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Файл:A Brief Description оf NDT Techniques. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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3) internal
c) image
4) exposure
d) metals
5) shielding
e) light
6) ferrous / nonferrous
f) screens
7) intensifying
g) film
8) consumable
h) defects
9) darkened
i) monitors
10) radiation
j) radiation
11) latent
k) material
12) transmitted
l) items
Task 7. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
1) X-rays and gamma rays are penetrating radiation
which is differentially __________ by the material through
which it passes.
ABSORB
2) In X-radiography the penetrating power is deter-
mined by the voltage __________ to the X-Ray tube in
steel approximately 1000 volts per inch thickness is necessary.
APPLY
3) X and gamma rays also have the property of par-
tially converting silver halide crystals in a __________
film to metallic silver, in proportion to the intensity of the
radiation reaching the film.
PHOTO-
GRAPH
4) In X-radiography the intensity, and therefore the
exposure time, is __________ by the amperage of the cathode in the tube.
GOVERN
5) In gamma radiography the isotope governs the
penetrating power and is __________ in each isotope.
ALTER
1. radiograph (n.)
A. (of a substance) containing a lot of matter
in a small space.
2. exposure (to sth)
B. A material that converts part of the radio-
graphic energy into light or electrons and which,
when in contact with the recording medium dur-
given word:
Task 8. Match the expressions with their meaning:
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ing exposure, improves the quality of the radiogram and (or) reduces the exposure time required to receive the radiogram.
3. absorption (n.)
C. an image produced by X-rays or other rays.
4. dense (adj.)
D. light which is passed through a transparent
or translucent medium. The amount of light depends on the density of the medium through
which it is passed and on the brightness of incident light source.
5. amperage (n.)
E. metals, conducting plastics and conducting
polymers for the control of electromagnetic radiations.
6. intensifying
screen
F. products that are used recurrently, i.e.,
items which “get used up” or discarded.
7. shielding mate-
rial
G. the process by which a substance or object
takes in a liquid, gas, waves, or chemical and
makes it a part of itself.
8. transmitted light
H. the state of possibly being affected by
something such as a substance or influence.
9. consumable
items
I. the strength of electrical current needed to
make a piece of electrical equipment work.
Task 9. Translate the words in brackets and complete the sentences with the words in the correct form:
1) Electrically 1_________ (сгенерированный) X-rays and radio-
active isotope-emitted gamma rays are 2_________ (проникающий) radiation that is differentially absorbed by the substance through which they
travel.
2) The isotope 3________ (определять) the penetrating strength in
gamma radiography and is 4_________ (неизменный) in each isotope.
3) Placing the subject between the source of radiation and the film
is used to evaluate materials having 5_________ (внутренние пустоты).
4) The half-life is the time it 6_________ (занимать) for an isotope
to decay to half its original quantity of curies.
5) As the isotope decays, the exposure duration must be
7_________ (увеличенный); when the 8_________ (облучение) period
becomes uneconomical, the isotope must be replaced.
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6) The film package is 9_________ (расположен) near to the sub-
ject's surface to generate an X or gamma radiograph.
7) The radiation 10_________ (источник) is located on the other
side of the subject, some distance away, so that it 11_________
(проходить) through the subject and onto the film.
8) 12_________ (расходные материалы) including radiographic
film and processing chemicals are also needed.
Task 10. Translate the sentences:
1) Метод радиографического исследования служит для обнару-
жения внутренних дефектов в черных и цветных металлах, а также
других материалах.
2) Рентгеновские лучи, получаемые при помощи электриче-
ства, и гамма-лучи, излучаемые радиоактивными изотопами, представляют собой проникающую радиацию, которая в разной степени
поглощается материалом.
3) Чем больше толщина материала и его плотность, тем больше
степень поглощения.
4) Рентгеновские и гамма-лучи обладают свойством частично
преобразовывать галогенидосеребряные кристаллы на фотографической пленке в металлическое серебро пропорционально интенсивности излучения, достигающего пленки.
5) Испытания на материале с внутренними пустотами прово-
дят, помещая предмет между источником радиации и пленкой.
6) Там, где на пленку попадает больше радиации, пустоты про-
являются в виде затемненных областей.
7) В рентгенографии проникающая способность определяется
количеством вольт, приложенных к рентгеновской трубке.
8) В гамма-дефектоскопии изотоп определяет проникающую
способность.
9) В рентгенографии интенсивность и, следовательно, время
экспозиции определяется силой тока катода в трубке.
10) Время экспозиции обычно выражается в миллиампер-мину-
тах.
11) Активность радиации изотопов, измеряемая в беккерелях и
кюри, со временем снижается.
13
12) Время, необходимое для распада половины всех атомов изо-
топа, представляет собой период полураспада, который является характеристикой каждого изотопа.
13) Получение рентгеновского снимка предполагает наличие
различного рентгенографического и фотографического оборудования, включая регистратор уровня излучения, эталон чувствительности, оборудование фотокомнаты и т.д.
Task 11. Prepare the back translation of the text ‘Introduction
to Radiography’ (or part of it): translate the text into Russian. Then
translate it back into English orally with the support of the Russian
translation without looking into the original text.
GRAMMAR
Tense Review: Past Simple and Continuous
Task 12. Circle the correct option. If both are possible, circle
both.
1. At the moment when the earthquake was striking/struck, most people
were sleeping/ slept.
2. Phillips asked/was asking her subjects to watch clips of people smil-
ing, and measured their heart rate afterwards.
3. During the 18th century, merchants would/ used to transport their
goods around England by canal.
4. Audi used to launch/launched its new family saloon in 2010.
5. At the time of the crash, high street banks were investing/invested in
some very risky products.
6. The yacht ‘White Tiger’ made/was making excellent progress when
an unusually high wave destroyed/was destroying its mast.
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LESSON III
1. embedded flaws
a) неконтролируемый, нелокали-
зованный
2. weld
b) металл сварного шва
3. welded joints
c) поперечная трещина
4. uncontained
d) размотан или выведен из
5. a conical beam
e) влиять, посягать,
ограничивать
6. tungsten
f) сварной шов
7. remotely handled
g) внутренний дефект/ трещина
8. a drive cable
h) зона поражения
9. be wound [waʊnd] or
cranked out of
i) конический пучок
10. impinge (on/upon sb/sth)
/ɪmˈpɪndʒ/ phr. v.
j) гибкий вал трансмиссии, сило-
вой кабель
11. transverse crack
k) обращаться / управлять на рас-
стоянии
12. weld metal
l) сварные соединения
13. effective zone
m) вольфрам
THE ESSENCE OF RADIOGRAPHY
Task 1. Match the English terms with their Russian equivalents:
Recent developments in radiography permit ‘real time’ diagnosis.
Such techniques as computerised tomography yield much important information, though these methods maybe suitable for only investigative
purposes and not generally employed in production quality control.
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An illustration of Radiography
LISTENING
Task 2. Watch the video ‘Introduction to Radiography with
both X and gamma Radiation’ and complete the sentences below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VscasN8jgfo&t=2s
1. Radiography can be applied to most welded joints in the search
for _______ _______.
2. It is important, therefore, the people involved in welding have
some knowledge of the role of radiography as an _______ _______ like
X or gamma Radiography.
3. First and foremost, it is essential to understand that industrial ra-
diography uses _______ _______ which is dangerous.
4. During a _______ _______, where the source is uncontained,
non-licensed personnel must stay outside the barriers posted by the radiographic team.
5. The production of X-rays is _______ _______ and therefore, no
ionizing radiation is generated when the system is switched off.
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6. One advantage of this electrical production is that the wavelength
Groups
Phrases
1. Agreeing
………………………
a. I think I disagree.
b. I’m not so sure.
c. Maybe you’ve got a point there.
d. Don’t get me wrong, but I don’t think so.
e. I agree.
f. I’m not convinced.
2. Disagreeing
………………………
of the X-rays can be changed, and because of this so can the _______
_______.
7. Gamma rays emanate from the radioactive source, which con-
stantly emits radiation 24/7. This radiation is of a fixed wavelength and it
cannot be _______ _______ like X-rays.
8. A certain amount of radiation will _______ _______ by the ma-
terial and the remainder will pass through and impinge on the film that is
placed in position behind the weld.
9. When a weld has an _______ _______ more radiation will reach
the film in these areas causing a darkening of the film or changing density
in the film below the flaw.
10. In this radiograph, the transverse crack running through the weld
metal, its _______ _______ and into the base metal is shown.
11. Unlike ultrasonics, radiography cannot accurately size or locate
defects if the film is not projected in _______ _______.
12. The analysis of each defect depends, to a great extent, on the in-
terpreters knowledge of the _______ _______ and their experience in this
field.
SPEAKING
Agreeing and Disagreeing
In this video, Emir and Paul discuss a design for a client. Listen to the
language they use for agreeing and disagreeing and practise saying the
useful phrases:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/speaking/intermediateb1/agreeing-and-disagreeing
Task 3. Put the phrases (a–h) in the correct group (1–2).
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g. I think you’re right.
h. Yes, definitely.
Task 4. Decide which sentence gives the best summary of the
convinced
get me wrong
I disagree
right
definitely
got a point
not so sure
what you mean
video.
a. Emir and Paul discuss the design but can’t agree on any changes.
b. Emir and Paul disagree on the design, but they make some changes
and finally agree.
c. Emir and Paul both agree on the design and decide no changes are
needed.
Task 5. Put the words in the correct order.
1. by not idea. I’m that convinced
2. so not I’m sure.
3. disagree. I think I
4. they fit. get me think that wrong, but I don’t Don’t
5. what a bit empty. you mean, I see but it looks
6. there. point a got OK, maybe you’ve
7. you’re I right. think
8. we like So agree! looks it
Task 6. Complete the dialogue.
A: Here’s my design for the new advertising campaign. What do you
think?
B: I’m not (1)……………………………… that this is what the client
wants.
A: But they asked for bright colours.
B: I think (2)……………………………… . They said they wanted
the design to be fresh and fun.
A: But this design is fresh and fun.
B: I’m (3)……………………………… .
A: Really?
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B: Don’t (4)……………………………… , I like your design but it
doesn’t fit the brief.
A: I see (5)……………………………… . I guess it’s a bit too flashy.
B: What about changing the red and the stars?
A: Maybe you’ve (6)……………………………… there. I think
you’re (7)……………………………… . Is that better?
B: Yes, (8)……………………………… .
DISCUSSION
When was the last time you disagreed with someone?
Task 7. What possible advantages and disadvantages of Radiography can you suggest?
Task 8. Study the information given below. Make up a dialogue discussing advantages and disadvantages of Radiography.
Use the functional language:
I’m not convinced by that idea.
I’m not so sure.
I think I disagree.
Don’t get me wrong, but I don’t think they fit.
I see what you mean, but it looks a bit empty.
OK, maybe you’ve got a point there.
I think you’re right.
Yes, definitely.
I agree.
Advantages of Radiography
• Information is presented pictorially.
• A permanent record is provided which may be viewed at a time
and place distant from the test.
• Useful for thin sections.
• Sensitivity declared on each film.
• Suitable for any material.
19
Disadvantages of Radiography
• Generally an inability to cope with thick sections.
• Possible health hazard.
• Need to direct the beam accurately for two-dimensional defects.
• Film processing and viewing facilities are necessary, as is an ex-
posure compound.
• Not suitable for automation, unless the system incorporates fluor-
oscopy with an image intensifier or other electronic aids.
• Not suitable for surface defects.
• No indication of depth of a defect below the surface.
Task 9. Write a short essay concerning advantages and disadvantages of Radiography (150-200 words).
GRAMMAR
Tense Review: Present Perfect and Past Simple
Task 10. Complete each sentence with the present perfect or
past simple form of the verb in brackets.
1. New research indicates that scientists ____________ (discover) a po-
tential cure for some forms of dementia. The key finding
____________ (make) two months ago by a team working for Dr
Julia Davidson.
2. Construction companies ____________ (build) a new village outside
Moscow for the past three years.
3. Thousands of UK citizens ____________ (emigrate) to Australia to
start a new life in the 1950s and 60s. One of them ____________
(write) an account in 1976 that ____________ (just/film).
4. Currently editor of The Weekly Business Digest, Wendy Crozier
____________ (have) an interesting career. It ____________ (start)
in 1976 at the BBC.
5. Research ____________ (demonstrate) that people can delay the on-
set of Type 2 diabetes by losing weight.
6. A million Chinese people ____________ (move) to Africa in the past
twenty years to take advantage of new business opportunities. More
than 250,000 Chinese immigrants ____________ (arrive) in South
Africa alone since 1994.
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