Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Стилистика. Учебное пособие
.pdf
succeeding clauses of agreement; to reaffirm faith in fundamental principles; to
establish the required conditions; the obligations arising from treaties and other
sources of international law.
3.3.3. Diplomatic Documents
Terms and phrases like high contracting parties, to ratify an agreement,
memorandum, pact, protectorate, extra-territorial status, plenipotentiary will
immediately brand the utterance as diplomatic.
3.3.4. Military Documents
There are so many abbreviations and acronyms in the style of military
documents that there are special addenda in dictionaries to decode them. Here they
are used not only as conventional symbols but as signs of the military code, which is
supposed to be known only to the initiated, for example: DAO (Divisional
Ammunition Officer), adv. (advance), atk. (attack), obj. (object), A/T (anti-tank),
ATAS (Air Transport Auxiliary Service).
Despite the fact in Officialese there is no room for words with contextual
meaning or for any kind of simultaneous realization of two meanings, in military
documents sometimes metaphorical names are given to mountains, rivers, hills, or
villages. But these metaphors are perceived as code signs and have no aesthetic value,
as in: “2.102 d. Inf. Div. continues atk. 26 Feb. 45 to captive objs Spruce Peach and
Cherry and prepares to take over objs Plum and Apple after capture by CCB, 5th
armd Div.‖
Seminar 3.3. Stylistic Analysis of Official Documents
As in all other functional styles, the distinctive properties of Officialese appear
as a system. It is impossible to single out a style by its vocabulary only, recognizable
though it always is. The syntactical pattern of the style is as significant as the
vocabulary though not perhaps so immediately apparent. Perhaps the most noticeable
of all syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this style.
1. Give evidences to the fact that different patterns of writing seldom occur
alone, more often they blend into one another, especially in letter writing.
2. Make the stylistic analysis of Declaration of Independence.
3. Find out the stylistic devices of Loan Agreement.
111
Text 3.3.1 - The Patterns of Business Letter by Галина Гумовская
Business letters have a definite compositional pattern, namely, the heading
giving the address of the writer and the date, the name of the addressee and his
address. The usual parts of the business paper are:
1. Heading. The heading, which includes the sender‘s name, postal and
telegraphic addresses, telephone number as well as reference titles of the sender and
recipient, is printed at the top of the notepaper9.
2. Date. The date should always be printed in the top right-hand corner in the
order: day, month, year, e.g. 21st May, 2004 (21/5/04). Another order is usually
employed in the United States: May 21st, 2004 (5/21/04).
3. Name and address, i.e. the inside address or the direction. The inside
address is typed in three, four or more lines whichever is necessary, either at the
beginning of the letter, or at the end, e.g., Messrs. Adams and Wilkinson, / 4,
Finsbury Square, / London, E.C.2., England.
4. Salutation. The salutation may be: Sir, Sirs, Gentlemen (never
‗Gentleman‘), Dear Sirs (never ‗Dear Gentlemen‘), Madam, Dear Madam (for both
married and unmarried ladies), or Mesdames (plural). ‗Dear Mr.‘, or ‗Dear Mister‘
should never be used. Dear Mr. Jones may only be used when the sender is fairly
intimate with the person receiving the letter.
5. Reference. Underlined heading should look as follows: Re: Your Order No
12345. Re is a Latin word meaning ‗in the matter‘.
6. Opening. If you are hesitating for a phrase with which to commence your
letter, one of the following will suit your purpose: In reply / with reference /
referring to your letter of…; in accordance with / compliance with / pursuance of
your order No.; we greatly appreciate your letter of…
7. Body. The body is the subject matter that should be concise but not laconic.
The sentences should not be too long; the whole matter should be broken into
reasonably short paragraphs which should be properly spaced.
8. Closing or the complimentary close. It usually looks something like this:
Yours faithfully / truly / sincerely / cordially (not respectfully as it is too servile).
The most appropriate closing is: Awaiting your early reply with interest / Hoping
there will be no further complaints of this nature / Thanking you in advance for
any information you can offer.
9. Stamp (if any) and signatures. The closing, with the signature following it, is
made to slope off gradually so that the end of the signature just reaches the right
hand margin of the letter.
10. Enclosures. The Word 'Enclosure‘ should be written either in full or in its
abbreviated form ‗Enc.‘ usually at the bottom left-hand corner of the letter.
9
Note: in the United Kingdom all companies registered after 23rd November, 1916, must give the names of
the directors, and if any of them are not British by origin, their nationality must be also printed.
112
Consider the structure of a business letter below:
Mansfield and Co.
59 High Street
Swanage (=the address of the sender)
14 August, 2006 (=the date)
22 Fleet Street
London (= the address of the party addressed)
Dear Sir, (=salutation)
We beg to inform you that by order and for account of Mr. Jones of
Manchester, we have taken the liberty of drawing upon you for $45 at three months
date to the order of Mr. Sharp. We gladly take this opportunity of placing our
services at your disposal, and shall be pleased if you frequently make use of them.
(=body)
Truly yours,
Mansfield and Co. (=closing)
by Mary Smith
Text 3.3.2 - The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of
Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights,
Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of
these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a
design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to
throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. —
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity
which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of
the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To
prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
113
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the
public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained;
and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the
Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and
distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing
them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly
firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be
elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to
the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed
to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose
obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to
encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations
of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws
for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices,
and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers
to harass our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent
of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil
Power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of
pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which
they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province,
establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to
render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute
rule into these Colonies
114
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering
fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and
waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat
the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of
Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally
unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear
Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren,
or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known
rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most
humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A
Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is
unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have
warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of
our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and
magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to
disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and
correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and
hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General
Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude
of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these
Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right
ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance
to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of
Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent
States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances,
establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States
may of right do. — And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our
Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.
115
Text 3.3.3 - Loan Agreement
Loan Agreement #5
Hamm
10 May 2011
Company ----------, and Company ----------, incorporated in accordance with
legislation of the United Kingdom, having its registered office at ---------(hereinafter referred to as the "Borrower"), represented by ----------, acting on the
basis of the acting in accordance of the Memorandum and Articles of Association, on
the other side (hereinafter, Borrower and Lender are jointly referred to as the
"Parties" and are sometimes individually are referred to as the "Party") have entered
into the present agreement on the following terms and conditions:
1. Subject of Agreement
1.1 The Lender hereby grants a loan to the Borrower in the amount of 10 000,00 (Ten
thousand) EURO, hereinafter referred to as the "Principal of the Loan", which shall
be delivered in EURO to the account of the Borrower, which requisites are inserted
in the Section 7 and the Borrower shall repay the Principal of the Loan and interest
due thereupon in the procedure and in the time period provided for by this
agreement.
1.2 The Loan shall be provided for purchase of forestry equipment.
2. Term of the Loan. Procedure for Providing the Loan
2.1 The Loan shall be provided for a period of 5 (five) years.
2.2 The Lender shall provide the Principal of the Loan by transferring the Principal
of the Loan by several tranches, which amount can be determined at the Lender's
discretion, to the current account of the Borrower, the requisites of which account
are provided below in Section 6.2 of this agreement.
2.3 The duration of the term of the Loan shall begin as of the date the Principal of the
Loan is remitted to the current account of Borrower.
3. Interest Rate under the Loan Agreement
3.1 Borrower shall pay interest to Lender for the use of the monetary assets at the rate
of 4,5 (four and a half) % annually.
3.2 A calculation of the amount of the interest shall be made on a monthly basis. If the
settlement period is less than one month then the amount of the interest is calculated
as the interest for one month multiplied by the actual number of days and divided by
360 (three hundred sixty) days.
3.3 Borrower shall pay interest at any time at his own discretion in full or in portions
and without any penalties or charge. Borrower shall pay interest in full no later than
the date on which the Principal of the Loan is repaid in full.
3.4 Due interest shall be paid through the transfer of monetary assets in EURO to the
currency account of Lender, the requisites of which account are provided below in
Section 6.1 of the Article 7 of this agreement.
4. Procedure for the Return of the Principal of the Loan
116
4.1 Borrower shall repay the Principal of the Loan in full by no later than 5 (five)
#
LANGUAGE
PHENOMENON
WAY OF TRANSLATION
1
Infinitive
As an adverbial modifier of purpose the Infinitive can express
an independent idea that adds new information about its subject;
the adverb only is omitted in translation.
After the adjectives the last, the only and ordinal numerals the
years from the date the term of the Loan begins.
4.2 The Principal of the Loan shall be repaid through the transfer of monetary assets
in EURO to the currency account of Lender, the requisites of which account are
provided below in Section 6.1 of the Article 6 of this agreement.
4.3 Borrower shall bear all expenses, which Lender incurs in connection with
providing the Principal of the Loan, with related documentation and also with
amendments to the terms and conditions of this agreement.
5. Conclusion
5.1 This agreement shall enter into force upon its execution by the Parties.
5.2 All supplements and annexes to this agreement shall be integral parts hereto.
5.3 This Agreement is executed in two originals in English. Each Party shall be
provided with one original.
6. Bank Requisites of the Parties
6.1 Bank requisites of Lender:
----------
6.2 Bank requisites of Borrower:
----------
7. Signatures
For Borrower
_____________
For Lender
_____________
Translation of legal, economic, diplomatic and official business papers not only
requires sufficient knowledge of terms, phrases and expressions, but also depends on
the clear comprehension of the structure of a sentence and some specific grammar
and syntactical patterns, which are characteristic of this style.
Coming across an unknown term in the text, a translator can consult a
dictionary. Coming across such a phenomenon as the Nominative Absolute
Construction, for instance, a translator can find it time-consuming to search for an
equivalent conveying its meaning, unless he or she already knows the corresponding
pattern [Гумовская, 2008: 122].
The following table represents some instructions in translation of certain
English constructions, which can cause special difficulties while translating. Find out
the appropriate examples (English and Russian) to each case:
117
Infinitive is translated as the predicate of an attributive
subordinate clause. Its tense form is determined by the context.
If + noun + be + Infinitive can be translated as для того,
чтобы.
The Complex Object with the Infinitive is translated as an object
subordinate clause.
The Complex Subject with passive forms of the verbs say, think,
expect, show, see, find, argue, know, mean, consider, regard,
report, believe, hold, suppose, note, presume, claim, admit,
interpret, etc. is translated as a complex sentence with an object
subordinate clause. Care should be taken about non-perfect
forms of the Infinitive (which are translated in the Present tense)
and perfect forms (which are translated in the Past tense).
The Complex Subject with active forms of the verbs happen,
appear, see, prove, turn out, be likely, be certain, be sure, etc. is
translated in two possible ways:
the English finite form is transformed into a Russian
parenthesis and the English Infinitive into a Russian predicate,
the English finite form is transformed into a Russian main
clause (маловероятно, кажется, etc.) and the English
Infinitive into a Russian predicate in an object subordinate
clause.
If the English predicate has an object by somebody, such
predicate-object clusters are translated as a parenthesis по
мнению, согласно данным, как показал (установил, описал,
etc.).
2
Gerund
Depending on the function the Gerund plays in the sentence, it
can be translated as: a noun, an infinitive, a participle.
The Perfect Gerund denotes an action which is prior to the
action expressed by the finite form of the verb.
3
Participle
Participle I can be translated as an attributive clause, an
adverbial clause, a separate sentence.
Participle II at the beginning of the sentence can be translated as
a subordinate clause.
As a part of the Complex Object construction, Participle I and
Participle II can be translated as an object clause.
The Nominative Absolute Construction with Participle I and II
can be translated in different ways depending on the form of the
Participle and the position of the construction in the sentence:
118
in postposition the Nominative Absolute Construction
with Participle I performs the function of an adverbial modifier
of attending circumstances,
in preposition the Nominative Absolute Construction with
Participle I and II performs the function of an adverbial
modifier of cause or time,
sometimes Participles may be omitted, but the subject-
predicate relations in the Construction are still preserved.
The second element of the Nominative Absolute Construction
can also be expressed by an infinitive.
4
Inversion
The target sentence retains the word order of the source
sentence. Subordinate clauses of concession with an inverted
predicate often serve emphatic purposes and can be translated
with the help of Russian combinations хотя, какой бы то ни
был.
Notes
119
Conclusion
In the book, the study of theoretical foundations of stylistics, based on the
works by V.V. Vinogradov, G.N. Leech, I.V. Arnold, J.M. Screbnev, V.V. Gurevich,
V.A. Kukharenko, V.I. Shakhovsky, I.R. Galperin, L.L. Neljubin, G.I. Gumovskaja,
is combined with practical analysis of different literature and functional styles.
A lot of mentioned matters and investigating methods belong to the level of
craftsmanship rather than art. But the whole picture revealing the masterpiece
concept makes the stylistic analysis worthy.
We believe stylistics is able to keep balance between utility and beauty.
We feel it deals with. Life.
120
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]