Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:IT English through Short Films. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
.pdf
1) фрезерный станок 2) вращающийся режущий инструмент,
1. feed
a. a bottleneck
2. create
b. like a middleman
3. refresh
c. recent data accesses
4. act
d. memory
5. catch
e. data
3) внешний, 4) преобразовывать, 5) сенсорная панель, 6) нажимать,
7) рассчитывать, 8) пошаговые инструкции, 9) взаимодействовать,
10) улучшения
7. CPU CACHE EXPLAINED
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0FhRqDJfo
Before you watch
1. Answer the questions:
1) What do these abbreviations stand for: a) RAM b) ROM c) CPU?
2) Which memory is volatile: RAM or ROM?
3) What is cache memory?
While you watch
2. Watch the video and correct these statements. (All the statements
are false).
1. SRAM is a type of computer memory that has to be constantly
refreshed.
2. DRAM is as fast and expensive as SRAM.
3. If the CPU needs certain data, it goes first to the primary memory or
RAM.
4. As RAM is becoming faster, it can deliver the data to the CPU fast
enough.
5. Level 3 cache is the fastest cache because it is bigger.
6. Level 1 is often called shared cache because its memory is shared
between all the cores on the CPU.
3. Match the verbs (1-5) with the nouns (a-e) to make phrases from
the video:
21
4. Watch the video again and answer the questions:
1. What two types of memory are described in the film?
2. What is the difference between these types of memory?
3. What are the benefits of SRAM?
4. What is the CPU cache?
5. What is the function of the CPU cache?
6. What does the CPU do if the CPU cache doesn’t have certain data?
7. What is the main purpose of cache?
8. Where is Level 1 (L1) cache located?
9. What are L2 and L3 cache used for?
10. Where does the processor turn to if there is no certain data in L3
cache?
11. Where was L2 cache located in earlier computers?
12. Where is L2 cache located in modern PCs?
13. Which is the fastest cache?
14. What are L1, L2, L3 cache dedicated to?
After you watch
5. Read the text and answer the questions:
Every computing device has an essential component called the
central processing unit. The CPU performs calculations, makes logical
comparisons and moves data up to billions of times per second. It is
built into a chip, a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical
circuit, called an integrated circuit. The chip plugs into a socket on the
computer's circuit board and communicates with memory, hard drives,
display screens and other devices external to the CPU.
How quickly a CPU can process data is affected by how many cores
it has. A multi-core processor is a chip containing more than one CPU.
Many programs are written so that multiple cores can work on
processing the data which the program requires at the same time.
Consequently, it vastly increases how quickly that program can run.
The processor consists of three main parts: the arithmetic logic unit
(ALU), the control unit and the registers. The CPU also keeps recentlyused instructions and data in an area called cache memory that improves
the computer's efficiency. The CPU control unit automatically checks
cache for instructions before requesting data from RAM.
22
Any computer has multiple types of memory inside it. There is
primary storage, like a hard disk or SSD, which stores the operating
system and programs. Then there is RAM which is faster than the
primary storage. It stores frequently accessed data, helping to keep
actions on your computer fast. But there are even faster memory units
known as the CPU memory cache. Regular system RAM is known as
Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Cache memory is a form of Static RAM
(SRAM), which doesn’t need to be refreshed unlike Dynamic RAM
(DRAM).
CPU сache memory is divided into three "levels": L1, L2, and L3.
L1 (Level 1) cache is the fastest memory in a computer system. The L1
cache is usually split into two sections: the instruction cache and the
data cache. The instruction cache deals with the information about the
operation that the CPU must perform. The data cache holds the data on
which the operation is to be performed. L2 (Level 2) cache is slower
than the L1 cache but bigger in size. The L1 memory cache is typically
100 times faster than the system RAM, while the L2 cache is around 25
times faster. The L3 cache is the largest but also the slowest cache
memory unit. Modern CPUs include the L3 cache on the CPU itself. But
the L1 and L2 cache exist for each core on the chip itself.
So, how does CPU cache work? When a user runs a program, the
instructions are sent from the primary storage (the hard drive) to the
CPU. The data is loaded into the RAM. Then the memory controller
takes the data from the RAM and sends it to the CPU cache. The data
flows from the RAM to the L3 cache, then the L2, and finally the L1.
When the processor is looking for data to carry out an operation, it first
tries to find it in the L1 cache. If the CPU finds it, the condition is called
a cache hit. It then proceeds to find it in L2 and then L3. If the CPU
doesn't find the data in any of the memory caches, it attempts to access
it from the system memory (RAM). When that happens, it is known as a
cache miss.
1. What operations does the processor perform?
2. What is the processor like?
3. What affects the speed of the CPU performance?
4. What are the main parts of the CPU?
5. What types of memory are there inside any computer?
23
6. How do these types of memory differ in terms of speed?
7. What is the difference between SRAM and DRAM?
8. How many sections does L1 cache hold?
9. How fast is L2 cache?
10. Which is the largest cache?
11. How does CPU cache work?
12. What is a cache hit?
13. When does the CPU access data from the RAM?
8. HOW COMPUTERS WORK: CIRCUITS AND LOGIC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoqMiFKspAA
Before you watch
1. Before you watch the video, study the following words:
modify- изменять combine- объединять
teeny- крошечный circuit- cхема
incredibly- невероятно complicated- сложный
multiple- многочисленный complex- сложный
perform- выполнять calculationвычисление
adder- сумматор multiple- множитель
subtraction- вычитание multiplicationумножение
explore- исследовать require- требовать
DNA- ДНК cure- лечить
While you watch
2. Watch the video “Circuits and logic” and answer the questions:
1. Why does a computer need to modify and combine the input
signals?
2. What components form circuits?
3. What represents information?
4. What can complicated circuits do?
5. What simple calculations can electrical circuits perform?
6. Why are smaller computers also faster?
24
7. Why can modern circuits perform billions of calculations per
1. subtraction
a) This is one of the four basic operations of
arithmetic. When you perform this operation
with two whole numbers it results in the total
amount or sum of those values combined.
2. multiplication
b) This is a deliberate process that transforms
one or more inputs into one or more results.
3. addition
c) This is an arithmetic operation that
represents the operation of removing objects
from a collection. This operation is signified
by the minus sign.
4. division
d) This is one of the four elementary
mathematical operations. The result of this
second?
8. What can circuits do to help people?
3. Watch again and complete the sentences with the words below:
distance, perform, circuits, binary digits, subtraction, multiplication,
microscopic, complexity, come to life
1. If you have ideas, you can use technology to make those ideas
………. .
2. A computer uses millions of teeny electronic components,
which come together to form ………. .
3. By connecting these circuits together, we can make more
complex circuits that ………. more complex calculations.
4. You need two wires coming out because it can take up to two
…….. …….. to represent the sum.
5. Different electrical circuits can perform other simple
calculations like ………. or ………. .
6. Today, computer circuits are ………. in size, and way faster.
7. Well, because the smaller the circuit is, the less ………. the
electrical signal has to go.
8. Underneath all this ………. Is just lots of teeny circuits that turn
binary signals into websites, videos, music, and games.
After you watch
4. Match the terms with their definitions:
25
operation is called a product.
5. calculation
e) This is an operation by which, given two
numbers A (the Dividend ) and B (the Divisor)
we find a third number Q ( Quotient )
a)
b)
c)
d)
A
B
a) source code
1) A large collection of free software, which can
be used as an operating system or can be used in
parts with other operating systems.
b) a distribution
2) The original systems program from which
compiled programs are made.
c) kernel
3) A complete operating system kit with the
utilities and apps that you need to do different
tasks.
d) GNU
4) A type of software development where any
9. LINUX EXPLAINED: WHAT IS THE LINUX KERNEL?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ607nDnyE0
Before you watch
1. Discuss the following questions:
1. What is computer software and hardware?
2. What does OS stand for?
3. What does an operating system do?
2. Look at the logos of some operating systems and try to identify
them:
3. Match the terms in column A with the statements in column B:
26
programmer can develop or fix bugs in the
software.
e) Open Source
5) The core of an OS that handles memory,
communicates with hardware and ensures
smooth operation of the computer.
While you watch
controversy – споры, разногласия
4. Watch the video and answer the questions:
1. Is Linux an operating system from a technical point of view?
2. Which two things does an operating system do?
3. What is Linux according to the presenter of the video?
4. What functions does a kernel have?
5. Where is Linux used?
6. Why does the presenter call Linux versatile?
7. What happened to the Linux kernel in the early 90s?
8. Why did many developers start to replace the GNU kernel?
9. What did a controversy grow about among the free software
community?
10. What does the general public refer Linux to?
11. What do technical users refer it to?
12. What are the examples of Linux distributions?
5. Watch the video again and complete the text with the words
below:
1. loaded 2. the functionality and benefits 3. distributions
4. an operating system 5. a modified version 6. provide
7. the kernel 8.free and open-source 9.the core program
10.memory 11.components 12.handles 13.versatile
14.currently 15. requests 16.most widely-used 17. lacking
Almost all computer programs require ………. to function. There are
several …….. of an OS that together make the different parts of a
computer work. One of the most important of them is called ……… A
kernel is …………. of an operating system. It’s the first program
……… on startup. It ……….the rest of the startup process, the
input/output …….. from other programs, manages ……..and hardware
peripherals. Linux is the ……….. free and open-source kernel on the
27
planet. Android Google’s mobile operating system uses ……….. of the
Linux kernel. It is a very ……… piece of software. In the 90s many
developers combined the Linux kernel with a ………… operating
system called GNU. They did this because of …………. that Linux was
…….. offering but GNU was ……. . The benefits that GNU and the
Linux kernel ………. today are available to any user in the form of
……...
After you watch
6. What have you heard about Linux OS? Have you ever used it on
your computer?
Read the text and find out more information about Linux OS:
One man’s humble idea has become the most important open source
project in computer software history. The Linux kernel has over 20
million versions of code, and it runs on all of the world’s 500 most
powerful supercomputers. It also runs on servers, desktops, laptops, TV
boxes, routers, tablets, smartphones, wearable devices, and it powers a
growing network of connected devices known as the Internet of Things.
Not too long ago, in 1991, the Linux kernel was nothing but an
announcement which was made by Linus Torvalds: “I’m doing a (free)
operating system… I’d like any feedback on things people like or dislike
in MINIX, as my OS resembles it…” At that time he was a 21-year-old
computer science student at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Like
most computer science courses, a big component of it was taught on
Unix. It was originally developed as a multitasking system for
minicomputers and mainframes in the mid-1970s and it is still one of the
most popular operating systems worldwide. But Unix was a commercial
product and cost more than a student could pay. MINIX, which had
been written for teaching purposes, was a compact Unix version. Linus
decided to develop his own free alternative to Unix and started to write
his kernel. He used GNU programming tools, which had been developed
by Richard Stallman’s Free Software Foundation. This is an
organization of volunteers that make good software and anyone can use,
modify and share it free of charge. He released the source code to the
Linux kernel on the Internet when he had written a basic kernel. The
source code is very important. If you don’t have the source code to a
program, you can’t modify it, fix bugs or add something new.
28
What happened next was very surprising. Programmers began to use
Linux. They found that it didn’t do things that they wanted it to do. So
they improved it and sent their improvements to Linus who added them
into the kernel. And Linux started to grow.
There’s a term for this model of software development. It is called
Open Source. Anyone can have the source code. It is free. Anyone can
develop or fix bugs in it. It is also easy to give your improvements back
to the community. A lot of free software was designed to compile on
Linux. By about 1992 the first distributions appeared. A distribution is a
complete operating system kit. It means it has the utilities and
applications that you need to do useful things – programming tools, text
editors, command interpreters and graphical user interfaces.
Because it is free, Linux is now the most widely-used operating
system. Linus didn’t plan his project to become so big. But as a result, it
proved the power of open source development and showed the desire to
create something great together.
7. Answer the questions:
1. What information proves the fact that Linux is the most important
open source project in computer software history?
2. When did the history of Linux begin?
3. Who started the project?
4. Why did he begin to write it?
5. What are Unix and MINIX?
6. What did Linus Torvalds use to write the Linux kernel?
7. What is Free Software Foundation?
8. What is a source code? Why is it so important to have it?
9. How did programmers react to the release of the Linux source
code?
10. What is Open Source?
11. What is a distribution?
12. What type of utilities and applications are provided in a Linux
distribution?
13. Did Linus Torvalds plan to make a big software project out of his
kernel?
14. What did his project prove?
29
8. Study the table below. Write a report comparing different
Creator
publ
ic
rele
ase
System Type
User-
friendly
securi
ty
threat
Cost
Windo
ws OS
Microsoft
1985
personal
computer,
tablet PC,
media center
+ + +
huge
non-free
software
($120)
Linux
OS
Linus
Torvalds
1991
desktop PC,
server
depends
on
distributi
on
very
little
free
Mac
OS
Apple Inc.
1984
personal
computer
+
very
little
to get
Mac OS
you need
to buy an
Apple’s
computer
Andro
id
Google
2008
smartphone,
tablet PC
+ +
little
free
iOS
Apple Inc.
2007
smartphone,
music player,
tablet
+
very
little
free only
for Mac
users
operating systems. Why do you think Windows OS is the most
popular OS nowadays?
Useful phrases:
As far as positives go
As for negatives
The good (bad) thing is
On the one hand…. on the other hand
In contrast
Besides/ However/ Finally
30
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]