of the color in English
define its representation in binary
d. The wave corresponding to a color is registered at 40 MHz
and the intensity of each sample is stored in memory
4) How can one compress a picture encoded in binary into a
smaller file without loss of information?
a. Half of the information stored in binary is not actually needed
to store it, so it can simply be suppressed (suppress – опустить,
исключить)
b. When you compress a picture, you are actually creating a
shortcut (ярлык) to some region of the main memory; since the
shortcut takes less memory than the file, we have the impression
it is compressed
c. Pictures usually have pixels that are very similar to their
surrounding pixels; instead of storing every single one of them,
the compressor software can store only the first one, as well as
the number of times it must be repeated
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5) What is the frequency of an audio recording?
a. 44Hz b. 220kHz c. 22Hz d. 44kHz
After you watch
5. Complete the summary based on the video you have watched.
Almost all computers use 1)…… that means it applies only two
numerals, 1 and 0. A computer’s main memory consists of 2)……
which switch between high and low 3)…….. The processor identifies
these two states and 4)………. other computer devices according to the
program. Every letter, number or symbol is represented with a binary
sequence of bits, where each bit is either 5)……… But it is necessary to
provide the 6)……… to define the 7)………. In a video frame every
8)……… is represented by three binary sequences that correspond to
the 9)………. Each sequence 10)…….. a number that determines the
11)………… of the particular color. A video driver program
12)……….. this information to the millions of liquid crystals in the
screen to make different 13)………… Sound waves are digitized and
recorded as numbers in the form of 14)…………, with as many as
44,000 for every second of sound. All this requires a great number of
15)………. But that amount can be reduced through 16)………… These
17)………… are also written in binary code. Besides binary, there has
been research into 18)……….. computers, with circuits in three possible
states, and quantum computers, whose circuits can be in 19)…… states
simultaneously. But so far, only binary code has provided the most
reliable way of 20)………... and ……..
6. Read the text to find out more about ternary computers and
answer the question: Why did ternary computers fail?
Why Not Ternary Computers?
A ternary computer (also called a trinary computer) is a computer
that uses ternary logic (three possible values, such as 0, 1 and 2) instead
of the more common binary logic (two possible values) in its
calculations. A “trit” is the ternary equivalent of a bit. If a bit is a binary
digit that can have one of two values, then a trit is a ternary digit that
can have any of three values. A trit is one base-3 digit. A “tryte” would
be 6 trits.
16
Ternary computing has many basic benefits over binary computing.
These are:
Higher data processing speed.
Access to additional instructions.
Back-compatibility with legacy binary codes.
Preventing malware and viruses.
The original ternary computer was an early calculating machine,
created by Thomas Fowler from wood in 1840. The first modern ternary
computer Setun was built in 1958 in the Soviet Union by Nikolay
Brusentsov. Working with the notable Soviet mathematician Sergei
Sobolev, Brusentsov created a research team at Moscow State
University and designed a ternary computer architecture that would
result in the construction of 50 machines. In 1970 Brusentsov made an
improved version of the computer, which he called Setun-70. In the
USA, the ternary computing trend also started in the ’50s, where
noticeable progress happened in the development of ternary arithmetic
and microelectronic components for ternary computers. Despite having
remarkable benefits over the binary versions, binary computers
eventually replaced these ternary versions, because of lower electricity
consumption and production cost. Today’s computers operate on a logic
system that’s different from what any potential ternary computer would
use.
Why did base 3 fail to catch on? The reason we can’t use ternary
logic comes down to the way transistors are stacked in a computer—
something called “gates”—and how they’re used to carry out math.
Gates take two inputs, execute a task on them, and then return one
output.
Reliable three-state devices just didn’t exist or were too hard to
develop. Let’s look at hardware peripherals and the laws of physics
when it comes to the use of binary. Every number in your computer is
an electrical signal. In the previous days of computing, electrical signals
were much harder to measure and control in a proper manner. It is more
sensible to differentiate between an “on” status—defined by negative
charge—and an “off” status—defined by a positive charge. Here “off” is
defined by a positive charge because electrons have a negative charge—
so more electrons mean more current with a negative charge.
Importantly, this only allows current to flow from the source to the
destination when there is a current in the gate. This forms a binary
17
switch. Manufacturers can make binary transistors very small—even
1. hardware
2. software
3. a circuit
4. a plug
5. run programs
6. interact
7. handle
8. save results
9. execute
10. sequence
11. rectangle
12. install programs
a) communicate
b) a connector
c) a scheme
d) perform
e) launch (start ) programs
f) equipment, technical means
g) work, operate
h) set
i) program
j) order
k) square
l) store
around 5 nanometers. This is how modern CPUs function.
(https://www.techopedia.com/)
7. Find the terms in the text which mean the following:
1. Auxiliary equipment that is connected to the computer.
2. Numerical quantity.
3. To be unsuccessful.
4. Flow of electricity.
5. Software designed to interfere with a computer's normal
functioning.
6. A negatively charged particle which exists outside the nucleus
of an atom.
7. A numeral, a figure.
8. To accomplish, to perform.
9. A numeral system that has three as its base.
10. Associated with, or carried over from an earlier time,
technology.
11. Able to be trusted.
5. HOW COMPUTERS WORK: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnyFYiK2rSY
Before you watch
1. Match the key words (1-12) with their synonyms (a-l):
18
While you watch
2. Mark the sentences as true ( T ) or false ( F ). Correct the false
ones:
1. When you look inside a computing device, what you see is the
software
2. The CPU is the master chip that controls all the other parts of the
computer
3. The real magic of the CPU is how it knows which circuits to use
and when to use them
4. All simple commands are represented in decimal numbers
5. Binary code is the most basic form of software that is why it
doesn’t control all the hardware of a computer
6. The operating system is the master program that manages how
software gets to use the hardware of the computer
7. When you think your computer, not the operating system, is
running many programs at once you are right
8. The software is a series of commands made of simple binary code
After you watch
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What can you see when you look inside a computing device?
2. What is software?
3. How do the hardware and the software interact with one
another?
4. What circuits does the CPU have?
5. How does the CPU handle an “add” command?
6. What is binary code?
7. What do programming languages let a user do?
8. What does the operating program let a user do?
4. Use the script to find the definition of the following terms:
1. software 2. hardware 3.operating system 4. CPU 5. binary code
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6. HOW COMPUTERS WORK: CPU, MEMORY, INPUT,
OUTPUT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKGZlaPlVLY&t=8s
Before you watch
1. Match the abbreviations with their meanings:
1) CEO
2) CPU
3) GPS
4) 3D
While you watch
2. Mark the sentences as T (true) or F (false):
1) All computers do the same three things: they input information,
process it and output the information
2) Each of these things is done by the same part of the computer
3) There is a central processing unit or CPU where all the calculations
are done
4) When you press a letter on the keyboard the keyboard converts the
letter to a number
5) Pixel information is sent in decimal to the screen
6) The screen is an input device
7) The more complicated a task is, the more memory a computer needs
8) To do complicated 3D graphics, modern computers have multiple
CPUs to process all information
3. Watch the video again and answer the questions:
1) How many basic things can computers do and what are they?
2) What do input devices and memory do?
3) What is the task of the CPU and output devices?
4) Name different types of input.
5) What does the CPU start doing when a number is sent into the
computer?
6) What are some of physical motions that computers can control?
7) Why can computers interact with the world in entirely new ways?
8) What should modern computers have to perform complicated tasks?
After you watch
4. Look through the script and find the equivalents in English:
a) three-dimensional
b) executive director
c) central processing unit
d) global positioning system
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