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Файл:A Brief Description оf NDT Techniques. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИФИ»
ОБНИНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ
М.И. БОЯРСКАЯ
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION
OF
NDT TECHNIQUES
Учебное пособие
по английскому языку
Обнинск 2023
УДК 811.111 : 620.179
ББК 81.2 Англ : 30.82
Б 86
Боярская М.И. A Brief Description оf NDT Techniques: Учебное пособие по ан-
глийскому языку [Электронный ресурс]. Обнинск: ИАТЭ НИЯУ МИФИ, 2023. –
96 с.
Составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом по
дисциплине «Иностранный язык».
Цель пособия – формирование и развитие навыков работы с профессионально-
ориентированными текстами на английском языке, расширение словарного запаса,
кже совершенствование навыков аудирования и говорения у студентов. Аутен-
а та
тичные современные тексты и видео пособия дают студентам общее представление
о существующих методах неразрушающего контроля. Задания к текстам направлены на контроль понимания прочитанного и прослушанного, усвоение и закрепление общенаучной и профессиональной терминологии, развитие грамматических
навыков, а также навыков перевода.
Предназначено дл
я студентов старших курсов бакалавриата направления подготовки «Приборостроение» (профиль «Приборы и методы контроля качества и диагностики»), а также для студентов, обучающихся по программе магистратуры «Неразрушающий контроль, техническая диагностика оборудования и компьютерная
поддержка оператора АЭС», продолжающих изучение иностранного языка в вузе.
Рецензенты: заместитель начальника отделения ядерной физики и т
ехнологий Обнинского института атомной энергетики, доцент Института ядерной физики и технологий НИЯУ МИФИ, кандидат технических наук А.В. Нахабов; профессор кафедры лингвистической подготовки ИОПП ИАТЭ НИЯУ МИФИ, доктор филологических наук Ю.Ю. Ушакова
ISBN 978-5-7262-2993-5
© ИАТЭ НИЯУ МИФИ, 2023
Подписано в печать 11.09.2023. Формат 60х84 1/16/
Уч.-изд. л. 6,0. Пе
ч. л. 6,0. Изд. № 029-1.
Обнинский институт атомной энергетики НИЯУ МИФИ.
249039, г. Обнинск Калужской обл., квартал Студенческий городок, 1.
Содержание
1.
LESSON I. INTRODUCTION……………………………...
4
2.
LESSON II. INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHY X
AND GAMMA……………………………………………...
8
3.
LESSON III. THE ESSENCE OF RADIOGRAPHY………
15
4.
LESSON IV. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION…….
21
5.
LESSON V. DYE PENETRANT TESTING……………….
31
6.
LESSON VI. ULTRASONIC FLAW DETECTION……….
37
7.
LESSON VII. EDDY CURRENT TESTING………………
47
8.
LESSON VIII. ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING………..
54
9.
LESSON IX. THERMOGRAPHY………………………….
63
10.
LESSON X. MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER WAVE
TESTING……………………………………………………
73
11.
VOCABULARY…………………………………………….
80
12.
SCRIPTS…………………………………………………….
89
13.
Список литературы………………………………………...
96
3
LESSON I
INTRODUCTION
Task 1. Read the text and explain the underlined words. Then
translate them.
Non-destructive Testing is one part of the function of Quality Control
and is complementary to other long established methods.
By definition, non-destructive testing is the testing of materials, for
surface or internal flaws or metallurgical condition, without interfering in
any way with the integrity of the material or its suitability for service.
The technique can be applied on a sampling basis for individual investigation or may be used for 100% checking of material in a production
quality control system.
Whilst being a high technology concept, evolution of the equipment
has made it robust enough for application in any industrial environment
at any stage of manufacture from steel making to site inspection of com-
ponents already in service.
A certain degree of skill is required to apply the techniques properly
in order to obtain the maximum amount of information concerning the
product, with consequent feedback to the production facility.
Non-destructive Testing is not just a method for rejecting substandard
material; it is also an assurance that the supposedly good is good. The
technique uses a variety of principles; there is no single method around
which a black box may be built to satisfy all requirements in all circumstances.
What follows is a brief description of the methods most commonly
used in industry, together with details of typical applications, functions
and advantages. The methods covered are:
• Radiography
• Magnetic Particle Crack Detection
• Dye Penetrant Testing
• Ultrasonic Flaw Detection
• Eddy Current and Electro-magnetic Testing
However, these are by no means the total of the principles available to
the NDT Engineer. Electrical potential drop, sonics, infrared, acoustic
emission and spectrography, to name but a few, have been used to provide
4
information that the above techniques have been unable to yield, and de-
reject, detection, emission, eddy, ultrasonic, radiography, investigation, va-
riety, consequent, requirement, suitability, obtain
Definition
Term
1 [adj.] являющийся результатом; последовательный
2 [n.] открытие, обнаружение, выявление, расследование
3 [n.] водоворот, вихрь, порыв, вихревое движение, турбулентное движение; [v.] крутиться в водовороте, клубиться
4 [n.] излучение света, выделение теплоты, распространение, выпуск
5 [n.] следствие, разбор, исследование
6 [v.] получать, доставать, добывать, приобретать
7 [n.] радиография, рентгенография
8 [v.] отвергать, отклонять, отказываться; забраковывать
9 [n.] требование, необходимое условие, потребность
10 [n.] соответствие, пригодность
11 [adj.] звуковой, ультразвуковой
12 [n.] разнообразие, многосторонность, ряд, множество
velopment across the board continues.
In various industries (for example, in aerospace, chemical, etc.), a different set of non-destructive methods is used. Hereinafter, the methods
used in nuclear power and industry, as well as in mechanical engineering,
are considered.
Task 2. Answer the following comprehension questions:
1) What is non-destructive testing by definition?
2) In what field and at what stage of production can this method be
applied?
3) What requirements should be met to apply the techniques
properly in order to obtain the maximum amount of information concerning the product?
4) What principles are used by the technique of NDT?
Task 3. Vocabulary Check. Match the definition with the
term.
5
Task 4. Match the methods and their translations:
Method
Translation
1. Ultrasonic Flaw Detection
a) излучение в инфракрасном спек-
тральном диапазоне
2. Radiography
b) вихретоковая дефектоскопия
3. Magnetic Particle Crack
Detection
c) сверхвуковая дефектоскопия
4. Dye Penetrant Testing
d) разность электрических потенциалов
5. Eddy Current testing
e) акустическая эмиссия
6. Electro-magnetic Testing
f) рентгеновская дефектоскопия
7. Electrical potential drop
g) спектрография
8. sonic test
h) капиллярный метод контроля
9. infrared emission
i) контроль сверхзвуковым мето-
дом
10. acoustic emission
j) электромагнитная дефектоско-
пия
11. spectrography
k) магнитопорошковая дефектоско-
пия
potential, emission, facility, assurance, circumstance, requirement
Synonyms
Term
1. situation, fact, accident
2. prerequisite, condition, constraint
3. gift, skill, service
4. capability, possibility, impending
5. secretion, production, discharge
Task 5. Match the synonyms. One word is extra.
Task 6. Read the text again and match the two parts of the
sentences.
1) Non-destructive testing is the testing of materials, for surface or
internal flaws or metallurgical condition,
6
2) The technique can be applied on a sampling basis for individual
investigation
3) Whilst being a high technology concept, evolution of the equip-
ment has made it robust enough for application in any industrial environment at any stage of manufacture –
4) A certain degree of skill is required to apply the techniques
properly in order to obtain the maximum amount of information concerning the product,
5) Electrical potential drop, sonics, infra-red, acoustic emission
and spectrography, to name but a few,
A) with consequent feed back to the production facility.
B) have been used to provide information that the above techniques
have been unable to yield.
C) which a black box may be built to satisfy all requirements in all
circumstances.
D) without interfering in any way with the integrity of the material
or its suitability for service.
E) from steel making to site inspection of components already in ser-
vice.
F) or may be used for 100% checking of material in a production
quality control system.
GRAMMAR
Tense Review: Present Simple and Continuous
Task 7. Circle the correct option:
1 Boston College looks for/is looking for an international marketing
manager for their overseas recruitment drive.
2 Social enterprises can be defined as those which are placing/place
environmental concerns alongside profit.
3 Monetary policy is operating/operates by influencing the price at
which money is lent.
4 Smartphones are establishing/establish themselves as the dominant
mobile device amongst younger consumers.
5 David Hare's plays, as Felton (2009) notes/ is noting, provide ac-
tresses with some of the strongest roles in modern drama.
7
6 According to the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board, the average Briton watches/ is watching just over thirty hours of television per
week.
7 Most people are recognizing/recognize that a respect for the law is
the fundamental basis for a civilized society.
8 When a team works/is working intensively on a project, the team
leader should protect them from distraction.
9 Stevens argues that consumers these days are preferring/prefer to do
business with companies that have environmentally-friendly policies.
10 Babcock suggests that attitudes to work amongst young people are
changing/change.
LESSON II
INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHY X AND GAMMA
Task 1. Read the text and explain the underlined words. Then
translate them.
This technique is suitable for the detection of internal defects in ferrous and nonferrous metals and other materials.
X-rays, generated electrically, and gamma rays emitted from radioactive isotopes, are penetrating radiation which is differentially absorbed by
the material through which it passes; the greater the thickness, the greater
the absorption. Furthermore, the denser the material the greater the absorption.
8
X and gamma rays also have the property, like light, of partially converting silver halide crystals in a photographic film to metallic silver, in
proportion to the intensity of the radiation reaching the film, and therefore
forming a latent image. This can be developed and fixed in a similar way
to normal photographic film (the technology applied before the advent of
digital photography).
Material with internal voids is tested by placing the subject between
the source of radiation and the film. The voids show as darkened areas,
where more radiation has reached the film, on a clear background. The
principles are the same for both X and gamma radiography.
In X-radiography the penetrating power is determined by the voltage
applied to the X-Ray tube in steel approximately 1000 volts per inch
(inch = 2.54 cm) thickness is necessary. In gamma radiography the isotope governs the penetrating power and is unalterable in each isotope.
Thus, Iridium-192 is used for 1/2" to 1" steel and Caesium-134 is used
for 3/4" to 21/2" steel.
In X-radiography, the amperage of the cathode in the tube governs the
intensity, and therefore the exposure time. Exposure time is usually expressed in terms of milliampere minutes. With gamma rays the intensity
of the radiation is set at the time of supply of the isotope. The intensity of
radiation from isotopes is measured in Becquerel’s and reduces over a
period of time. The time taken to decay to half the amount of nuclei is the
half-life and is characteristic of each isotope. For example, the half-life
of Iridium-192 is 74 days, and Caesium-134 is 2.1 years. The exposure
factor is a product of the number of curies and time, usually expressed in
curie hours. The time of exposure must be increased as the isotope decays
when the exposure period becomes uneconomical the isotope must be
renewed.
As the isotope is continuously emitting radiation it must be housed in
a container of depleted uranium or similar dense shielding material, whilst
not exposed to protect the environment and personnel.
To produce an X or gamma radiograph, the film package (comprising
film and intensifying screens the latter being required to reduce the exposure time enclosed in a light tight cassette) is placed close to the surface of the subject.
The source of radiation is positioned on the other side of the subject
some distance away, so that the radiation passes through the subject and
9
on to the film. After the exposure period the film is removed, processed,
1) penetrating
a) factor
2) photographic
b) areas
dried, and then viewed by transmitted light on a special viewer (negatoscope).
Various radiographic and photographic accessories are necessary, including such items as radiation monitors, film markers, image quality indicators, darkroom equipment, etc. Where the last is concerned there are
many degrees of sophistication, including fully automatic processing
units. These accessories are the same for both X and gamma radiography
systems.
Also required are such consumable items as radiographic film and processing chemicals.
Task 2. Answer the following comprehension questions:
1) What is radiography applied for?
2) In what way does the degree of absorption of X- and gamma rays
depend on the material through which it passes?
3) What properties do X- and gamma rays possess?
4) How is the penetrating power determined in X-radiography?
5) How is the intensity, and therefore the exposure time governed
and measured in X-radiography?
6) What is the exposure factor and how is it usually expressed?
7) What requirements should be met to protect the environment and
personnel from the radiation emitted by the isotope?
8) What conditions should be set out to produce an X- or gamma
radiograph?
9) Enumerate the items needed for making a radiograph.
Task 3. Make a 5-point plan covering all the bullet points of
the text.
Task 4. Summarize the text in 200 words using the plan in the
exercise above.
Task 5. Ask 10 key questions to the text.
Task 6. Vocabulary Check. Form collocations matching the
words and make up 12 example sentences using them:
10
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