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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка неличные формы глагола = Practical English Grammar Non-Finite Verbs. Учебное пособие
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CHAPTER IV. REVISION OF VERBALS AND COMPLEXES
Detective Story
‘Before stepping into the car, she hesitated and then said, “As
a favor to me, Qwill, would you let me supply an artwork to hang over
your fi replace, replacing the bookshelves, just temporarily? Thelma
knows I did the interior of the barn, and I want it to look its best.”
“I’ll take it under advisement,” he said gravely. He felt about his
books the way parents feel about their children.
When he brought them in from the gazebo and watched Koko gobbling his dinner and Yum Yum nibbling daintily, he thought, How could
this sweet little creature be accused of nipping nylons?’
The Cat Who Brought Down the House by Lilian Jackson Braun
Science Fiction Story
‘The loading mech’s whirring was distant, the sound carried by
the vibrations in the structure’s fl ooring more than the thin atmos-
phere. Filip and Josie moved toward the doors. The fl ashing lights were
brighter, and had taken on a kind of directionality. Filip’s suit radio
fi ltered through frequencies crowded with screaming voices and security alerts. The Martian military was ordering back the relief vehicles
from the civilian shipyard, concerned that the fi rst responders might
be terrorists and enemies in disguise. Which was fair. Under other
circumstances, they might have been. Filip’s HUD had the outlines
of the buildings, the half-built evac scaffold, its best guess on the locations of the vehicles given IR and light trace data too subtle for Filip’s
eyes. He felt like he was walking through a schematic drawing, everything defi ned by edges, all surfaces merely implied. As he shuffl ed
onto the regolith, a deep shudder passed through the ground. A detonation, maybe. Or a building fi nally completing its long, slow collapse.
Miral’s loading mech appeared in the open door, backlit by the warehouse lights. The canisters in its claws were anonymous and black.
Filip moved toward the scaffold, switching to their encrypted channel
as he shuffl ed’.
Nemesis Games. Book Five Of The Expanse by James S. A. Corey
https://www.rulit.me
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
EXERCISE 7. Read the blurbs for the book “the Client” by John Grisham.
Name the verbal commenting on its function in the sentence. Write some
blurbs for your favorite books or fi lms using verbals.
(A blurb on a book can be any combination of quotes from the work,
the author, the publisher, reviewers or fans, a summary of the plot, a biography of the author or simply claims about the importance of the work.)
“The desire to fi nd out what happens next keeps the reader turning
pages. Grisham is an absolute master of the chase story.”
The Washington Post
“There may be a few folks out there who haven’t read The Firm
yet. But it’s unlikely that anyone will escape The Client. [Grisham] puts
a new spin onto the standard legal thriller, tapping into primal fanta-
sies and primal fears. ... It will scare you enough to keep you up past
midnight, when it gets even scarier.”
The Boston Globe
“TOP-OF-THE-LINE… It’s risky using an 11-year-old hero to hold
such a story together, but Grisham makes it work.”
The Detroit News
“THIS IS A GRAB-YOU-QUICK AND HOLD-YOU-FAST STORY. ...
In The Client, Grisham has combined his awareness of timely issues
with his ability to weave a tale of intrigue and suspense while making
you laugh out loud.… Grisham can look into the soul of his people and
make you love to love or hate them. He knows them inside and out,
knows the law, knows his territory and his craft. At the end of this one,
he even made me cry. You’re going to love this book.”
The Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville)
“GRISHAM KEEPS THE PAGES OF THE CLIENT TURNING faster
than lawyers can scribble on legal pads. … He has built his very
own subgenre of courtroom thriller.… An engrossing fi ctional look
at the American legal system at work, for better or worse.”
San Francisco Chronicle
“The evidence is mounting. Lawyer-turned-writer John Grisham
certainly knows how to please a crowd. … Grisham smoothly mixes
the ingredients that have made his previous novels successful –
insider legal knowledge and heart-pounding cat-and-mouse chases.
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CHAPTER IV. REVISION OF VERBALS AND COMPLEXES
… The kind of fast-paced yet largely credible entertainment readers
have come to expect from Grisham.”
The Orlando Sentinel
“COMPELLING… MAGICAL… JOHN GRISHAM CONTINUES TO
DAZZLE with each new legal thriller. His latest, The Client, is richly
textured, cunningly crafted, and poignant, and boasts a refreshingly different hero: an 11-year-old boy. Mark Sway is unforgettable.…
Everything rings true, from the authentic milieu and vividly portrayed
supporting cast to the behind-the-scenes view of the criminal justice
system.”
The Milwaukee Journal
“This newest legal thriller… is as solidly plotted and masterfully suspenseful as Grisham’s earlier The Firm and The Pelican Brief.
Grisham uses his knowledge of the law to advantage, making his stories
a notch more complex than most crime adventures.… The Client should
please both loyal fans and those new to the author’s work.”
The Sacramento Bee
EXERCISE 8. a) Study the pieces of articles for Social and Natural
Sciences. Comment on the differential features of the language style and
the peculiarities of the use of verbals in them.
Social Science
Article in Psychology: Complexity over Uncertainty in Generalized
Representational Information Theory (GRIT): A Structure-Sensitive
General Theory of Information
Ronaldo Vigo, Center for the Advancement of Cognitive Science,
Psychology Department, Ohio University
‘The idea that information can be measured using the notion
of individuation, although simple, had profound implications for
subsequent measures. In fact, it was the applicability of this same
notion to the probability of the value of a random variable that
was the basis of Shannon’s formulation. Although individuation
is a useful construct for operationalizing and measuring information, its role in in Hartley’s measure and Shannon’s measure
is indirect and higher order. In other words, the function that measures the discriminating capacity of a set (the logarithmic function)
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
must operate on a lower level quantity that measures the “raw”
amount of information of a set: Namely its cardinality or size under
Hartley, and as we shall see, the probability of the value of a random
variable under Shannon and Weaver (1949). One might say that
this higher level measurement usually revolves around a construct
that serves as the mediator or primal representation of the information. A mediator is an entity that acts as a primal encoding or
representation of the information to be gained or apprehended
by the observer or receiver. The nature of the mediator is dictated
by the way that information is operationalized in the first place.
In the case of Hartley’s measure this construct is a string or sequence of symbols – in other words, a message. Thus, we shall
distinguish henceforth between mediators and carriers during our
analysis, where the carriers in Hartley’s measure are sets of entities.
While the carriers contain the information, the mediators make it
possible for the receiver to apprehend the information conveyed by
the carriers’.
https://www.mdpi.com
Natural Science
Article in Physics: Mutual Information, the Linear Prediction Model,
and CELP Voice Codecs
Jerry Gibson, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of California
Conclusions
We have introduced a new approach to estimating CELP codec
performance on a particular speech utterance by analysis of the input
speech source only. That is, a particular CELP codec does not need
to be implemented and used to process the speech. We have presented examples that illustrate the steps in the process and the accuracy
of the estimated performance. While the power of the approach
is evident, it is clear that many more sentences need to be processed
to gain experience in estimating the various components. However,
this approach offers the possibility of conducting performance analyses prior to the implementation of new CELP codec architectures and
perhaps other new speech codec designs. It is striking that estimates
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CHAPTER IV. REVISION OF VERBALS AND COMPLEXES
of codec performance are possible while only knowing the source
model and the distortion measure. Thus, in one sense, this new
method parallels rate distortion theory’.
https://www.mdpi.com
b) Write a piece of article on the topic of your linguistic research using
verbals. Justify your choice and explain their functioning.
EXERCISE 9. Use verbals in writing an abstract for a research paper.
A) Read the abstract for the article “Discourse and Systemic Linguistics”
by M. Y. Blokh, Doctor of Philology, Professor at Moscow State
Pedagogical University. Mind the use of inversion and the verbal
in the abstract.
Considered is systemic linguistics as the foundation of the integral
teaching of language with its manifold peripheral spheres of investigation. The idea is put forward of the three transformations (“revolutions”)
experienced by the developing systemic linguistics since its origin
at the beginning of the last century. In this connection the notion
of discourse is discussed as recently introduced in theoretical linguistics and presented by the author as text in the process of formation, i.e.
text in statu nascendi.
B) Employ emphatic inversion in the sentences with Participle I and
Participle II according to the model.
Model: The grammar material was checked out carefully.
Carefully checked out was the grammar material.
1. The initial draft of the article is written by the candidate.
2.The pages are numbered clearly in the paper. 3. A new laboratory
is attached to the University building. 4. Every stage of the project
was completed properly. 5. We have never received such great results
before. 6.The basic concept of the thesis is being worked out. 7.Many
consultant experts are working on this project. 8. The presentation
material will be used in the future. 9. The first building was constructed by hand. 10. All candidates are preparing three substantial
articles. 11. A PhD thesis is treated very seriously. 12. Basic computer skills are included in the development of individuals. 13. Three
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
factors of extralinguistic influence are pointed out in the article.
14. The post graduate student is defending his thesis next month.
15. The most important part of a PhD proposal is coming up with
a hypothesis.
C) Write the abstract for the research paper you are working at.
EXERCISE 10. Read and translate the article “Studying psycholinguistics” based on the book “Нow to Study Linguistics” by Geoffrey Finch,
Senior Lecturer in Humanities at Anglia Polytechnic University, UK.
A) State the function of the verbal.
Psycholinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the human mind. It explores the psychological processes
involved in using language. It studies how we produce, store and communicate our ideas.
Psycholinguistics is sure to be at the theoretical cutting edge
of linguistics, with much of the recent literature on the subject being
available. An initial way into studying psycholinguistics is to carry
out some field research of your own into the acquisition of language, using a couple of basic concepts as your guides. On the basis
of this, you are supposed to speculate about kinds of lexical, syntactic, and semantic knowledge possessed by your informants.
It is likely to enrich your understanding how language changes.
For instance, we used to have many more irregular forms than we
use now. The Morphology of Modern English has developed particular ways of forming the plural of the noun or the past tense
of the verb into regular paradigms. Having begun in a simple way
you can extend the process and consider more complex aspects
of the acquisition of language: forming the negative, for example.
It can take much time to acquire the specific rule about attaching
the negative particle to the auxiliary verb.
But above all, psycholinguists are interested in acquiring language by children. We shall penetrate one of the deepest secrets
of the human mind if we can understand the internal mechanism enabling children to learn language so quickly. Currently, the genetic view
of language ability holds the fi eld. The book by Steven Pinker, entitled
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CHAPTER IV. REVISION OF VERBALS AND COMPLEXES
“The Language Instinct” (1995), makes a strong case for considering
the elements of linguistic knowledge to be innate. This fi ts neatly with
the Chomskyan concept of universal grammar: the idea of a common
underlying structure existing in every language, the knowledge of which
we are born with.
Over years psycholinguistics have amassed a good deal of data
observed, but it is no substitutes at the outset for making your own
observation, and for using you linguistic knowledge to speculate about
how we manage the most amazing learning feat of your lives.
B) Write the abstract of the article using the example given above.
EXERCISE 11. Read the following piece of publicistics genre. Find verbals
and say what role they play in the text arrangement.
‘Mount Holyoke was the sort of school that leaves a permanent
mark on its students. It did not see its role, as modern universities
tend to, in purely Adam I cognitive terms. It was not there merely
to teach people how to think. It was not there merely to help
students question their assumptions. Instead, it successfully performed the broader role of college: helping teenagers become
adults. It inculcated self-control. It helped its students discover
new things to love. It took young women and ignited their moral
passions by giving them a sense that humans are caught in a web
of good and evil and that life is an epic struggle between these large
forces. A dozen voices from across the institution told students
that while those who lead flat and unremarkable lives may avoid
struggle, a well-lived life involves throwing oneself into struggle,
that large parts of the most worthy lives are spent upon the rack,
testing moral courage and facing opposition and ridicule, and that
those who pursue struggle end up being happier than those who
pursue pleasure’.
The Road to Character by David Brooks
https://www.rulit.me
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
EXERCISE 12. a) Read and translate the newspaper article. Speak
on the ways of translation of the verbals into Russian. What is the purpose
for their usage in a political newspaper discourse?
UK government may face court action after EU citizens denied
vote
People reportedly turned away from European election polling
booths due to admin errors
The government is facing calls to launch an urgent investigation
into the treatment of EU citizens in theEuropean electionsafter many
people reported being denied their democratic right to vote.
Voters across the country told of their devastation at finding
their names crossed off the register due to clerical errors by local
councils. Experts said the situation was a “scandal we knew was
coming” and that the government may have a case to answer
in court.
The affected voters said they felt they were being “silenced” as this
was the only election they had a right to participate in, being ineligible
to vote in the referendum or general elections.
The Labour MP David Lammy said the election system amounted to “ugly discrimination” for people who had endured “three years
of being insulted, exploited and asked to apply to stay in their own
homes”.
https://www.theguardian.com
b) Make up a review on the article using verbals.
EXERCISE 13. a) Read and analyse the following types of Business
Letters. Pay attention to the structure of their arrangement and the use
of the verbal.
• of Complaint
Complaint about Poor Service or a Faulty Product
‘The CV joint you recently installed has gone bad in less than two
weeks. Since I travel extensively for my work, I need that joint repaired as soon as possible. Your service manager insisted that next
Friday is the earliest he can schedule the work. Given that I waited
three weeks last time only to have a bad part installed, I think that
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CHAPTER IV. REVISION OF VERBALS AND COMPLEXES
scheduling the repair work within the next two days is reasonable.
I trust that you will agree. I’ll call this afternoon to verify the time.
Thank you’.
• of Confirmation a Transfer, Promotion, or Relocation Assignment
Promotion
‘Your promotion and new assignment has been confirmed.
As of January 1, you will be District Sales Manager of the entire
Kansas area.
I am pleased to inform you also that your request for reimbursement
of moving expenses has been approved. Please submit your receipts as
soon as possible and the Company will reimburse your moving costs up
to $8,000.00.
Doe International welcomes you aboard its management team and
wishes you continued success in this new position’.
• of Request
Request Application Materials for Admission to College
‘My high school counselor told me that the community college
in Springfi eld would be the best place for me to continue my education.
I want to study environmental science with an emphasis on toxic waste
disposal. He explained that your combined AA curriculum in natural
science and public affairs would give me a good foundation for future
studies. Please send me the necessary application forms, including
scholarship and housing information’.
https://writeexpress.com
b) Write your own Business Letters of Complaint, Confi rmation or
Request. Use verbals and Complexes with them.
EXERCISE 14. Study the part of the standard form of the Contract. Find
verbals in it and comment on their form and function. What are they used
for? Is it possible to use any other grammatical structures instead?
Quality
The quality of the goods sold under the present Contract shall be
in full conformity with the State standards and other technical documentation, existing in the Seller’s country and with the technical
conditions ruling at the manufacturing works.
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
Packing and Marking
All the goods under the present Contract shall be marked with
the Buyer’s Logo and in full conformity with the Annex № 1 (Columns
“Logo” and “Marking”). The packing of the goods to be delivered shall
ensure the full safety of the goods from damages and corrosion during
their transportation by air, railroad and automobile transport taking
into account probable reloadings, provided that the goods are duly
handled.
Each outer package shall be marked on one side with indelible
paint in English. Each marking shall state the following: case number/
the total number of cases.
The marking of each inner package shall be totally neutral there
shall be no inscriptions in any language.
The Seller shall send the Buyer the Packing List by email or by fax
(+11111111111) no later than 2 weeks before the shipment is made’.
https://statut.by
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