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Файл:A Brief Description оf NDT Techniques. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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C) To detect flaws in a composite structure
D) Both A and B
5. What is the name of the software developed by NASA for ana-
lyzing flash thermography data?
A) Infrared Contrast
B) Flash Thermography Software
C) NASA Analyze
D) IR Data Analysis
6. What does the Infrared Contrast software do?
A) Converts data into contrast data
B) Analyzes data by converting it into a contrast data
C) Measures indication in terms of normalized contrast and parameters based on normalized contrast
D) All of the above
7. What is the benefit of using the Infrared Contrast method tech-
nology?
A) It can analyze and evaluate composite materials used increasingly
in the manufacturing of turbine blades, pressure vessels, fuselages, airfoils
B) It can be applied to a wide range of industries
C) It can detect flaws accurately and reliably
D) All of the above
8. What is the signal amplitude used for?
A) Measuring the size of the flaw
B) Measuring the depth of the flaw
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
9. What is the peak of the amplitude time used for?
A) Measuring the size of the flaw
B) Measuring the depth of the flaw
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
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10. How can businesses access NASA's patented core technolo-
normalized contrast
innovative solutions
composite structure
pressure vessels
opportunities
pioneered
evaluation
measurable
delaminations
detection
available
peak
amplitude
gies?
A) Through licensed agreements and co-development partnerships
B) Through public domain
C) Through direct purchase from NASA
D) Through government grants
Task 13. Fill in the gaps with the given words of phrases:
For more than 50 years, scientists and engineers at NASA's Johnson
Space Center, have _____(1) breakthroughs in medicine, computing,
thermal materials, and systems engineering. NASA technologies are
_____ _____(2) that solve complex problems. NASA patented core technologies are available through licensed agreements and co-development
partnerships. These effective entrepreneurial collaborations can create innovative new products, and _____(3) for your business.
Flash Infrared Thermography is an NDE, a non-destructive _____(4)
method, typically used in inspection of composites, non-metallics, for
_____(5) of void-like flaws and _____(6). With flash thermography,
where you use a flash of photographic lights onto the part, and then you
take a video using an infrared camera.
The software that NASA has developed, the method, it's called Infrared _____(7). It’s a post-processing software that essentially analyzes the
data by converting it into a contrast data. And you can measure that indication in terms of _____ _____(8) and parameters based on normalized
contrast. So this way now you have a quantifiable, _____(9) signal response that then correlates to the size of the flaw. And so you have a signal _____(10) that can be measured very accurately. And you also have
the _____(11) of that amplitude time measured very accurately. Both of
these relate to the size of the flaw as well as the depth of the flaw.
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If you are looking for detecting flaws in a _____ _____(12), this
1.
coaxial probe
A. возрождение
2.
inherently broadband
B. физический состав
3.
microstrip
C. электрическая проницаемость
4.
off-the-shelf device
D. зонд с коаксиальным кабелем
5.
permittivity
E. резонансная полость
6.
physical makeup
F. широкополосный по своей сути
7.
reinforcing bars
G. световод
8.
resonant cavity
H. арматурные стержни
9.
resurgence
I. микрополосковая линия
10.
waveguide
J. серийный прибор
method will allow you to detect those flaws accurately and reliably and
also in an efficient manner. Flash infrared thermography using NASA's
patented IR contrast method technology is _____(13) for use through a
license agreement with NASA. IR contrast method technology can analyze and evaluate composite materials used increasingly in the manufacturing of turbine blades, _____ _____(14), fuselages, airfoils, and can be
applied to a wide range of industries.
LESSON X
MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER WAVE TESTING
Task 1. Scan the text and match the terms with their translations:
Task 2. Read the text and ask five special and five general
questions to the text.
The use of microwaves for nondestructive testing (NDT) dates back
to the 1950s with some renewed interest in the 1960s. A resurgence of
new R&D activities started in the 1990s and has continued since, expanding to include nondestructive evaluation (NDE) for quantitative measurement of materials. The term NDT&E is used to include both. There are
several important reasons why these techniques have experienced continued increase in their utilities, namely:
sustained level of technical maturity,
73
availability of off-the-shelf devices, components and test equipment at microwave and millimeter wave frequency ranges,
flourishing and every-increasing utility of non-metallic composite structures in a wide range of applications,
limitations of other standard NDT techniques when addressing
certain specific needs, and increased level of comfort in using “viable
new” NDT&E techniques by practitioners.
Early on, microwave and now combined with millimeter wave techniques were considered as “emerging techniques”. However, as the utility
of microwave and millimeter wave NDT&E techniques has increased,
currently they are no longer considered as such. In 2016, the American
Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) formally recognized Microwave NDT as a separate method on its own.
Physical and technical basics of microwave testing
Electromagnetic spectrum
Microwave frequency range spans from ~300 MHz to 30 GHz (3 * 106
Hz – 30*109 Hz) corresponding to a wavelength range of 1 m to 0.01 m
(1000 mm – 10 mm), respectively. Millimeter waves occupy the frequency range from 30 GHz to 300 GHz (3*109 Hz – 300*109 Hz) corresponding to a wavelength range of 0.01 m to 0.001 m (10 mm – 1 mm),
respectively. From the “microwave engineering” point-of-view there is
no distinction between these two ranges other than considering the effect
of frequency and wavelength when designing circuits and performing
measurements. In other words, at higher frequencies slight geometrical
variations cause higher measurement error than the same variation at
lower frequencies. There are several waveguide bands that occupy these
frequency ranges. Standard waveguides, with rectangular and circular
cross-sections, operate in a certain range of frequencies as a function of
74
their broad or radius dimensions, respectively. The former is more commonly used in practice.
Materials Characterization Methodologies
Materials characterization is an important aspect of microwave NDE.
Performing materials characterization (i.e., determining the permittivity
and/or permeability which intrinsically describe a material at microwave
frequencies) allows for determination of chemical and physical makeup
of a material. It can also provide information about the mechanical properties of a material, can tell us how a material is changing over time, can
provide necessary information for performing electromagnetic modeling,
and more!
The techniques used for performing materials characterization can be
generally grouped into a few different categories of techniques: resonant,
reflection, and transmission.
In resonant techniques, devices such as a resonant cavity (pictured in
previous section), microstrip resonator, or dielectric resonator are often
used. The general principle of resonant techniques is to relate the resonance frequency and Quality factor (Q factor) of the resonance to the material property of interest. These methods tend to be good for low loss
materials. However, they often require that the sample be prepared in a
precise shape, meaning that these methods are generally “destructive” unless liquids or granular materials are being measured.
In reflection techniques, open-ended waveguide probes and openended coaxial probes are typically and primarily used to make measurements. While both coaxial probes and waveguide probes are inherently
broadband, waveguide probes are typically used at higher frequencies because as coaxial probes become relatively smaller with increasing frequency are generally poorer radiators.
Applications
The following is the list specific applications to which microwave
NDE methods can be successfully applied:
Materials characterization using wideband complex permittivity
and permeability assessment of materials.
Correlating permittivity and permeability information to physical, chemical and mechanical properties of materials.
Inspection of layered composite structures, including:
75
evaluation of coating thickness and materials properties for materials such as paint, primer, ceramics, etc.
detecting and estimating thickness (i.e., severity) of corrosion under paint and other laminate coatings
Evaluation of cementitious materials.
Characterization of surface conductivity of conductive materials.
Crack Detection and Characterization:
Detecting and sizing surface-breaking fatigue cracks in metals,
when exposed or masked under a dielectric coating (e.g., paint).
Detecting other metal surface anomalies (e.g., surface roughness,
surface manufacturing flaws in rolled metal products).
Imaging:
High-resolution near-field methods.
Lens-focused high-resolution method.
Real-time synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and holographical or 3-
D techniques.
Imaging steel, glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon-fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP), and basalt reinforcing bars in concrete.
Task 3. Make a Vocabulary list (10-12 words or/and word
combinations).
Task 4. Read the questions and choose the best answer:
1. When was the use of microwaves for nondestructive testing first
introduced?
a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1990s
d) 2000s
2. What are the reasons why microwave and millimeter wave
NDT&E techniques have experienced continued increase in their
utilities?
a) sustained level of technical maturity
b) availability of off-the-shelf devices
c) increased level of comfort in using "viable new" NDT&E tech-
niques by practitioners
76
d) all of the above
3. When were microwave and millimeter wave NDT&E techniques no longer considered as "emerging techniques"?
a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1990s
d) currently
4. What is the importance of materials characterization in microwave NDE?
a) determining the permittivity and/or permeability which intrinsically
describe a material at
microwave frequencies
b) providing information about the mechanical properties of a material
c) telling us how a material is changing over time
d) all of the above
5. What are the categories of techniques used for performing materials characterization?
a) resonant, reflection, and transmission
b) resonant, reflection, and absorption
c) absorption, transmission, and emission
d) reflection, transmission, and emission
6. What are the devices often used in resonant techniques?
a) open-ended waveguide probes and open-ended coaxial probes
b) resonant cavity, microstrip resonator, or dielectric resonator
c) rectangular and circular cross-sections
d) liquids or granular materials
7. What is the general principle of resonant techniques?
a) to relate the resonance frequency and Quality factor (Q factor) of
the resonance to the material
property of interest
b) to perform electromagnetic modeling
c) to determine the permittivity and/or permeability which intrinsically
describe a material at
77
microwave frequencies
d) to provide information about the mechanical properties of a material
Task 5. Fill in the gaps with the words of similar meaning:
The use of microwaves for nondestructive 1______ (testing) dates
back to the 1950s with some 2______ (renewed) interest in the 1960s.
A 3______ (resurgence) of new R&D activities started in the 1990s
and has continued since, expanding to 4______ (include) nondestructive
evaluation for quantitative measurement of materials.
The term is used to include both. There are several important reasons
why NDT&E have experienced continued 5______ (increase) in their
utilities.
6______ (Early on), microwave and now combined with millimeter
wave techniques were considered as “emerging techniques”.
In 2016, the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
formally recognized Microwave NDT as a 7______ (separate) method
on its own.
Task 6. Summarize the text in about 250 words following the
structure and using link words.
GRAMMAR
Task 7. Identify the grammar tense. Rewrite the sentences in
the Active Voice if possible.
1) Early on, microwave and now combined with millimeter wave techniques were considered as “emerging techniques”.
2) As the utility of microwave and millimeter wave NDT&E techniques has increased, currently they are no longer considered as such.
3) The techniques used for performing materials characterization can
be generally grouped into a few different categories of techniques.
4) Open-ended waveguide probes and open-ended coaxial probes are
typically and primarily used to make measurements.
5) Waveguide probes are typically used at higher frequencies because
as coaxial probes become relatively smaller with increasing frequency are
generally poorer radiators.
Task 8. What connection do the underlined words show in the
text?
78
a) These methods tend to be good for low loss materials. However,
they often require that the sample be prepared in a precise shape.
b) As the utility of microwave and millimeter wave NDT&E tech-
niques has increased, currently they are no longer considered as “emerging techniques”.
c) They often require that the sample be prepared in a precise shape,
meaning that these methods are generally “destructive” unless liquids or
granular materials are being measured.
Complete the sentences with the words:
therefore, in case, otherwise, unless, as long as (2), whether, reason, in
order to
1) I must write that letter now, otherwise I’ll forget to do it.
2) I’ll take some sandwiches with me _________ I get hungry.
3) We agreed to buy my daughter a dog _________ she takes it for a
walk every day.
4) I left early _________ miss the rush-hour traffic.
5) My girlfriend didn’t feel very well. _________, we left the party
quite early.
6) _________ there’s a problem, I won’t disturb you.
7) You can borrow my dictionary _________ you bring it back on
Monday.
8) You’d better tidy your room, _________ your mother will be angry.
9) I sent Luiza an invitation, but I don’t know _________ she’s coming.
10) The _________ I didn’t ring you was that I’d lost your phone number.
Task 9. Complete the sentences in a way that is true for you.
1) I want to improve my English because _________.
2) I don’t know whether my English _________.
3) I often need to write words down, otherwise I _________.
4) I don’t get many opportunities to practise my English, therefore
_________.
5) Speaking English may be important in order to _________.
Task 10. Find five sentences with defining relative clauses and
rewrite them using participle clauses.
79
VOCABULARY
consequent
являющийся результатом, последовательный
detection
открытие, обнаружение, выявление
eddy
[n.] водоворот, порыв, вихревое движение;
[v.] крутиться в водовороте, клубиться
emission
излучение света, выделение теплоты,
распространение, выпуск
investigation
следствие, разбор, исследование
obtain
получать, доставать, приобретать
radiography
радиография, рентгенография
reject
отклонять, отказываться; забраковывать
requirement
требование, необходимое условие
suitability
соответствие, пригодность
ultrasonic
сверхзвуковой, ультразвуковой
variety
разнообразие, ряд, множество
ultrasonic flaw detection
ультразвуковая дефектоскопия
radiography
рентгеновская дефектоскопия
magnetic particle crack
detection
магнитопорошковая дефектоскопия
dye penetrant testing
капиллярный метод контроля
eddy current testing
вихретоковая дефектоскопия
electro-magnetic testing
электромагнитная дефектоскопия
electrical potential drop
разность электродных потенциалов
sonic test
контроль сверхзвуковым методом
infrared emission
излучение в инфракрасном спектральном диапазоне
acoustic emission
акустический контроль
spectrography
спектрография
LESSON I
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