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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка неличные формы глагола = Practical English Grammar Non-Finite Verbs. Учебное пособие
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CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
Voice
Active Passive
Aspect
Indefi nite
(Simple)
Non-
Perfect
Perfect having come
coming
writing
having written
–
being written
–
having been written
Perfect
The indefi nite gerund denotes an action simultaneous with that
of the fi nite verb.
e.g. But Father wasn’t interested in talking about it.
The perfect gerund denotes an action prior to that of the fi nite verb.
e.g. But I do not at all complain of having been kept out of this
property.
However, the indefi nite gerund may denote an action preceding
the action denoted by the fi nite verb. This occurs after the preposi-
tions on (upon), after, without and after the verbs to remember, to recall,
to recollect, to accuse, to apologize, to blame, to charge, to deny, to excuse,
to forget, to forgive, to praise, to punish, to regret, to reprimand, to reproach, to thank.
e.g. After being silent for a few moments, he pursued his story.
e.g. Don’t accuse me of being ungrateful.
The perfect gerund may also be used after the above mentioned
verbs and prepositions.
e.g. I remembered having heard the family speak of grandmother’s
sometimes strange behavior.
e.g. I now regretted having let him accompany me.
The indefi nite gerund may express a succeeding action after:
a) Verbs, implying reference to a future event such as: to intend,
to insist, to object, to suggest, to look forward to.
e.g. You know, I was looking forward to coming to L.A.
b) The preposition before
e.g. She paused for a moment before continuing.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
c) Nouns suggesting futurity such as: plan, intention, hope, prospect.
e.g. Have you any intention of going away again?
The active gerund points out that the action is directed from
the subject, whereas the passive gerund indicates that the action is directed towards the subject.
e.g. Ricky was frustrated at being treated like a child.
e.g. It was the fi rst intimation of his being returned from London.
There are some verbs (towant, to need, to require, to deserve) and
the adjective “worth” which are followed by an active gerund with
a passive meaning.
e.g. I think his story is defi nitely worth investigating.
e.g. She didn’t need asking twice!
2.2.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund
Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions
in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element which can be expressed by:
1. a noun in the genitive case
e.g. I opened the bedroom door and listened to Julian’s steady
breathing.
2. a possessive pronoun
e.g. ‘‘Had you any idea of his coming so soon?” said Mrs. Dashwood.
3. a noun in the common case
e.g. She’d heard of people being paralyzed after accidents, and then
parts of them getting better…
4. a pronoun in the objective case
e.g. Would you mind him coming?
5. a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as somebody,
someone, everybody, nobody, this, that, all, both, each, something
e.g. I was awakened by someone saying, “Here he is!” and uncovering
my hot head.
The gerund modifi ed by a possessive pronoun or a noun in the posses-
sive case forms a gerundial complex. The relation between the nominal
and verbal parts of the complex is that of secondary subject and secondary
predicate.
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CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
e.g. I insist on John’s (his) going there.
John’s (his) going – is a gerundial complex.
The gerund when preceded by a noun in the common case,
a pronoun in the objective case, or a pronoun which has no case distinctions has a function intermediate between that of the present
participle and the gerund. Such an ing-form may be called a half-
gerund.
e.g. Barry said he remembered the place being a mess.
2.3.Syntactic functions of the Gerund in the sentence
The gerund can be used in various syntactic functions. A single
gerund occurs but seldom; in most cases we find a gerundial
complex.
1. The gerund as a subject
The gerund functioning as a subject may either precede the predicate or follow it. In the latter case it is introduced by the introductory
it, which serves as an introductory subject or with the construction
there is.
There is no use ...
It’s no use ...
It’s no good ...
It’s useless ...
It’s worth (while) ...
e.g. Shaking hands with women was not something he did often.
e.g. Perhaps, being a bit out of your mind is a merciful thing if it makes
you think that you are happy when you are not.
e.g. It’s no good trying to keep up the fl at; I can’t do it.
e.g. When once it had been read, there was no doing anything, but
lament and exclaim.
2. The gerund as part of a compound nominal predicate
(apredicative)
e.g. The only problem is forgetting what I’ve said to one journalist, and
wondering if I’ve already said it to another.
The gerund can be used with the prepositions like, in, against.
e.g. Writing is like getting married.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
3. The gerund as part of a compound aspect predicate
It is used after verbs denoting the beginning (to begin, to start,
to burst out), the duration (tocontinue, to go on, to keep (on)), or the end
of an action (tocease, to fi nish, to stop, to give up, to leave off).
e.g. Then she turned to face the lighted window and began examining
the boots.
to go on + gerund suggests the continuation of the action
denoted by the gerund and forms part of a compound verbal aspect
predicate; the infi nitive points out a new stage in the sequence
of actions.
e.g. How can anyone go on living like that, being so unkind and not
caring any more?
e.g. He welcomed the new pupils and went on to explain the school
regulations.
After “to stop” the gerund is used when it suggests the end
of the action denoted by the gerund; the infi nitive is used as an
adverbial modifi er of purpose.
e.g. And I also think you should stop asking questions.
e.g. Once she stopped to listen to a band of music; then we stopped too.
4. The gerund as an object
The gerund can be used as a direct or a prepositional object.
As a direct object it follows a number of verbs, some of which take
only the gerund, while others may be followed either by the gerund or
by the infi nitive.
The following verbs are followed only by the gerund: to admit,
to appreciate, to avoid, to consider, to delay, to deny, to detest, to endure,
to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy, to imagine, to mention, to mind, to miss,
to postpone, to practice, to recall, to recollect, to resent , to resist, to resume,
to risk, to suggest, to survive, to understand, can’t face, can’t stand, can’t
fancy/imagine, can’t help, can’t resist; the adjectives busy, worth, and
the phrase worth (while).
e.g. I couldn’t imagine living like this.
The following verbs are followed only by the infi nitive: to agree,
to arrange, to dare, to decide, to fail, to hope, to manage, to offer, to promise,
to refuse, to tend.
e.g. … but I hope to see many of my friends in it.
34
CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
e.g. … and he promised to do everything in his power to make them
comfortable.
The verbs and verbal phrases followed by either the gerund or
the infi nitive: to attempt, to bother, to dislike, to fear, to forget, to hate,
to intend, to learn, to like, to love, to need, to plan, to prefer, to propose,
to regret, to remember, to try, can’t afford, can’t bear.
e.g. I planned to tell you as soon as we were alone, I promise.
e.g. We planned going there every year.
With the verbs expressing feelings and attitudes (tolike, to love, to
prefer, to hate...) the gerund expresses a more general or a habitual
action, the infi nitive expresses a one-time action.
e.g. People love watching real-life dramas, and your story is extremely
appealing.
e.g. I love to go for a walk alone.
When the verbs to remember, to forget, to regret are followed by
the gerund, priority is expressed and the indefi nite infi nitive expresses
a future or simultaneous action.
e.g. I remember seeing him in movies when I was a kid.
e.g. Remember to turn off the light!
When the verb to try is used with the infi nitive it means ‘to
attempt (todo), to make an effort (todo)’. With the gerund it means
‘to do something as an experiment or test’.
e.g. Dad shook his head as if he were trying to shake her picture out
of his mind.
e.g. He tried calling me a couple of times. I never returned the calls.
As a prepositional object the gerund may follow:
a) prepositional verbs, such as: to bother about, to forget
about, to hesitate about, to worry about, to aim at, to wonder
at, to account for, to care for, to long for, to apologize for,
to refrain from, to save from, to believe in, to consist in, to end
in, to succeed in, to approve of, to complain of, to confess
of, to dream of, to hear of, to learn of, to speak of, to talk
of, to think of/about, to count on, to depend on, to insist on, to rely
on, to admit to, to agree with, to look forward to, to object
to, to refer to, to take to.
e.g. For a moment she thought he would insist on going now…
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
e.g. “Jerry’s so looking forward to seeing you,” she said, taking Bobby’s
arm.
e.g. I am very sorry to hear, Miss Fairfax, of your being out this morning
in the rain.
to agree takes the infi nitive
e.g. I had, however, after a superfi cial glance at his latest book, found
things in it which I liked, and I had agreed to review it for a Sunday paper.
to agree with doing smth
e.g. He doesn’t agree with giving money to them.
b) Set-phrases such as: to be on the point of, to fi nd no sense in, to have
no doubt about, to lose time in, to pay attention to, to put an end
to, to put up with, to take advantage of, to take notice of, to take
risks in.
e.g. I’m just on the point of leaving London.
c) Verbs and adjectives taking a direct and a prepositional object:
to ask smb. about, to say smth. about, to tell smb. about, to forgive
smb. for, to hate smb. for, to like smb. for, to pay smb. for, to prevent
smb. from, to reproach smb. for, to scold smb. for, to thank smb. for,
to keep smb. from, to save smb. from, to accuse smb. of, to blame
smb. of, to remind smb. of, to suspect smb. of, to apologize to smb.
for, to count on smb. in, to rely on smb. in; angry with smb. for,
furious with smb. at, grateful to smb. for, responsible to smb. for,
sorry for smb. about, thankful to smb. for.
e.g. What’s preventing you from answering?
e.g. He was proud of himself for hiring a lawyer.
d) Adjectives, statives and participles II, when used as a predica-
tive: anxious about, careful about, sorry about, worried about,
amazed at, annoyed at, clever at, delighted at, displeased at/
with, furious at, good at, happy at/in, irritated at, pleased at/with,
skilled at/in, successful at/in, surprised at, touched at, upset at/
about, responsible for, absorbed in, happy in/at, interested in, right
in, successful in/at, wrong in, ashamed of, capable of, certain
of, fond of, frightened of, proud of, sick of, sure of, tired of, keen
on, accustomed to, angry with, content with, to be afraid of, to be
aware of.
e.g. I’m not interested in dating you.
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CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
e.g. You are still upset about my driving you to the airport, aren’t you?
e.g. They were happy in being near one another – in looking into each
other’s eyes.
used to + infi nitive expresses a past habit.
e.g. You used to be willing to take chances.
to be/become/get used to + gerund means to be/become/get ac-
customed.
e.g. He was accustomed to women being rather in love with him …
e.g. “I’m not used to having fun,” she said quietly.
to be afraid of+ gerund expresses an action which the subject fears
may happen.
e.g. I am not afraid of dying, kid, you understand?
to be afraid + infi nitive means that the subject is/was too frightened
to perform the action.
e.g. Even Marcia was afraid to go deeper.
5. The gerund as an attribute
In this function the gerund modifi es mainly abstract nouns. It
is always preceded by a preposition, in most cases by of, but preposi-
tions about, at, for, in, to can be found.
The preposition of is used with the following nouns: chance,
danger, diffi culty, feeling, hope, idea, intention, manner, means, opportu-
nity, pleasure, possibility, power, pride, purpose, result, right, risk, sense,
success, surprise, task, thought, trouble, way, etc.
e.g. The shock of leaving the offi ce was greater than I had anticipated.
e.g. Your growing reputation and success enlarge your power of doing
good.
e.g. She had no sooner an opportunity of being one hour alone with
Harriet.
The preposition about: doubt, fantasy, remark, worry, etc.
e.g. There is no doubt about going there.
The preposition at: amazement, astonishment, attempt, delight, sur-
prise, etc.
e.g. His pleasure at seeing it surprised me.
The preposition for: apology, cause, gift, objection, opportunity,
preparation, pretext, reason, talent, etc.
e.g. ‘What was his reason for cancelling?’ she asked.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
The preposition in: advantage, belief, difficulty, experi-
ence, hesitation, participation, pleasure, point, satisfaction, sense,
success, use, etc.
e.g. She had great satisfaction in replying that she was going into
Devonshire.
A gerund as an attribute may precede the noun it modifi es and
is used without a preposition. Thus, the person or thing denoted by
the noun does not perform the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g.
a dancing-hall (ahall for dancing), a swimming pool (apool for swimming), a cooking stove, a walking stick, a writing-table, a diving suit,
a reading lamp, a working method, etc.
e.g. Boldly, she chose food, cleaning stuff, washing stuff, kitchen things.
e.g. Had I got enough sleeping pills.
If Participle I is used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun
performs the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing girl (agirl
who is dancing (ordances)), a burning house (ahouse that is burning),
etc.
6. The gerund as an adverbial modifi er
In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. It
is used in the function of:
a) an adverbial modifi er of time. The gerund is preceded by
the preposition after, before, on (upon), since, in or at.
e.g. After winding along it for more than a mile, they reached their own
house.
e.g. Going down next morning rather earlier than usual, I paused
outside the parlour-door, on hearing my mother’s voice.
The gerund followed by after, on/upon or at denotes an action pre-
ceding the action denoted by the fi nite verb; followed by in it denotes
an action simultaneous with that of the fi nite verb.
b) an adverbial modifi er of manner or attendant circumstances.
The gerund is used with the prepositions by, in, through or
without.
e.g. Often one gets rid of feelings by telling them.
e.g. I am so sorry that I went without saying good-bye.
c) an adverbial modifi er of cause. The gerund is used with
the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to, because of, due
38
CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
to, on account of, thanks to.
e.g. …I am indebted to Miss Betsey for having been born on a Friday.
e.g. How she hated him for being so reasonable and right!
d) an adverbial modifi er of concession (in spite of)
e.g. In spite of being weak he managed to do it.
e) an adverbial modifi er of condition (but for, in case of)
e.g. But for his being lazy he tried to do it.
f) an adverbial modifi er of comparison (than, as (so… as, as… as))
e.g. It is better than doing nothing.
g) an adverbial modifi er of exception (except, but, besides)
e.g. He was still stiff with fear but breathing better.
2.4.The Verbal Noun
In English besides the gerund, there is a pure verbal noun ending
in -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal
noun are as follows:
The gerund has a double
character – nominal and
verbal
The gerund has no
plural form
The gerund isn’t used
with an article
The gerund may be
modifi ed by an adverb
Writing quickly tires by
hand.
The verbal noun has only a nominal
character
The verbal noun may be used in the plural:
Their ex-father was an alcoholic who’d
beaten both boys and their mother, and the
beatings always followed his nasty bouts
with beer.
The verbal noun may be used with an
article:
I’ll do the talking, and we’ll both do the
listening.
The verbal noun may take a prepositional
object with the preposition of:
The way in which I listened to all the
incidents of the house that made themselves
audible to me; the ringing of bells, the
opening and shutting of doors, the
murmuring of voices, …
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
The gerund of a
transitive verb may have
a direct object
Finding enough food took
The verbal noun may be modifi ed by an
adjective:
Where a quick thinking was required he was the
fi rst.
up most of the day.
EXERCISES TO CHAPTER II
The Gerund
EXERCISE 1. Find the Gerund in the following sentences and state its
noun and verb characteristics.
A) 1.I can’t remember hearing this story before. 2.Your jacket
needs cleaning. 3. She succeeded in making a good report. 4.The
importance of being present at the meeting is evident. 5.Would
you mind typing the letters right now? 6. Have you ever dreamt
of being a popular singer? 7.He has never enjoyed being involved
in any serious discussions. 8.The State Tretyakov Gallery is worth
visiting. 9. It’s no use trying to convince you to do that against
your will. 10. The student deserves praising for his answer. 11.I
wonder what could keep him from coming to the party. 12.When
you cross the road without looking left and right, you always risk
being run over. 13. Before leaving for London he decided to pay
a visit to his grandparents. 14. What are the reasons for delaying
the flight? 15.The police suspected the girl of shoplifting. 16.Mrs.
Morrison can’t stand gossiping and being gossiped about. 17. It
is obvious that the boy doesn’t like skating now as much as he
used to. 18. Singing songs in English might be helpful in learn-
ing the language. 19. Well, if you don’t fancy going out anywhere
tonight, let’s stay in and watch TV. 20.He got a brilliant opportunity of practising English abroad. 21.They say he is really good
at painting still life. 22.It’s going to be very hot, so there’s no point
in taking warm clothes. 23. Stop grumbling all the time, please!
It’s getting on our nerves! 24. He couldn’t fancy giving up sports
but really felt that he had to. 25.She hates the idea of not having
a chance to take part in the contest.
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