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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка неличные формы глагола = Practical English Grammar Non-Finite Verbs. Учебное пособие
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CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
bright sayings to other relations. 23.He waited for a while to slow
down the beating of his heart and then rang the doorbell. 24.When
checking the targets before the trainings, the shooter noticed
that the target fastenings were loosened but didn’t say anything
to the instructor. 25.The police turned out incapable in detaining
the bank robbers hot on the trail.
B) Translate the following proverbs into Russian.
1. Learning is the eye of the mind.2. Count your blessings. 3.You
can't make an omelet without breaking a few eggs. 4. It's a long lane
that has no turning.5. He who likes borrowing dislikes paying. 6.Even
reckoning makes long friends. 7. Failing to plan is planning to fail. 8.If
a job is worth doing it is worth doing well. 9. The moon does not heed
the barking of dogs. 10. It’s no use locking the stable door after the horse
has bolted. 11. A good beginning is half the battle. 12. It’s like putting
a saddle on a cow. 13. Every cloud has a silver lining. 14. Seeing is believing. 15. Doubt is the beginning not the end of wisdom. 16. When
the going gets tough, the tough get going. 17. One part of knowledge
consists inbeing ignorant ofsuch things asare not worthy tobeknown.
18. A thief passes for a gentleman when stealing has made him rich.
19.There is no fl ying from fate. 20. Suffering for a friend doubleth
friendship. 21. Не that goes a borrowing, goes a sorrowing. 22.The
falling out of lovers is the renewing of love. 23.Gossiping and lying go
hand in hand. 24. He who would catch fi sh must not mind getting wet.
25. There is no royal road to learning.
EXERCISE 14.Use the correct form of the Verbal Noun in the following
sentences and translate them into Russian.
A) showing, saying, sighting, awakening, carving, setting, following,
spelling, airing, being, hearing, hanging, recording, fi tting, reading
1.In the Middle Ages people used to attend public ____________ con-
sidering them a kind of entertainment. 2.We bought a beautiful ivory
__________ of an elephant in India. 3.He felt a gradual _______________of
love for this strange independent girl. 4.The rock group “The Queen”
and its front man Freddy Mercury had a very large _________ all
over the world. 5. There’s a lot of truth in the ____________ “Don’t
put all your eggs in one basket”. 6. Have there ever been any
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
verified _______________of the Loch Ness monster? 7.I like to throw
open the window and give the room a good __________ before doing
my morning exercises. 8. The camping site was in the most attractive ______________, on the edge of the lake, surrounded by
the mountains. 9. The father warned the children that they had
to get up earlier on Sunday morning if they wanted not to be late
for the earliest _____________of the new cartoon at the cinema house.
10.Our second _________ this evening comes from the poetic works
of Oscar Wild. 11. There was an official _____________ to discov-
er who was in charge of polluting the river with chemical wastes.
12.The rooms of the castle still have the original _______________of
the Victorian Age. 13. Actually, the word “behaviour” has two dif-
ferent ______________ and both of them are correct. 14.I’m sorry for
it sounds so crackly but it’s Elvis Priestley’s original _________ made
in Memphis in 1958.15.Some people say they have spoken to some
alien_____________ from another Universe!
EXERCISE 15. Speak on the following topics using the Gerund and
Gerundial Complexes.
A) 1.Speak on the things you love doing, things you hate doing,
things you don’t mind doing;
2. Speak about a number of bad habits the defi nite part
of the population suffers from;
3.Speak about different ways of improving health.
B) 1. Choose a tourist destination/attraction and advertise it
the way to appeal to more people. Use some of the following word
combinations:
to be surprised/amazed/thrilled/excited/happy, to have pleasure/
achance/an opportunity, to have a possibility/ an opportunity, etc.
2.Act out a conversation on the following subject:
You are at the airport seeing your friend off. The trouble is that he
is afraid of fl ying. He can't help speaking about accidents and always keeps
thinking about catastrophes. You are to persuade him that the best way
of travelling is going by plane.
C) 1. Speak on the advantages and disadvantages of being an
English teacher. Use some of the following word combinations:
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CHAPTER II. THE GERUND
to dream of/about, can’t help, to have some diffi culty in, to have no
idea of, to be sure of, to be tired of, to suggest, to be grateful to, it’s no use/
good, to be delighted at, etc.
2.Act out a job interview between an employer and a potential
employee. Concentrate on the peculiar features of the job itself and
the set of activities it involves. Use some of the following word combinations:
to be in charge of, to be responsible for, to insist on, to focus/concentrate on, to appreciate, to consider, to involve, to delay, to face, to keep
on, to mind, to postpone, to practise, to recommend, to suggest, to advise,
to aim, to forget, to hesitate, regret, go on, etc.
D) Think of your own situations using the Gerund and the Gerundial
Complex in different functions.
63
CHAPTER III. The Participle
The participle is the non-fi nite form of the verb which has a verbal
and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
There are two participles in English – Participle I and Participle II,
traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
3.1.Participle I (The Present Participle)
Participle I is the non-fi nite form of the verb which combines
the properties of the verb with those of the adjective and the adverb,
serving as the qualifying-processual name. In its form the present participle is wholly homonymous with the gerund, ending in the suffi x -ing
and distinguishing the same grammatical categories of retrospective
coordination and voice.
Aspect
Voice
Indefi nite (Simple) coming
Non-Perfect
Perfect having come
Perfect
Active Passive
writing
having written
being written
–
–
having been written
Like the gerund participle I possesses the verb combinability:
a)Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object; b) it can be
modifi ed by adverbs. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested
in its syntactic functions, those of an attribute or an adverbial modifi er.
e.g. The setting sun was glowing on the strange lady, … (attribute)
e.g. Lighting the gas, he sat down, preparing to wait a little while.
(adverbial modifi er)
The indefi nite form of Participle I denotes an action simultaneous
with that of the fi nite verb. The perfect form of Participle I denotes an
action prior to that of the fi nite verb.
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CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
e.g. I climbed up onto one of the beams, trembling with excitement.
e.g. Edward having carried his thanks to Colonel Brandon, proceeded
with his happiness to Lucy.
However, the indefi nite form of Participle I may denote an action
preceding the action denoted by the fi nite verb. This occurs when
Participle I is used as an adverbial modifi er and if it is formed from ter-
minative verbs, such as verbs of motion (toarrive, to approach, to climb,
to come, to cross, to enter, to leave, to reach, to turn), of sense perception
(tofeel, to hear, to see, to taste), and some other transitive verbs (toclose,
to drop, to grasp, to grip, to open, to put, to put on, to seize, to shut, to take,
to take off, etc.)
e.g. Crouching on the top of the door, clutching it with her feet, she
inspected the box.
However, the perfect form of the mentioned verbs is required when
the fi nite verb is a verb of state (not action), thus there is no succession
of actions.
e.g. They were calmer now, having realized that they were safer here
than they would be anywhere else.
3.2.Syntactic functions of Participle I
in the sentence
In the sentence Participle I can be used alone, as part of a participle
phrase or as part of a predicative construction. Participle I may be used
as an attribute, an adverbial modifi er, a predicative or a parenthesis.
1. Participle I as an attribute
Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority. Thus, only Participle I Indefi nite (which expresses a simultaneous
action) can be used as an attribute. When a prior action is meant an
attributive clause is used.
e.g. My searching eye was caught by the advertisement: a seaside
cottage at a modest rent.
e.g. They were like small, shiny toys sitting under the Christmas tree
waiting to be played with.
In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position
and in post-position, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifi es and follow
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
it. Participle I usually stands after the noun (in post-position) when it
is extended.
2. Participle I as an adverbial modifi er
All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifi er.
Sometimes two or even more meanings can be expressed by one and
the same adverbial modifi er.
a) an adverbial modifi er of time
e.g. Having done the honours of his house in this hospitable manner,
Mr. Peggotty went out to wash himself in a kettleful of hot water, …
As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception
and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, to seize,
to look out, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefi nite is used even
when priority is meant.
e.g. Seeing Nick, we rushed to greet him.
If the action expressed by Participle I Indefi nite Active is simul-
taneous with the action expressed by the fi nite verb, the conjunction
when or while is often used.
e.g. He sat on the couch in the waiting area and fl ipped through
the phone book while watching “Cheers” reruns.
Participle I Indefi nite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial
modifi er of time. Clauses of the type “Когда он был в Лондоне, ...”,
“Когда он был ребенком, ...” are translated “When in London...”, “When
a child...”. It means “When he was in London, ...”, “When he was
a child...”
b) an adverbial modifi er of cause
e.g. I rarely wrote reviews, being in fact rarely asked to.
Participle I of the verb to be (being) when used as an adverbial modifi er will always be an adverbial modifi er of cause.
e.g. However not being a saint I could not effectively follow up that line
of thought very far.
e.g. I watched them from a distance within the room, being ashamed
to show myself at the window…
c) an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circum-
stances
e.g. “Don’t touch that,” I said to Arnold, pointing at the telephone.
e.g. Leaning across the table, he took her hand and kissed it.
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CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
d) an adverbial modifi er of comparison
In this function Participle I is introduced by the conjunction as
if, as though.
e.g. At fi rst she stared at me as if scarcely recognizing me.
3. Participle I as part of a compound nominal predicate (apredicative)
As participles don’t have nominal but possess adjectival (or ad-
verbial) syntactic features, they are not used as part of a compound
nominal predicate unless adjectivized. Participle I is adjectivized when
it expresses a state or quality rather than action. They are formed
from the verbs expressing various emotions. E.g. alarming, amazing,
amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, charming, confusing, convincing,
depressing, disappointing, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, frightening,
insulting, overwhelming, satisfying, shocking, surprising, terrifying, tiring,
welcoming, worrying.
e.g. Sometimes it was frightening to tell the truth, but he usually felt
better afterward.
4. Participle I as a parenthesis
Here we fi nd such participial phrases as generally speaking, properly
speaking, roughly speaking, strictly speaking, putting it mildly, taking into
consideration, judging by/from, allowing for, etc.
e.g. “Generally speaking,” said Miss Murdstone, “I don’t like boys”.
3.3.Predicative constructions with Participle I
There are the following predicative constructions with ParticipleI
in English:
1. The Complex Object or the Objective with Participle I
Construction
2. The Complex Subject or the Subjective with Participle I
Construction
3. The Nominative Absolute Construction with Participle I
4. The Prepositional Absolute Construction with Participle I
Participle I functioning as part of a predicative construction enters
into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forms
a syntactical unit with it.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
3.3.1.The Complex Object
In the complex object Participle I is in predicate relation to a noun
in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. The whole
construction forms a complex object of some verbs. It is rendered into
Russian by a subordinate clause.
The complex object is used in the following cases:
1. After verbs of sense perception, such as: to feel, to hear, to notice,
to observe, to see, to watch, to fi nd (= to see).
e.g. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper
fl oors.
e.g. Can’t you just feel your pulse racing.
When the infinitive is used as part of this construction, it emphasizes the fact of an action being completed (the fact of its taking
place) while Participle I emphasizes the process of its performing.
The use of the infinitive is required if a succession of actions is expressed.
e.g. I saw my mother stop her tears then, and I heard her crying.
e.g. I saw my mother look at me sometimes, and then glance
at the watchful Miss Murdstone, and then look down, or look away.
2. After verbs of mental activity, such as to believe, to consider,
to understand, to know, to imagine, to fi nd, etc.
e.g. I found my mother sitting on the coverlet, and leaning over me.
e.g. She could not bear to see him suffering, to know him fancying
himself neglected.
3.3.2.The Complex Subject
In the complex subject Participle I is in predicate relation
to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.
The whole construction forms a complex subject. It is rendered into
Russian by a complex sentence with an “indefinite-personal” principal clause.
The complex subject is chiefl y used with verbs of sense perception
in the Passive Voice, such as: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to watch.
e.g. He was watched playing the piano.
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CHAPTER III. THE PARTICIPLE
3.3.3.The Nominative Absolute Construction
with Participle I
It is a construction which consists of two elements, nominal and
verbal, which are in a predicate relation. The nominal element is a noun
in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The verbal
element is Participle I in any of its forms. This construction is mainly
used in fi ction and scientifi c literature. It is always marked by a comma
and used as an adverbial modifi er of time, cause, attendant circum-
stances or condition.
1.an adverbial modifi er of time
e.g. Dinner having been served, we went to the dining room.
2.an adverbial modifi er of cause
e.g. Her hand being hurt, she began crying.
3.an adverbial modifi er of attendant circumstances
e.g. “How long does it take?” Ricky asked, his voice quivering.
4.an adverbial modifi er of condition
e.g. We are leaving in the morning, the weather permitting.
Participle I of the verb “to be” may be omitted and then we have a con-
struction without Participle I.
e.g. “You think he’s dead?” Ricky whispered, his voice dry and weak.
3.3.4.The Prepositional Absolute Construction
with Participle I
This construction differs from the Nominative Absolute
Construction with Participle I in that it is introduced by the preposition with. It is always marked by a comma. It is in most cases used
in the function of an adverbial modifi er of attendant circumstances.
Participle I of the verb to be also may be omitted here and then we
have a construction without Participle I.
e.g. There’ve been some pretty severe personality clashes, with your
dad being accused of everything under the sun.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
3.4.The Gerund and Participle I compared
Syntactic function Gerund Participle I
Subject Reading is learning. –
Part of a compound
nominal predicate
(apredicative)
Part of a compound
verbal aspect
predicate
Object
Attribute
Adverbial modifi er
of time
Adverbial modifi er
of manner
or attendant
circumstances
Adverbial modifi er
of cause
Adverbial modifi er
of concession
Adverbial modifi er
of condition
Adverbial modifi er
of purpose
Adverbial modifi er
of comparison
Reading is learning. If it is adjectivized
The book is boring.
She began speaking. –
I love reading. –
of, about, at, for, in, to
He gave up the idea of
The girl working in the
garden didn’t look at me.
going there.
after, before, on (upon),
since, in, at
After reading a book I went
to bed.
by, in, through, without
She left the shop without
When, while
While walking I speaking
to him.
Seeing me he went out.
He spent his holiday
reading a book.
buying anything.
for, for fear of, owing to,
because of, due to, on
account of, thanks to
I managed to do it thanks
to his helping.
In spite of
He did all he could in spite
of being tired
but for, in case of
But for his being lazy he
Being a stranger I had to
ask the way.
Not reading a book,
he couldn’t write a
composition.
though
Though being tired he
moved on and on.
Coming late you’ll miss the
fi lm.
could achieve a lot.
for
–
I’ll do everything for their
leaving as soon as possible.
than, as (so… as, as… as)
It is better than going there
alone.
as if, as though
He was looking at me
as if being aware of my
thoughts.
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