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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка неличные формы глагола = Practical English Grammar Non-Finite Verbs. Учебное пособие
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CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
Syntactic function Gerund Participle I
Adverbial modifi er
of exception
Complex object –
Complex subject –
The Nominative
Absolute
Construction with
Participle I
The Prepositional
Absolute
Construction with
Participle I
except, but
There is nothing to do
except selling it.
–
–
–
I heard him singing.
He was heard singing.
Weather being fi ne, we’ll go
for a walk.
He was standing, with his
hands in the pockets.
3.5.Participle II (The Past Participle)
Participle II is the non-fi nite form of the verb which combines
the properties of the verb with those of the adjective, serving as
the qualifying-processual name.
Participle II is a single form, having no paradigm of its own.
It conveys implicitly the categorical meaning of the perfect and
the passive.
The main self-positional functions of the past participle in the sentence are those of the attribute and the predicative. It also can be used
as the adverbial modifi er.
e.g. I might yet love her with a love unknown on earth and tell her what
the strife had been within me when I loved her here. (attribute)
e.g. He looked absolutely exhausted. (predicative)
e.g. Leave in the oven until cooked to a light brown colour. (adverbial
modifi er of time)
In the attributive use, the past participial meaning of the perfect
and the passive are expressed in lexico-grammatical character
of the verb. Thus, the attributive past participle of limitive verbs
in a neutral context expresses priority, while the past participle of unlimitive verbs expresses simultaneity. Participle II of transitive verbs
has a passive meaning, Participle II of intransitive verbs has an active
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
meaning (afallen leaf, advanced students, developed countries, increased activity, faded colours, vanished civilisations, a retired
general, a grown-up daughter, an escaped prisoner). Some more past
participles of intransitive verbs can be used with active meanings, but
only with adverbs: a well-read person, a much-travelled man, recently-arrived immigrants.
e.g. Here was another unsolved problem.
e.g. Rushed to the airport by private car, waiting for his private jet
to take him anywhere he wanted to go.
A few participles change their meaning according to their position.
Compare:
a concerned expression (= a worried expression)
the people concerned (= the people who are/were affected)
an involved explanation ( = a complicated explanation)
the people involved ( = the same as the people concerned)
an adopted child (= a child who is brought up by people who are not
his/her biological parents)
the solution adopted (= the solution that is/was chosen)
3.6.Syntactic functions of Participle II
in the sentence
Participle II may be used as an attribute, an adverbial modifi er,
a predicative or part of a predicative construction.
1. Participle II as an attribute
In the function of an attribute Participle II can be in pre-position
and in post-position, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifi es and follow
it. Participle II usually stands in post-position when the meaning
of the action is clearly felt (the letters sent), especially when it is extended (the letters sent yesterday). It may be in pre-position when
denoting a quality or state rather than an action (abroken cup).
e.g. There was a letter addressed to me in your sitting room.
2. Participle II as an adverbial modifi er
Participle II can be used as an adverbial modifi er of time, cause,
condition, concession or comparison. In this function Participle II
is usually preceded by a conjunction.
72
CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
a) an adverbial modifi er of time, usually with the conjunction
when, while, till
e.g. When opened, keep in refrigerator.
b) an adverbial modifi er of cause is used without any conjunctions
e.g. Given no money, he couldn’t leave the place.
c) an adverbial modifi er of concession, with the conjunction
though or although
e.g. Though withered, the roses were still beautiful.
d) an adverbial modifi er of comparison, with the conjunction as
if or as though
e.g. He looked at me as if fascinated.
3. Participle II as part of a compound nominal predicate
(apredicative)
Participle II is used as part of a compound nominal predicate
with the link-verbs to look, to seem, to remain, to sit, to stand, to lie,
to rise, etc.
e.g. He’ll feel isolated, betrayed, bewildered, may be even depressed.
e.g. She looked competent and distinguished, like the manager of an
international cosmetic fi rm.
But often Participle II is adjectivized when it loses its verbal features and becomes an adjective. The link verb to be is mainly found
with such participles, which express different emotions. E.g. absorbed,
аccustomed, аlarmed, аstonished, born, confused, depressed, disappointed, embarrassed, excited, faded, satisfi ed, surprised, troubled, worried.
e.g. What happened was that Pamela was astonished, embarrassed,
thrilled, delighted, bewildered.
3.7.Predicative constructions with Participle II
Like the present participle, the past participle is capable of making
up predicative constructions of the following types:
1. The Complex Object or the Objective with Participle II Construction
2. The Complex Subject or the Subjective with Participle II
Construction
3. The Nominative Absolute Construction with Participle II
4. The Prepositional Absolute Construction with Participle II
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
Participle II functioning as part of a predicative construction enters
into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forms
a syntactical unit with it.
3.7.1.The Complex Object
In the complex object Participle II is in predicate relation to a noun
in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. The whole
construction forms a complex object of some verbs. It is rendered into
Russian by a subordinate clause.
The Complex Object with Participle II is used:
1. After verbs of sense perception, such as: to feel, to hear, to see,
to watch, to fi nd (= to see), etc.
e.g. I see Miss Murdstone secretly overjoyed.
2. After verbs of emotion and wish: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate,
to want, to desire, to prefer, etc.
e.g. I want the phones fi xed tonight.
3. After verbs of mental activity and declaring, such as: to believe,
to consider, to understand, to imagine, to report, etc.
e.g. He reported me gone.
4. After verbs denoting compulsion: to get, to have, to leave, to make,
etc.
e.g. When I get this riffraff cleared from my courtroom, we’re going
fi shing.
e.g. It is tenderness of heart which makes my dear father so generally
beloved – which gives Isabella all her popularity.
After the verbs to have and to get Participle II shows that the action
expressed by Participle II is not done by the person denoted by
the subject but is done for the benefi t of the person denoted by
the subject.
e.g. I want to have my photo taken.
e.g. You can get a dress made here.
In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do
is used.
e.g. Why don’t you have your hair cut?
74
CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
3.7.2.The Complex Subject
In the complex subject Participle II is in predicate relation
to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.
The whole construction forms a complex subject. It is rendered into
Russian by a complex sentence with an “indefi nite-personal” princi-
pal clause.
The complex subject is chiefl y used with the following verbs
in the Passive Voice:
1. The verbs of sense perception, such as: to hear, to see, to watch,
to fi nd (=to see), etc.
e.g. The box was seen carried away.
2. The verbs of mental activity and declaring, such as: to believe,
to consider, to think, to report, etc.
e.g. The letter was reported sent at once.
3.7.3.The Nominative Absolute Construction with Participle II
It is a construction which consists of two elements, nominal and
verbal, which are in a predicate relation. The nominal element is a noun
in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The verbal
element is Participle II. This construction is mainly used in fi ction and
scientifi c literature. It is always marked by a comma and used as an adver-
bial modifi er of time, cause, attendant circumstances or condition.
e.g. The bell repeated, we walked towards the door.
e.g. “It was your idea,” she said, hands stuck deep in her new jeans.
3.7.4.The Prepositional Absolute Construction with Participle II
This construction differs from the above one in that it is introduced
by the preposition with. It is always marked by a comma. It is in most cases
used in the function of an adverbial modifi er of attendant circumstances
or manner.
e.g. It is evening: I sit in the same chair, by the same bed, with the same
face turned towards me.
e.g. With the table laid, she will have nothing more to do.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
EXERCISES TO CHAPTER III
The Participle
EXERCISE 1.State the forms and the functions of participle I. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1. You said nothing about the results demonstrating your fi nd-
ings. 2. The project being prepared by the group of experts will be
completed next month. 3.The professor stood looking up and down.
4.Нe looked up at the time-table, having put on his glasses. 5.Yo u
must sketch out your presentation, using key words and bullet points.
6. While reading the student is making some notes. 7. The director called his assistant, having looked through all the documents.
8.Having been fi xed the computer started working much better. 9.He
stood pale as if feeling unwell. 10. They stepped out on the path
leading to the University backyard. 11.Being built up of grey concrete
the University building looked gloomy. 12.The speaker spent nearly
all the time going over existing literature on the subject being mentioned. 13.There was a big lamp hanging low above the desk. 14.The
lecturer put up an outline slide giving the students the roadmap
of his presentation. 15.The noise coming up from the corridor broke
up the silence in the lecture hall.
EXERCISE 2.State the functions of ParticipleII. Translate the sentences
into Russian.
1. There was a stillness in the lecture hall, broken only by
the subdued ticking of a clock on the wall. 2.He answered the question
based on the information presented. 3.A well-organized presentation
will always run successfully. 4.She always remains patient even if asked
to defi ne a word of whose defi nition she is not sure. 5.They must have
passed me by unnoticed. 6. The librarian showed us some new journals received by the library. 7.One way to make a good presentation
is to have slides on each bullet point accompanied by a small amount
of text. 8.When questioned, the student didn’t know what to answer.
9.We have no photos of ourselves taken since we entered the University.
10.Once certifi ed, the specialist can fi nd a decent job. 11.The assistant
replaced used cups on the table with fresh ones. 12.You can’t prepare
the answers beforehand, having no control over the questions asked.
76
CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
13.Puzzled by an unexpected question, the student turned his attention to his scientifi c adviser. 14. When faced delays, a post graduate
must work well under pressure. 15.The Board didn’t look interested by
the presentation.
EXERCISE 3. Paraphrase the following sentences according
to the model. Mind the use of Participle I and Participle II.
Model: The book written by this author describes new fi ndings in linguistics.
The book describing new fi ndings in linguistics is written by this author.
1. The report made by my friend is being discussed now.
2.Microcomputers invented in the 70s help much in research work.
3.Many companies producing smartphones are in operation all over
the world now. 4.The material called nylon was invented during WWII.
5.Substances behaving in this manner are called elastic. 6.The plant
being in operation in this town produces software. 7.The presentation
being discussed now was made by an experts’ team. 8.These methods
helping a lot in my research work were worked out at the beginning
of the 21
st
century. 9.The question being discussed at the moment was
asked by a member of the Board. 10.The project designed by the group
of post graduate students was presented at the conference.
EXERCISE 4.Mind the use of Participle I and Participle II.
A. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
a moving object – a moved object
changing distances – changed distances
a controlling device – a controlled device
developing industry – developed industry
an increasing speed – an increased speed
heating parts – heated parts
a transmitting signal – a transmitted signal
a boring person – a bored person
reducing noise – reduced noise
a producing machine – a produced machine
B. Translate the following word combinations into English.
развивающиеся страны – развитые страны
пугающие животные – испуганные животные
77
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
растущая осведомленность – возросшая осведомленность
интересный собеседник – заинтересованный собеседник
производственное оборудование – произведенное обору-
дование
инвестиционные средства – инвестированные средства
включающий механизм – включенный механизм
упаковочные коробки – упакованные коробки
улучшающиеся результаты – улучшенные результаты
растворяющее вещество – растворенное вещество
EXERCISE 5.Defi ne the part of speech and the function of the word with
the -ing suffi x.
1. The student sat still listening to the presenter attentively.
2. Being put together the data can provide the basis for an article.
3.The professor, on hearing the answer, smiled tolerantly. 4.I love preparing for exams in the Reading Hall. It’s so quiet here. 5.She came into
the living room, having a letter in her hand. 6.She asked her friend for
advice not knowing what to do. 7.When he sees somebody crying, he
cannot but help them. 8.An unexpected knocking came out of the cor-
ridor. 9.He objected to discussing his mistakes openly. 10.After saying
this he turned and went out.
EXERCISE 6.Defi ne the part of speech and the function of the word with
the -ed suf
fi x.
1.He has prepared the paper for publication. 2.You have to fi nish
your presentation with the time allocated. 3. Think a few seconds
about the question being asked before you answer it. 4.To give a great
talk means to be well prepared. 5. Some information presented here
may be useful to us. 6. The fi rst television set produced a sensation
in 1939.7. The Russian Linguistic Society arranged an international
conference devoted to the latest fi ndings in linguistics. 8.The equip-
ment required to carry out this experiment was very sophisticated.
9.Your talk was evaluated by all the participants of the conference.
10.Having worked in this business from the very beginning, we have
much experience.
78
CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
EXERCISE 7.Replace the attributive clauses with ParticipleI where pos-
sible.
1. Many countries still have cable TV systems, which use wires
to transmit TV programmes. 2.The fi fth-generation computers, which
perform 100 billion operations a second, will be available in the nearest
future. 3. The scientists who research the nature of virus are making
progress. 4. Vladivostok, which is the eastern outpost of Russia,
is a major trade center in the Far East. 5. Yesterday I met the doctor
who helped my sister after the operation. 6.We live in the apartment
that overlooks a beautiful park. 7.Only one-third of those who apply for
admission will be accepted to this University. 8.The photographs that
were published in the magazine were breath-taking. 9. Did I tell you
about the car salesperson who tried to sell me a defective car? 10.On
my way to work I came across Tom, who was buying a morning paper
at the newsagent’s. 11.The rules that allow students to resit an exami-
nation have to be reconsidered. 12.Russia has the largest fresh water
lake which contains 20 percent of the earth’s fresh water. 13.The psychologies that study the nature of dreams have collected interesting
data. 14.There are people at the plant that have been working here all
their lives. 15.Where is the newspaper that has the story about the jet
crash. 16.That’s the man who made a speech at our graduation party.
17.He is looking for a job which leaves him free at weekends. 18.Do you
see that boy who is wearing a baseball cap? 19.The people who lived
in the next house have recently moved out. 20.People who live in glass
houses shouldn’t throw stones. 21.Little Red Riding Hood, who went
out one day to visit her grandmother, met a wolf on her way there.
EXERCISE 8.Translate the sentences into Russian using ParticipleI or
an attributive clause where necessary.
1.Человека, который пишет такие книги, вряд ли можно назвать писателем
. 2. Экзамен проводится в аудитории, расположенной на 6-м этаже. 3.Студенты, которые стремятся овладеть иностранным языком, должны заниматься изо дня в день.
4.Учебники, лежащие на столе, будут полезны при подготовке
к экзаменам. 5.Учебники, лежавшие на столе, отнесли в библиотеку. 6.Последние 24часа передают новости, волнующие всех
79
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
жителей города. 7.Новости, взволновавшие всех жителей города, передают последние 24часа. 8.Самолет был похож на летящую птицу. 9.Самолет, летящий над городом, оставлял в небе
четкий след. 10. Самолет, пролетевший над городом, оставил
в небе четкий след. 11.Студенты, которые хотят продолжить
обучение в аспирантуре, должны уже сейчас выбрать тему научного исследования
. 12.Студенты, обучающиеся в этом университете, должны сдать три выпускных экзамена. 13. Студенты,
обучавшиеся в этом университете, не имеют проблем с трудоустройством. 14.Ты знаешь человека, стоящего у расписания?
15.Ты видишь, что человек, так долго стоявший у расписания,
уже ушел? 16.Он помог поднять книгу, которая упала со стола. 17.Преподаватель отвечал на вопросы студентов, которые
готовились к экзаменам. 18.Преподаватель отвечал на вопросы, которые помогали студентам подготовиться к экзаменам.
20.Студенты, посетившие все лекции, смогли сдать экзамен.
EXERCISE 9.Replace the adverbial clauses with ParticipleI.
1.While he was travelling on the bus yesterday, he bumped into
an old friend of his. 2. Because we didn’t know where to go, we tried
to fi nd a receptionist. 3.When I settled into my seat, I felt relieved.
4.We don’t want our trip to go to waste as we have spent so much
time getting it under way. 5.As I have spent my money on a car, I can’t
afford a holiday. 6. I was unable to give an answer because I hadn’t
understood the teacher’s question. 7. After the guests raised their
glasses, they wished Mary a happy birthday. 8.I saw a lot of interesting
buildings as long as I was walking down the Strand. 9.The reception-
ist, when he heard her question, looked up at the old lady. 10.I came
here tonight as I thought I might fi nd him in. 11.After he said so, Tom
left the room. 12. As Philip did not know what to say, he went back
to his work. 13.Mother went out to the terrace as soon as she had heard
somebody calling her. 14.After he nodded to the people in the room, he
went over to his wife. 15.I forgot how awful it might be as I had been
away from it for a month. 16.When I fi nd the missing documents, I’ll
bring them to you. 17.We’ll have more free time once we have fi nished
the project. 18.My husband likes to listen to music while he is working.
80
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