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Файл:A Brief Description оf NDT Techniques. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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improper instrument for identifying corrosion and other deterioration that
1) Eddy Current Inspection
a) More than one loop of a conductor
wound in a spiral. Also called a solenoid.
2) Heat Treatment
b) The intensity of the case, or hardened
surface region, of a metal.
3) Coil
c) A process by which electrical current is
induced in an electrical conductor by a
changing magnetic field that acts upon the
conductor.
4) Flux Leakage
d) Electric current that reverses direction
periodically (usually many times per second).
5) Noise
e) A measure of the ability of a material to
conduct electrical current.
6) Electromagnetic Induction
f) An electromagnetic technique used on
conductive materials for crack detection or
the rapid sorting of small components for
either flaws, size variations, or material
variation, as well as other applications.
7) Alternating Current
(AC)
g) Heating and cooling a metal or alloy in
such a way as to obtain desired conditions
or properties.
8) Probe (Eddy Current Testing)
h) Lines of force, leaking from pole to
pole outside a magnet.
causes material thinning.
d) Eddy current investigations may be used to classify materials and
determine if they have been exposed to high temperatures or have been
heat treated, which alters their conductivity.
e) For convenient transportation, eddyscopes and a conductivity
tester are housed in tiny, battery-operated systems.
f) Multidimensional scanning technologies are available at every
industrial site and are utilized to create pictures of the scan zones.
Task 4. Read the text ‘Present State of Eddy Current Inspec-
tion’ again paying attention to the underlined words. Try to guess
and explain their meaning. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
Task 5. Match the terms with their definitions.
51
9) Conductivity
i) Eddy current transducer.
10) Case Depth
j) Any undesired signal that obscures the
signal of interest.
LISTENING
Task 6. Watch the video and fill in the gaps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xavt2-o06bI.
1) Eddy current testing is used to detect ______ and ______ irregu-
larities in ______ and ______ materials by inducing an eddy current field
in the part under test.
2) Eddy current inspection is a highly ______ technique and a core
speciality of NDT services limited.
3) The equipment is ______, and our technicians are highly trained
meaning that there is no need to ______ any surface paint and it is ideal
for on-site ______, particularly the inspection of aerospace parts and
structures, including wheels and brake assemblies.
4) NDT Services Limited also uses portable eddy current testing
equipment for the inspection of tube assemblies in a ______ of components, such as heat exchangers and oil coolers in public buildings, power
______, and plant applications.
Task 7. Translate the sentences:
1) Проверка методом вихревых токов применяется в различных
отраслях промышленности для обнаружения дефектов и проведения
измерений.
2) Поскольку вихревые токи имеют тенденцию концентриро-
ваться на поверхности материала, их можно использовать только
для обнаружения поверхностных и подповерхностных дефектов.
3) Испытания с использованием вихревых токов также исполь-
зуются для измерения толщины лакокрасочных и других покрытий.
4) Вихревые токи также зависят от электропроводности и маг-
нитной проницаемости материалов, поэтому измерения их параметров можно использовать для сортировки материалов и определения
того, подвергался ли материал воздействию высоких температур
или термической обработке.
52
5) Кроме того, для удаления тренда, вычитания фона и подав-
ления шума были разработаны программные средства обработки
сигналов.
Task 7. Make a 5-point plan covering all the bullet points of
the text.
Task 8. Summarize all the information about Eddy Current
Testing in 200 words using the plan in exercise 7.
Task 9. Ask 10 key questions to the text.
GRAMMAR
Using it… and there…
Task 10. Complete each sentence with it or there.
a) ______ is a persuasive argument for adopting any traffic scheme that
reduces town centre congestion.
b) ______ should be recognized that raising interest rates may not solve
the inflationary pressure.
c) ______ may be preferable for the newspaper industry to regulate it-
self.
d) ______ was a difference of opinion within the team about the design
of the logo.
e) ______ may be a case for rewarding drivers who regularly take col-
leagues to work.
f) ______ seems to be difficult for larger travel companies to gain the
positive feedback that their smaller competitors enjoy.
53
LESSON VIII
ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING
Structural Health Monitoring for Wind Turbine Blades
Task 1. Read the text quickly and think of appropriate headings of the excerpts.
Acoustic emission (AE) testing is a non-destructive testing (NDT)
technique that detects and monitors the release of ultrasonic stress waves
from localized sources when a material deforms under stress.
A __________________________________________________
Acoustic emission testing works by mounting small sensors onto a
component under test. The sensors convert the stress waves into electrical
signals, which are relayed to an acquisition PC for processing. The waves
are captured when the component is submitted to external factors, such as
high pressures, loads or temperatures. As the damage grows in the component, there is a greater release of energy. The rates in which the acoustic
emission is detected, the activity, and the intensity of the acoustic emission, the loudness, are monitored and used for assessing structural integrity and for health monitoring of components.
Acoustic emission can be thought of as tiny earthquakes that occur in
the material. The technique globally monitors a component for defects,
allowing large structures and machines to be monitored while in operation
with minimal disruption, unlike destructive testing. By using multiple
54
sensors, acoustic emission sources (and hence the damage) can be located. Through signal analysis, the presence of different source mechanisms can also be determined.
There are two AE testing methods: transient and continuous. The transient method captures AE bursts that exceed a threshold (loudness level)
and extract features such as peak amplitude, signal energy and duration
of the burst. These features are then used to assess the condition of the
component under test. This method is well suited for testing structures for
defects such as cracks.
The continuous method captures all AE within a set time period, for
example 1/10th of a second. Then, features such as average signal level
and root-mean squared (RMS) values are then extracted. This method is
well suited to applications where there is a lot of background AE or AE
amplitude is low, for example when testing gearboxes or detecting leaks.
Acoustic emission testing can be conducted in a laboratory, as well as
in-field conditions, over both relatively short durations, such as a few
hours, and longer durations, such as a few months. Wireless data relay
methods make it possible to analyze the data remotely.
B __________________________________________________
Acoustic emission has many advantages over other methods. These
include:
Ability to detect a range of damage mechanisms including, but
not limited to, fibre breakages, friction, impacts, cracking, delamination
and corrosion in their early stages, before they become significant issues.
Can be conducted during operation, during qualification (proof)
testing or development testing.
Can locate damage sources and can differentiate these based on
acoustic signatures.
Global monitoring of a structure.
Assesses the structure or machine under real operational condi-
tions.
A non-invasive method.
Operational in hazardous environments, including high tempera-
tures, high pressures and corrosive and nuclear environments.
Can be conducted remotely.
Can detect damages in defects that are difficult to access with
conventional non-destructive testing techniques.
55
However, the method does also have some limitations:
Limited to assessing structural integrity or machine health by lo-
cating issues, further inspection is usually required to fully diagnose issues.
Cannot detect defects that may be present, but that do not move
or grow.
Can be slower than other non-destructive testing techniques.
C __________________________________________________
Acoustic emission can be applied to a range of applications and materials. These include:
Structures
Concrete structures such as bridges and buildings.
Metallic structures such as pressure vessels, pipelines, storage
tanks, aircraft structures and steel cables.
Composite structures such as aircraft structures, motorsport
structures and composite beams.
Machines
Rotating machinery such as detecting early wear in bearings and
gearboxes.
Electrical machinery such as detecting partial discharge in trans-
formers and bushings.
Processes
Additive manufacturing for assessing build quality during build.
Leak detection in pipelines and pressure systems.
Particle impacts.
Frictional processes.
Integrity of mooring chains using acoustic emission
56
Task 2. Answer the comprehension questions:
1. The waves are captured when
the component is submitted
to an external stimulus, such
as
A. for example when testing
gearboxes or detecting leaks.
2. The technique globally moni-
tors a component for defects,
B. peak amplitude, signal energy
and duration of the burst.
3. The continuous method is
well suited to applications
where there is a lot of background AE or AE amplitude
is low,
C. over both relatively short du-
rations, such as a few hours,
and longer durations, such as
a few months.
4. The transient method cap-
tures AE bursts that exceed a
threshold and extract features
such as
D. high pressures, loads or tem-
peratures.
5. Acoustic emission testing
can be conducted in a laboratory, as well as in-field conditions,
E. allowing large structures and
machines to be monitored
while in operation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1) What is Acoustic emission (AE) testing?
2) Describe the procedure of AE testing briefly.
3) What parameters are controlled to assess structural integrity and
for health monitoring of components?
4) What are the two AE testing methods?
5) Describe the transient method. What is it best used for?
6) Describe the continuous method. What is it well suited to?
7) Where can AE testing be conducted?
8) What are the advantages of AE testing?
9) What are the limitations of AE testing?
10) What structures, materials and processes can AE testing be ap-
plied to?
Task 3. Match the two parts of the sentences.
57
Task 4. Vocabulary Check. Match the words and their trans-
1. acoustic signature
A. среднее квадратическое значе-
ние; эффективное значение
2. delamination
B. удаленно
3. disruption
C. корпус, сосуд под давлением
4. early wear
D. опасный, вредный
5. to exceed a threshold
E. запись акустического сигнала
6. fibre breakage
F. преждевременный износ
7. friction
G. разрушение
8. hazardous
H. разрыв волокна
9. impact
I. расслоение, отслаивание
10. pressure vessel
J. трение
11. remotely
K. превышать порог
12. root-mean squared
(RMS) value
L. удар
preservation, separation, estimate, emptying, improvement, allocate
lations.
Task 5. Replace the underlined words with the given synonyms. Remember that one word is extra.
1) AE has the ability to detect a range of damage mechanisms in-
cluding fibre breakages, friction, impacts, cracking, delamination and
corrosion in their early stages.
2) AE can locate damage sources and can differentiate these based
on acoustic signatures.
3) AE is limited to assessing structural integrity or machine health
by locating issues, further inspection is usually required to fully diagnose
issues.
4) AE can be conducted during operation, during qualification
(proof) testing or development testing.
5) AE can be applied to electrical machinery such as detecting par-
tial discharge in transformers and bushings.
Task 6. In pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
acoustic emission using the useful language below.
58
also
(even) though
however
as well (as)
although
yet
what’s more
despite (the fact that)
though
in addition (to)
in spite of
while
besides
still
whereas
Task 7. Summarize the text in 10 sentences.
Task 8. Translate the sentences.
1) Акустико-эмиссионный контроль представляет собой метод
неразрушающего контроля, который обнаруживает и контролирует
излучение ультразвуковых волн напряжения от локализованных источников при деформации материала.
2) Датчики, установленные на объекте контроля, преобразуют
волны напряжения в электрические сигналы, которые передаются на
компьютер сбора данных для обработки.
3) Для оценки целостности конструкции и для мониторинга ра-
ботоспособности компонентов используются скорости, на которых
обнаруживается акустическая эмиссия, а также ее активность, интенсивность и громкость.
4) В отличие от разрушающего контроля, данный метод повсе-
местно отслеживает дефекты компонентов, позволяя контролировать большие конструкции и оборудование во время работы.
5) Метод переходных процессов фиксирует всплески акустиче-
ской эмиссии, превышающие пороговое значение, и получает такие
характеристики, как максимальная амплитуда, энергия сигнала и
продолжительность всплеска.
6) Акустико-эмиссионный контроль может проводиться как в
лабораторных, так и в полевых условиях в течение относительно короткого периода времени.
7) Методы беспроводной передачи данных позволяют анализи-
ровать данные удаленно.
GRAMMAR
The Passive Voice
Task 9. Change the sentences form the Active to the Passive
voice.
59
1) Acoustic emission assesses the structure or machine under real
1) vulnerable to
a) быть модифицированным
2) a novel approach
b) изменение формы
3) piled foundations
c) износ, разрушение
4) seepage
d) испытания
5) deformation
e) легко поддающийся
6) erosion
f) новаторский подход
7) be retrofitted
g) оползень
8) deterioration
h) просачивание
9) landslide
i) размывание
10) trials
j) свайные основания
operational conditions.
2) Operators can apply AE to metallic structures such as pressure
vessels, pipelines, storage tanks, aircraft structures and steel cables.
3) AE will detect damages in defects that are difficult to access with
conventional non-destructive testing techniques.
4) Yesterday the experts monitored the rates in which the acoustic
emission was detected.
5) We have already located the acoustic emission sources by using
multiple sensors.
6) AE detects damages in defects that are difficult to access with
conventional non-destructive testing techniques.
7) Two weeks ago, the workers applied AE to leak detection in pipe-
lines and pressure systems.
8) Our company has been relating AE to rotating machinery such as
detecting early wear in bearings and gearboxes for many years.
9) To fully diagnose the issues we will require further inspection.
10) The engineers always use the transient method for testing cracks.
LISTENING
Task 10. Read the introduction and match the terms with the
translation
Task 11. Read and translate the introduction to the video.
The infrastructure that supports our modern way of life is vulnerable
to movements in the ground beneath our feet. Loughborough University
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