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Файл:A Brief Description оf NDT Techniques. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
.pdf
has developed a novel approach for monitoring the performance and
safety of infrastructure by listening to soil as it deforms.
Their knowhow has been used to design an award-winning landslide
detection system, Community Slope SAFE, and by RST Instruments Ltd
to develop the world’s first commercial acoustic emission sensors for geotechnical engineering applications, Geo Acoustic Aware.
Find out how this expertise is helping to protect infrastructure health
and vulnerable communities worldwide.
Task 12. Watch the video and say why Acoustic emission testing is a promising technique compared to other methods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aUOF787c3w
Task 13. Watch the video again and fill in the gaps in the sentences.
1. We've developed a novel approach for monitoring _________
and _________ of infrastructure by listening to soil as it deforms.
2. Acoustic emission are high frequency noise that are generated by
soil grains as they deform against each other and when they interact with
pipelines, _________, or by seepage and erosion in earth dams, and by
listening to acoustic emission we can detect problems and provide early
warning of failure.
3. Our know-how has been used by RST Instruments to develop the
world's first commercially available acoustic emission _________ for geotechnical applications.
4. Acoustic emission monitoring has many benefits over existing
techniques: it's lower cost, it's easy to _________ and use and sensors can
be retrofitted to detect _________ of existing infrastructure.
5. The system can be used to monitor long lengths of _________
_________, for example, a series of sensors can be attached to a pipe and
the acoustic emission monitoring used to detect areas of deformation
which can provide information on failure.
6. Our acoustic emission monitoring expertise has been used to de-
sign an award-winning landslide _________ ________ system.
7. Continuous monitoring of the slopes can provide a real-time early
warning of_________.
GRAMMAR
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A. Defining relative clauses
Task 14. Rewrite the sentences to include a defining relative
clause, using the information in brackets.
a) Some doubts were raised about the quality of the questionnaire. (The
group used it in the research.)
b) The shoe company was based in Dundee. (It made the largest profits.)
c) Hewitt questioned the experience of the software engineers. (Went-
worth plc recruited them.)
d) The director later wrote a memoir. (He pioneered the tracking shot.)
e) The region is crossed by two main roads. (They require substantial
repairs.)
B. Non-defining relative clauses
Task 15. Rewrite the sentences to include a non-defining relative clause, using the information in brackets.
a) In a case of gross misconduct an employer may fire an employee im-
mediately. (This includes theft.)
b) Bill Grayson handed his small pharmaceutical business to his daugh-
ter. (She transformed it into a multinational corporation.)
c) Turkey has land borders with eight countries. (This has frequently led
to a kind of diplomatic balancing act.)
d) Vegetable oils have seen recent volatility in their spot price. (They
are traded as commodities.)
e) Barbara Hepworth created Single Form for the United Nations build-
ing in New York. (Critics regarded her as a key Modernist sculptor.)
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LESSON IX
THERMOGRAPHY
Task 1. Read the article and write the questions in the right
place. Then answer them briefly in your own words.
1) What benefits does thermography have in comparison with other
NDT methods?
2) Under what conditions is it possible to conduct thermography?
3) What significant characteristic of the surface do all object possess?
4) How did thermal technologies develop in the 1950s?
5) How did humans use to visually interpret indications of surface tem-
perature?
6) What is Infrared thermography?
A___________________________________________________
All objects radiate infrared energy from their surface. The warmer
something is, the more it radiates. An infrared camera detects this radiation and converts it into an infrared image which shows apparent surface
temperature differences and thermal patterns across an object. Infrared
thermography is the technique of using an infrared camera to test these
patterns which can then show the current condition of a device or composition of a material.
B____________________________________________________
Long before the advent of this technology, humans learned to visually
interpret indications of surface temperature. For example, a piece of iron
that is glowing orange is warmer than one that is not glowing. Similarly,
63
water condensing on a surface is an indication that the surface is cooler
than the surrounding dry area.
C___________________________________________________
Much of the time, however, surfaces do not visually reveal their temperature and historically there has been a need to rely on other techniques
to make these determinations. Starting in the mid-1600s, humans began
to create a multitude of temperature measuring devices, culminating with
the development of thermal imaging cameras in the 1950s by the U.S.
military. Thermal imagers first became commercially available in the
1960s. Since that time, as the cost of cameras has decreased and their
capabilities increased, there has been an exponential growth in the use of
this technology. Today’s modern infrared systems come in a wide variety
of resolutions and thermal sensitivities and are available in nearly every
price range. However, even with the advancements seen from the lower
cost and smaller size of thermal imaging equipment, the reality is that
these cameras are still quite dependent upon physical realities when it
comes to radiation heat transfer.
D___________________________________________________
Thermal radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light. All objects above absolute zero
emit infrared radiation as a function of the fourth power of its absolute
temperature. In other words, as an object changes temperature, the
amount of radiation it emits changes significantly. Of importance is the
fact that all objects also have some degree of thermal reflectivity as a
characteristic of their surface. What this means to the thermographer is
that some of the energy that a thermal imager detects coming from an
object has no connection to the actual surface temperature. Understanding
this reflective component, as well as learning to evaluate and control it, is
one of the primary reasons there is an extensive learning curve for thermographers. A multitude of internal and external factors affecting surface
temperature are also of concern, requiring that the thermographer have
in-depth knowledge of radiation physics and basic heat transfer, as well
as an awareness of environmental influences that affect surface temperature.
E____________________________________________________
Thermography has several advantages relative to other nondestructive
testing (NDT) technologies. One advantage is that thermography is very
64
fast. An image or series images can be captured practically instantane-
1. advent
A. immediately
2. multitude
B. assess
3. capability
C. eco-friendly
ously. With equipment, relatively large areas can also be inspected
quickly. Secondly, there is no need to touch the object being inspected,
thus allowing for rapid in-situ inspection of large areas or many objects.
Thermography is also environmentally benign; the thermal imager only
receives the radiant energy leaving the surface of the object being inspected.
F____________________________________________________
A condition of thermography is that the inspection must be done when
the object is in a thermal situation that will reveal the desired information.
A thermal image of an object at the same temperature as its surroundings
is barely, if at all, resolvable. The thermographer must either wait for conditions that create thermal contrast or induce a temperature difference in
the objects to be imaged. This requires knowledge of the thermal properties of the object and the surrounding environment.
Task 2. Complete the sentences with the information from the
text above.
1) Infrared thermography is the technique of ….
2) Water condensing on a surface is an indication that ….
3) Starting in the mid-1600s, humans began to create a multitude of
temperature measuring devices, culminating with ….
4) Even with the advancements seen from the lower cost and smaller
size of thermal imaging equipment, the reality is that these cameras are
still quite dependent upon ….
5) As an object changes temperature, ….
6) One advantage is that thermography being very fast can ….
7) There is no need to touch the object being inspected, thus allow-
ing for ….
8) A thermal image of an object at the same temperature as its sur-
roundings is ….
Task 3. Vocabulary Check. Study the underlined words in the
text and match them with their synonyms.
65
4. instantaneously
D. great number
5. environmentally benign
E. displayable
6. evaluate
F. capacity
7. resolvable
G. emergence
Task 4. Change the word in brackets to complete the sen-
A. rapid in-situ inspection
B. capability
C. thermal reflectivity
D. water condensing
A. relative to
B. patternt
C. resolvable
D. capability
A. advancements
B. pattern
C. reveal
D. advent
tences.
1) Thermal imagers first became _________ available in the 1960s
(commerce).
2) Since that time, as the cost of cameras has decreased and their
_________ increased, there has been an exponential growth in the use of
this technology (capable).
3) However, even with the _________ seen from the lower cost and
smaller size of thermal imaging equipment, the reality is that these cameras are still quite dependent upon physical realities (advance).
4) Of importance is the fact that all objects also have some degree
of thermal _________ as a characteristic of their surface (reflect).
5) One advantage is that thermography is very fast. An image or se-
ries images can be captured practically _________ (instant).
6) Thermography is also _________ benign (environment).
7) A thermal image of an object at the same temperature as its sur-
roundings is barely, if at all, _________ (resolve).
Task 5. Choose the right variant of translation:
1) тепловая отражательная способность
2) способность, возможность
3) наступление, приход
4) выявлять, раскрывать
66
A. reveal
B. evaluate
C. rely on
D. glow
5) большое разнообразие
A. a multitude of
B. rapid in-situ inspection of
C. a wide variety of
D. an exponential growth
Task 6. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the
words in bold keeping the same idea.
1. An infrared image shows apparent surface temperature differ-
ences and thermal patterns across an object.
2. Long before the advent of this technology, humans learned to
visually interpret indications of surface temperature.
3. Surfaces do not visually reveal their temperature and historically
there has been a need to rely on other techniques to make these determinations.
4. Humans began to create a multitude of temperature measuring
devices, culminating with the development of thermal imaging cameras
in the 1950s.
5. Since 1960s there has been an exponential growth in the use of
this technology.
6. Today’s modern infrared systems come in a wide variety of res-
olutions and thermal sensitivities and are available in nearly every price
range.
7. However, even with the advancements seen from the lower cost
and smaller size of thermal imaging equipment, the reality is that these
cameras are still quite dependent upon physical realities.
8. A multitude of internal and external factors affecting surface tem-
perature are also of concern, requiring that the thermographer have in-
depth knowledge of radiation physics and basic heat transfer.
9. Thermography has several advantages relative to other nonde-
structive testing technologies.
10. An image or series images can be captured practically instanta-
neously.
11. There is no need to touch the object being inspected, thus allow-
ing for rapid in-situ inspection of large areas or many objects.
12. Thermography is also environmentally benign.
67
13. A thermal image of an object at the same temperature as its sur-
roundings is barely, if at all, resolvable.
Task 7 Translate into English:
1. Чем теплее объект, тем больше инфракрасной энергии он из-
лучает.
2. Инфракрасная термография представляет собой метод ис-
пользования инфракрасной камеры с целью нахождения тепловых
закономерностей, которые демонстрируют текущее состояние объекта.
3. Конденсация воды на поверхности предмета является при-
знаком того, что поверхность холоднее, чем сухой участок вокруг.
4. Начиная с середины 1600-х годов, люди начали производить
огромное количество различных устройств для измерения температуры, этот процесс завершился разработкой тепловизионных камер
в 1950-х годах американскими военными.
5. По мере снижения стоимости тепловизионных камер и рас-
ширения их возможностей, наблюдается экспоненциальный рост использования данной технологии.
6. Несмотря на это, тепловизионные камеры по-прежнему
сильно зависят от физических реалий, когда речь заходит о радиационном теплообмене.
7. Важным является тот факт, что все объекты обладают опре-
деленной степенью теплового отражения в качестве характеристики
поверхности.
8. Оператор должен иметь в виду, что часть энергии, которая
исходит от объекта и обнаруживается тепловизором, не имеет никакой связи с фактической температурой поверхности.
9. Одним из преимуществ термографии является то, что можно
быстро проводить осмотр больших площадей или множества объектов на месте.
10. Термография является безвредной для окружающей среды.
11. Тепловизионное изображение объекта едва ли поддается раз-
решению при той же температуре, что и окружающая среда.
GRAMMAR
Participle clauses
68
Task 8. Read the sentence from the text. Identify the part of
speech of the word in italics.
A multitude of internal and external factors affecting surface temperature are also of concern.
Rewrite the underlined participle clauses in the sentences as relative clauses.
1) Creating of temperature measuring devices started in the mid-
1600s culminating with the development of thermal imaging cameras in
the 1950s.
2) What this means to the thermographer is that some of the energy
coming from an object has no connection to the actual surface temperature.
3) The thermographer has to be aware of environmental influences
affecting surface temperature.
4) There is no need to touch the object being inspected in-situ.
5) The thermal imager only receives the radiant energy leaving the
surface of the object.
LISTENING
Task 9. Look at the words and pictures. Try to guess their
meanings, use a dictionary if necessary.
delamination (n.)
spall out (phr.v.)
bridge deck
pothole (n.)
chain-dragging
hollow (adj.)
Task 10. Watch the video and answer
the questions
69
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWkMUtjSuKE
1) What is the most typical bridge concern?
2) What is the common inspection method for locating delaminated
areas on bridges? Why isn’t it effective?
3) What is the innovative method? What are its advantages?
Flash Infrared Thermography
& NASA Technology Licensing Opportunities
Task 11. Watch the video and say what Flash Infrared Thermography is, and how it is typically used in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQYXTaBur34
Task 12. Watch the video again and choose the right option:
1. What breakthroughs have NASA scientists and engineers pio-
neered?
A) Breakthroughs in medicine, computing, thermal materials, and systems engineering
B) Breakthroughs in agriculture, transportation, and architecture
C) Breakthroughs in fashion, music, and art
D) Breakthroughs in sports, entertainment, and food
2. What are NASA technologies known for?
A) Being complex solutions to simple problems
B) Being simple solutions to complex problems
C) Being ineffective solutions to complex problems
D) Being complex solutions to complex problems
3. What is flash infrared thermography?
A) A destructive evaluation method
B) A non-destructive evaluation method
C) A method used for detecting metallics
D) A method used for detecting voids
4. What is the purpose of using flash thermography?
A) To take a video using an infrared camera
B) To use a flash of photographic lights onto the part
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