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Файл:IT English through Short Films. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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programmed for where to look or what to conclude. There are primarily
three types of machine learning: Supervised, Unsupervised, and
Reinforcement Learning. Supervised learning is a type of machine
learning that uses labeled data to train machine learning models. In
labeled data, the output is already known. The model just needs to map
the inputs to the respective outputs. An example of supervised learning
is to train a system that identifies the image of an animal. Few of the top
supervised learning applications are weather prediction, sales
forecasting, stock price analysis. Unsupervised learning is a type of
machine learning that uses unlabeled data to train machines. Unlabeled
data doesn’t have a fixed output variable. The model learns from the
data, discovers the patterns and features in the data, and returns the
output. One of the applications of unsupervised learning is customer
segmentation. Based on customer behavior, likes, dislikes, and interests,
you can segment and cluster similar customers into a group.
Reinforcement Learning trains a machine to take suitable actions and
maximize its rewards in a particular situation. It uses an agent and an
environment to produce actions and rewards. The agent has a start and
an end state. But, there might be different paths for reaching the end
state, like a maze. In this learning technique, there is no predefined
target variable. Reinforcement learning algorithms are widely used in
the gaming industries to build games. It is also used to train robots to do
human tasks.
A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of
interconnected units (like neurons) that processes information by
responding to external inputs, relaying information between each unit.
The process requires multiple passes at the data to find connections and
derive meaning from undefined data. Neural networks rely on training
data to learn and improve their accuracy over time. One of the most
well-known neural networks is Google’s search algorithm.
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which is essentially a
neural network with three or more layers. These neural networks
attempt to simulate the behavior of the human brain allowing it to
“learn” from large amounts of data. While a neural network with a
single layer can still make approximate predictions, additional hidden
layers can help to optimize and refine for accuracy. Deep learning
technology lies behind everyday products and services (such as digital
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assistants, voice-enabled TV remotes, and credit card fraud detection) as
well as emerging technologies (such as self-driving cars).
Additionally, several technologies enable and support AI. Computer
vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize
what’s in a picture or video. When machines can process, analyze and
understand images, they can capture images or videos in real time and
interpret their surroundings. Natural language processing (NLP) is the
ability of computers to analyze, understand and generate human
language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural language
interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers using
normal, everyday language to perform tasks. The Internet of Things
generates massive amounts of data from connected devices, most of it
unanalyzed. Automating models with AI will allow us to use more of it.
APIs, or application programming interfaces, are portable packages of
code that make it possible to add AI functionality to existing products
and software packages. They can add image recognition capabilities to
home security systems and Q&A (question and answer) capabilities that
describe data, create captions and headlines, or call out interesting
patterns and insights in data. Advanced algorithms are being developed
and combined in new ways to analyze more data faster and at multiple
levels. This intelligent processing is a key to identifying and predicting
rare events, understanding complex systems and optimizing unique
scenarios.
Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning, and Data mining are
frequently used altogether in today’s world. These words are highly
inter-related to each other and sometimes are used interchangeably.
Data mining is a field of science that is used to find out the properties of
datasets. Large sets of data collected from data warehouses are mined to
take out interesting correlations and patterns among the data
items. Data mining serves as a foundation for artificial intelligence. It is
a part of programming codes with information and data necessary for AI
systems.
www.ibm.com
b) Answer the questions:
1. What is artificial intelligence?
2. What subfields of AI are mentioned in the text?
3. What is supervised ML? Where is it used?
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4. What is unsupervised ML? What is an example of unsupervised
ML?
5. What is Reinforcement Learning aimed at? Where is it used?
6. What is a neural network? How does it work?
7. What is Deep Learning? Give examples of its application.
8. What technologies support AI?
9. What is Data Mining? Why are DM and AI highly inter-related?
c) Study this diagram and try to explain why all these fields
intersect:
18. COMPUTER BASICS: CREATING A SAFE WORKSPACE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NLQ3uC8_sw
Before you watch
1. Work in pairs and answer the questions:
1. What is ergonomics?
2. Do you use it at home?
3. How is your working place arranged?
Before you watch the video, study the following words:
ache - боль (a dull steady pain
=hurt)
pain - боль (an unpleasant
feeling in a part of your body
=discomfort)
strain - напряжение, нагрузка
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neck - шея
back - спина
wrist - запястье
hunch - сутулиться
murky - неясный
dim - тусклый
While you watch
2. Watch the video “Computer basics: Creating a Safe Workspace”
and answer the questions:
1. What is ergonomics?
2. Why is keyboard position important?
3. What are the rules of sitting in a chair correctly?
4. What is a comfortable distance to the monitor?
5. What is the correct screen brightness?
6. What is night mode?
7. What is the rule of 20x20x20?
8. How can clutter cause injuries?
3. Fill in the gaps with the words below, then watch again and check
it:
foot rest, arrange, eye, brightness, adjustable,
breaks, distance, lead to, support, wrist
1. Another way to avoid strain of fatigue is to take frequent ……….
2. When you are typing your ………. should be straight and relaxed.
3. If you ………. your workspace with ergonomics in mind, you can
avoid things like ………. strain and neck and back pain.
4. If your feet no longer reach the floor, you can find a ……. .
5. Clutter is another common problem and it can ………. strainer
injury.
6. Adjust the screen ………. on your monitor so that matches your
surroundings.
7. Your monitor should be a comfortable ……….away from your
eyes.
8. Many office chairs are ……….and designed to give you extra
………. .
After you watch
fatigue - утомление, усталость
clutter - беспорядок
injury - травма
loose - несвязанный
cord - шнур, кабель
hazard - опасность
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4. Read the script and find the equivalents to the words below:
1. efficient
2. not strained, calm
3. normal
4. physically relaxed
5. be different in size, amount, intensity, etc
6. buy, obtain
7. put, set
8. give out, produce something
9. lessen
10. common, it often happens
11. a light, quick meal
12. danger
5. Look at the pictures and find the mistakes from the point of view
of ergonomics. How can you correct them?
6. In pairs discuss the following questions:
1. Why is ergonomics necessary?
2. What should a doctor advise if you have eye strain?
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3. You have pain in your wrist. How can you change the situation?
4. You have neck and back pain. What advice can a doctor give?
5. Why is clutter a problem? Is your workspace messy?
7. Make a plan of the film and a 10-sentence summary.
8. a) Read an article about ergonomics and answer the questions
after the text:
Enjoy Your Hobbies Without Back and Neck Pain
Everyone needs hobbies; you can’t just work all day every day. But
make sure your hobbies are safe for your spine by following this guide.
Hobbies and pastimes are an important part of life. People need to have
things they enjoy, from athletic endeavors to activities like crafting. But
although having activities boosts your mood, mental health and more,
you need to mind your spine, as some hobbies can stress your back.
Here’s how to make sure your activities are both fun and safe.
Hobbies and spine
Be mindful of your spine when you're enjoying your hobbies.
Protect Your Neck
According to Mayo Clinic, poor posture is a leading cause of neck pain.
Looking down increases the load that the cervical spine has to bear, and
it can be quite a heavy load. In a neutral position, the human head
weighs approximately 10-12 pounds. When you lean your head
forward—you know, when your face is buried in your phone—the
weight increases incrementally, from a load of 27 pounds at a 15-degree
angle all the way to 60 pounds at 60 degrees. That strains the cervical
vertebrae, joints, and muscles.
In recent years, much has been said about “text neck”—an issue
stemming from the way people hold their heads and necks when using a
cell phone for texting, gaming, or other activities. Some 2019 studies
suggest that the average person spends three to five hours per day on
their smart phone or tablet, which means three to five hours of extra
weight for your neck to bear.
But with 2020 and the pandemic, people have been spending more time
on their smart phones and tablets. A study noted that people are
naturally spending more time on their phones, using them to order food,
have telehealth appointments, read the news, and more. That same study
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noted several problems associated with this increased use, including
neck pain.
The position of the neck when using a smartphone or tablet is similar to
the way the neck is held for other leisure activities, such as crafting,
sewing and other needlework, painting, knitting, even reading. That
means participating in these hobbies can increase the risk of cervical
pain A.
Another problem with sitting is that people tend to slouch. This, a 2006
study states, may increase the likelihood of lower back pain.
The longer you sit and slouch, the more likely your lower back is going
to suffer. Keeping the spine straight lessens the strain on muscles and
your vertebrae. That means less pain and discomfort.
Ergonomics at Home
According to the University at Chapel Hill Environmental, Health and
Safety division, “Many hobbies and other everyday activities performed
outside of the workplace can be sources of ergonomic stressors.”
Ergonomics looks at how the immediate surroundings—your desk, work
area, craft room, etc.—interact with what you are doing. The right
ergonomics help to protect the spine. The wrong ones can cause damage
due to issues like muscle strain, repetitive movements, and incorrect
posture.
Look at your workspace and consider the ergonomics of it, especially:
Your chair: Make sure you have the right kind of chair. An adjustable
one is best. Is the seat both comfortable and adjustable? Does the chair
have a backrest and arm rests?
Your table or desk: Is the height correct? If your work surface itself isn’t
adjustable, go back to your chair and make adjustments as needed. You
also want your hips higher than your knees to take strain off your
sacrum and lumbar spine. Your upper back should be straight, with your
shoulder blades together, which makes a nice, supportive platform for
your neck and head. Document holders can often be attached to your
computer screen to that both on- and off-screen diagrams and
instructions are at the same height.
Don’t Forget to Stretch
Another common problem is working for too long in one position.
People can get into the zone, especially when working on something
creative, and not want to stop the flow. But frequent breaks are vital.
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Harvard Health recommends maintaining the right posture, stretching,
and getting up to move around on a regular basis.
Stretch your neck by turning your head gently from side to side, tipping
your head by bringing your ear to your shoulder, and lowering your
head so that your chin nearly touches your chest. Next, turn your face to
look diagonally down to your armpit, which stretches your trapezius and
levator scapulae muscles. Hold the stretches for 10-15 seconds and
remember to always move slowly and gently.
Stretches for the lower back are also important. The Mayo Clinic
recommends just 15 minutes a day of stretches to maintain the health of
your spine. Start with these five back stretches.
If pain or discomfort becomes frequent or unmanageable, it’s time to
seek professional help. If you’re in the United States, you can see a
physical therapist trained in orthopedic issues and ergonomics without a
prescription in all 50 states. Call your doctor or physical therapist to find
out if you need treatment. Following the guidelines explained in this
article can help you enjoy your hobbies without pain or sacrifice. Be
safe and get creative!
www.spineuniverse.com/wellness/ergonomics/
1. What is a leading cause of neck pain?
2. What happens when you lean your head forward?
3. What is “text neck”?
4. Name leisure activities in which the position of the neck is
important.
5. What problem causes lower back pain?
6. What kind of chair should you have?
7. What should be taken into account when we talk about the right
chairs?
8. What does Harvard Health recommend?
9. You should stretch your neck in the right way. How?
10. When does time come to see a physical therapist?
b) Discuss these questions in pairs:
1. Is your workplace organized taking into account the rules of
ergonomics?
2. What is wrong with your workplace?
3. What do you do in order not to feel pain in the neck?
4. How can you avoid back pain?
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5. How often should you have breaks?
c) Write a short summary of the text.
19. THE 3 SECRETS BEHIND GREAT WEBSITES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7tDTU23cuk
Before you watch
1. Discuss the following questions:
1. What features make a good website?
2. What is more important for a good website? Put these
characteristics in order of importance and explain why: a) design,
b) navigation, c) graphics, d) compatibility, e) accuracy.
3. What questions should you ask yourself before planning your
website?
While you watch
2. Watch the video and mark the statements as True or False.
Correct the False ones.
1. Design is a skill that only the brave and the few have achieved.
2. The guidelines of creating a great website are both complex and
confusing.
3. A website may be considered a goal in and of itself.
4. Charity Water is a manufacturing company, their goal is to
attract more clients, so their contact button highlights on their
home page.
5. Every design solution should make a contribution to the overall
goal.
6. YouTube’s homepage contains a lot of videos because they
want to show a wide range of films in stock to suit any taste.
7. You’d better not show an overwhelming amount of pictures,
which may confuse people. Explain everything through text.
8. According to the video “to be human” means to use friendly
photos and to speak plainly.
9. Hiding behind technical language is also a good way to warm
the website to people.
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10. Even if you are not a major business, pretend to be one in your
site.
3. Complete the sentences with the words from the box, then watch
again and check.
clarify a design in of itself
to fundraise subscribers the goal scroll jargon
accomplish visualizations obvious
differently human donation box visually
signup form goals
1. No website is an end………………... A website needs to
……………..something.
2. A goal helps …………..things. Good websites are designed
around…………….
3. Charity Water’s goal is……………. So they make their
……………really ………….on their home page.
4. Platformer’s goal is to get more…………….., so their
homepage is just a very basic……………...
5. You can also usually understand ……………..once you
understand………………..
6. As we……………, notice how often Apple shows what they are
saying through………………….
7. Insurance is boring but Lemonade is doing things a
little………….., and they explain what they do……………..
8. Great websites are also ……………..in their copywriting so
they don't hide behind……………...
4. Answer the questions:
1. What are the three rules behind a great website?
2. What does the presenter mean by saying “…good websites are
designed around goals…”? Give some examples. Is it also true
for small organizations?
3. Why is YouTube’s homepage full of videos? Why do they
automatically play another video after one finishes?
4. How do people get information from websites?
5. Why is Apple’s website a good example of the second rule?
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