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Файл:Практический курс английского языка. Учебное пособие для СПО
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Superlatives
We use superlative adjectives to describe how morethan two things are different.
They sell the cheapest models in the world.
We offer the most competitive prices.
This shop has the best reputation.
We can use one of the most / least + adjective to make amore general comparison
between several things.
bmi is one of the most successful airlines.
It is one of the worst hotels I've stayed in.
We can use more or most before the subject of thesentence to talk about relative
amounts.
More people are shopping online than a year ago.
Most people shop online these days.
Unit 5 ex. 5.2.1 p.45
must, have to/don't have to
must
We use must / mustn't and don't have toto talk aboutobligation.
Positive
We must find ways to increase revenue.
= subject + must + infinitive
Negative
Staff must not (mustn't) send personal emails.
= subject + must + not + infinitive
We do not usually use must in questions. We usedo/does... have toto ask if
something is obligatoryor important.
Do we have to attend the conference?
We do not use do / does to form the negative.
I mustn't be late, not I don't must be late.
We use must / mustn't when giving rules or tellingsomeone what to do.
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You must hand over the report by Friday.
Guests mustn't park their cars on the grass.
We also use you must to recommend something.
You must meet Keith. He's a really interesting person.
have to
have to in the positive and interrogative is formed inthe same way as regular verbs.
In the positive, have tohas a similar meaning to must.
We have to go to the Managing Director's presentation.
She has to deliver the report this afternoon.
In questions, have tois more common than must.
Does the candidate for the job have to have experience?
don't have to
We do not (don't) have to go if we don't want to.
He does not (doesn't) have to go if he doesn't want to.
= subject + do/does + not + have to + infinitive
We use don't have to/doesn't have to + infinitive to talkabout things that are not
necessary.
You don't have to hand over the report today. We don't need it until tomorrow.
Unit 6 ex. 6.3 p.61
Past Continuous
We use the Past Continuous to talk about a situation inprogress at a specific time in
the past.
Positive
We were waiting for the train.
= subject + was I were + -ing form
Negative
She was not (wasn't)working here then.
= subject + was I were + not + -ing form
Questions
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Were you listening to him?
= Was I Were + subject + -ing form
We use the Past Continuous to talk about an action thatwas happening at a particular
point in the past. It isoften used in a sentence with when + Past Simple.
He was getting off the bus when he had a brilliant idea.
We can change the order of the sentence. It is possibleto use either when or while
before the Past Continuous.
He fell when / while he was getting off the bus.
When / While he was getting off the bus, he fell.
If a sentence begins with When / While + Past Continuous, we usually put a comma
between the firstand second parts of the sentence.
Unit 7 ex. 7.2 p.68
Past Simple vs Past Continuous
Past Simple
We use the Past Simple to talk about an event thatfinished in the past. It may be the
recent past, but theaction is always a completed one.
I received your message five minutes ago.
I joined this company in 2002.
Past Continuous
We use the Past Continuous to talk about an action that continued for some time in
the past. This can be at afixed point in the past.
A: What were you doing at three o'clock yesterday?
B: I was probably surfing the net
We also use the Past Continuous as background for an action in the Past Simple
which interrupts it.
I was surfing the net when my manager came in.
or
When my manager came in, I was surfing the net
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Note that we can use either when or while before thePast Continuous, but we can
only use when before thePast Simple.
notWhile my manager came in ...
The Past Continuous is also used to set the scene for astory.
I was working in London, and John was living upstairs. That's how we met.
Remember that certain non-action verbs cannot beused in the continuous form.
I was on the train when my phone rang.
notI was being on the train when my phone rang.
Unit 8 ex. 8.2 p.80
Passive
We use the Passive when we do not know who did anaction or when it is not
important to say who did it.
Bono was invited to the reception.
When we want to say who did something, we can eitheruse an Active or a Passive
form. In the Passive, we use by.
Active The British Ambassador invited Bono to the reception.
Passive Bono was invited to the reception by the British Ambassador.
Note that the Passive always focuses more on theaction than on who did it.
Form
The Passive has several forms:
Present Simple Passive
Producers are paid a fair price for their goods.
= Present Simple of be + past participle
Past Simple Passive
The first Fairtrade label was started in 1988.
= Past Simple of be + past participle
Present Continuous Passive
The brand is being licensed to several major companies.
= Present Continuous of be + past participle
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Present Perfect Passive
People's lives have been transformed by this fund.
= Present Perfect of have + past participle
Modal verbs in the Passive: will, can, must, etc.
We use be + past participle after will, be going to, can,must, have to, should, and
other modal verbs.
More and more Fairtrade products will be bought.
In future, a broader range of products may be created.
Unit 9 ex. 9.2 p.93
Verb + to or verb + -ing
We use to + infinitive after certain verbs. These include:afford, dare, decide,
deserve, expect, hope, intend, learn, mean, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem,
try, want.
We have decided to expand our operations in Germany.
Some verbs are followed by object + to. These include:advise, allow, ask, enable,
encourage, forbid, force, help, persuade, remind, teach, tell.
This restructuring will allow us to be more competitive.
We use verb + -ing form after certain verbs. Theseinclude:admit, avoid, consider,
dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, keep, miss, practice, prefer, risk, stop, suggest.
We are going to consider making changes to our customer support service.
Some verbs can be followed either by to or -ing,without any change in meaning.
These include: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start.
The company has begun exploring/to explore new markets.
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ПриложениеВ
(справочное)
The plan for rendering the text
The plan for rendering the text Some expressions to be used while rendering
1 The title of the article The article is headlined…
The headline of the article I have read is…
2 The author of the article,
where and when the article was
published
The author of the article is …
The article is written by …
It is (was) published in …
It is (was) printed in …
3 The main idea of the article The main idea of the article is …
The article is about …
The article is devoted to …
The article deals with …
The article touches upon …
The article puts forward the idea / attempts to
discuss…
The object / purpose of the article is to show / give the
reader some information on …
The article / paper deals with some aspects of …
The article discusses some problems relating to …
The article presents the basic theory …
The article provides information on …
The article is concerned with …
4 Contents of the article (some
facts, names, figures)
Thearticle begins with a short discussion on …
The article deals firstly with the problem of …
The author points out / notes / describes that …
The author starts by telling the reader that …
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The author writes / states / stresses / thinks that …
Further the author reports / says …
Then the author goes on to the problem of …
After discussing … the author turns to …
The article goes on to say that …
Then follows a discussion on …
The next / following paragraph deals with / presents /
discusses …
Next / then the author tries to indicate / indicates /
explains that …
It must be emphasized / should be noted / is clear / is
evident that …
5 Conclusion The author comes to the conclusion that …
6 Article assessment (your
opinion of the article)
Active vocabulary
The final paragraph states / describes that …
The final paragraph ends with …
The conclusion is …
The author concludes / summarizes / admits that …
Finally / in the end the author admits / emphasizes
that…
I found the article interesting / important / dull / of no
value / (too) hard to understand
The article is of some certain importance
The article is interesting / important /dull /of no value
/ (too) hard to understand / up-to-date / out-of-date /
useful / boring
All in all…
As a whole / generally…
It goes without saying…
As far as I know…
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As a matter-of-fact…
According to …
In according with …
In respect to …
With regard to…
Regarding to …
The vital problem…
The first thing to maintain is …
It is started in details / in a chronological sequences …
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(рекомендуемое)
Home-readingtexts
Text 1.World Bank
The World Bank is the world's foremost intergovernmental organization concerned
with the external financing of the economic growth of developing countries. The official
title of the institution is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD).
Before recommending a Bank loan, the staff of the Bank must be reasonably
satisfied that the productivity of the borrowing country will be increased and that the
prospects for repayment are good. A country must be judged creditworthy. Engineering
investigations are frequently carried out to determine the probable relation of a proposed
project to benefits and costs. Increasingly, however, the Bank has shifted somewhat away
from project lending (e.g., for a dam or a highway or a port); it has become concerned with
education and other human services, the environment, and, through structural adjustment
loans, the modification of governmental policies that are thought to have impeded long-
run growth. The Bank has also paid increasing attention to the evaluation of previous
lending. Recently, moreover, it has acceded to the requests of the American secretary of
the treasury to help to ease the huge, outstanding, largely commercial bank debt.
Voting power in the Bank (as well as in the Fund) is determined by the size of each
member nation's subscription. Subscriptions, in turn, are based on a formula that takes into
account such variables as the value of each nation's foreign trade and its total output.
Ultimate power, through weighted voting, rests with the Board of Governors of the Bank
(and the Fund). The governors meet annually in September. The day-to-day affairs of the
Bank are determined, however, by executive directors who live permanently in
Washington, D.C. They hire a president, who, in turn, hires a staff. By tradition, rather
than law, the president of the Bank is an American, usually a banker, proposed by the
President of the United States.
129
Because of the size of their subscriptions, five nations — the United States, Japan,
Germany, the United. Kingdom, and France — are entitled to appoint executive directors;
the remaining seventeen directors are elected by some combination of the votes of the
other nations. There are 156 member nations, but, with the independence of the Baltic
states and the devolution of the Soviet Union into separate republics, the membership
could increase to over 170, thereby including all the independent nations in the world.
The Soviet Union was one of the forty-four governments whose representatives
signed the original Bretton Woods agreements, but along with the other members of the
Warsaw Pact, it chose not to join the Bank or the Fund when these organizations were
formally incorporated in 1946. Poland and Czechoslovakia joined the Bank and the Fund
initially but withdrew when the cold war began in earnest
Text 2. World Bank Group
In 1954 an International Finance Corporation was established to supplement the
World Bank by participating in equity financing in member countries, and in 1960, a third
organization, the International Development Association (IDA), was created. These three
organizations constitute the World Bank Group. The IDA has the same officers and staff
as the World Bank, but its separate charter enables it to offer loans to low-income member
countries repayable at 0.75 percent interest over 50 years (including 10 years’ grace).
Soft or concessionary assistance is made possible by contributions to
(replenishments of) the IDA by the governments of high-income (industrial) countries.
The management of the World Bank Group is thus enabled to offer rates of interest and
loan maturities which take into account the nature of the projects financed and the
presumed ability of borrowing governments to service their debt. The initial capitalization
of IDA for the 5 years 1960 to 1964 was less than $1 billion in hard currencies. By 1992,
the ninth replenishment for 3 years will be over $11 billion. I
Today, the World Bank Group is a far cry from what it was when the World Bank
began in 1946 §under President Eugene Meyer—with three floors of rented office space at
1818 H Street NW and a few dozen employees. Even in the final days of the presidency of
George Woods, in 1968, the group had fewer than 1500 employees and four buildings. As
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