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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка неличные формы глагола = Practical English Grammar Non-Finite Verbs. Учебное пособие
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CHAPTER I. THE INFINITIVE
12.We believe our manager to be having a talk with our English partners. 13.Iknow him to have been saving money since last year to buy
a new car. 14.He is good enough to be given the fi rst prize. 15.They
seemed to be quarrelling. I could hear angry voices from behind
the door.
EXERCISE 2.Give all the possible forms of the following infi nitives:
to study, to lie, to leave, to like, to raise, to lay, to come, to write,
to inform, to go, to know, to arrive, to believe, to pay, to live, to learn
EXERCISE 3.Use “to” before the Infi nitive where possible.
1.The soup is too hot … eat. You’d better … cool it. 2.Don’t let your
children … watch horror fi lms, some of them make your hair … stand
on end. 3. He demanded … be allowed … see the baby. 4.There is no
need … rush – just … take your time. 5.You’d better … stay in bed not …
make your cold … get worse. 6.Why not … join them? We could … have
a lot of fun there! 7.We’d rather … take a taxi than … walk home. 8.They
did everything they could … make him … tell the truth. 9.You ought …
have told me everything before. 10.It was a command from my father,
and there was nothing for me … do but … obey it. 11.We heard a stranger … come up to the front door and … ring the bell. 12.We can’t but …
admire your talent and beauty. 13.What made you … tell a lie? – I was
made … do it. 14.His wife does nothing but … scold him for everything
he does or says. 15.Why not … try … persuade him not… quarrel with
her? 16.Don’t you feel her voice … tremble when she speaks to you?
17.The host had his daughter … make tea. 18. Was she seen … come
into the house? – Yes, my sister saw her … come in. 19.He would sooner
let himself … be cut in a thousand pieces than … betray his friends.
20.I wonder what forced him … decide … do so. 21. I can’t get my
daughter … do the washing. 22.Her family was made … sell their house
for nothing and … leave for Manchester.
EXERCISE 4.Use the appropriate form of the Infi nitive in brackets.
1.
The rain seems (to start). Call the children in. 2. Moscow
University is known (to found) in 1755. 3. We are glad (to invite)
to your birthday party. 4.My little daughter likes (totell) tales. 5.At
21
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
the exam she seemed (toforget) everything and couldn’t answer any
question. 6. Listen to him! He doesn’t like (to interrupt). 7. These
young scientists are supposed (towork) at a new invention. 8.Don’t
disturb them! They must (tosolve) an important problem. 9.We all
like (togive) presents to our friends, but even more we like (togive)
gifts. 10.The book is said (topublished) many year ago. 11.Hurry up!
They must (towait) for us about an hour. 12.You shouldn’t (to eat)
so much ice-cream. You may have a sore throat. 13.He was too young
(totake) seriously. 14.On his way to the station he stopped (totalk)
to a friend. 15. You needn’t (to buy) so much milk. I have already
bought some.
EXERCISE 5. Translate the sentences into English paying attention
to the form of the Infi nitive.
1.Она не знала, что делать и к кому обратиться за помощью.
2.Вы ошибаетесь, я там никогда не был. Вы,
наверное, принимаете меня за кого-то другого. 3.Нам было приятно, что нас пригласили на концерт. 4.Я не могу не позавидовать ей – она все умеет
делать. 5. Было невыносимо слышать, как они ссорятся каждый
день. 6.Женщинам нравится, когда ими восхищаются. 7.Где ты научилась так хорошо танцевать? 8.Они не ожидали, что их спросят
об этом. 9. Мне нравится проводить время на даче. Каждое лето
я стараюсь ездить туда. 10.Вряд ли он получил хорошую оценку
на экзамене по английскому языку. У него никогда не было желания овладеть им в совершенстве. 11. Кажется, он уже спит. Не
буди его, пусть отдохнет немного. 12. Совсем потемнело, давно
пора возвращаться домой. 13.На эту ошибку надо обратить особое внимание. 14.Нам бы хотелось, чтобы товары были доставлены в конце недели. 15.Неужели ты обиделась? Я вовсе не хотел
обидеть тебя. 16.Ему очень повезло, что он поступил в педагогический университет. Его мечта стать учителем наверняка сбудется.
17.Я очень довольна, что посмотрела новый фильм с Томом
Крузом. 18.Мне жаль, что я побеспокоила вас. 19.Ты знаешь, где
сейчас работает Анна? – В школе. Она, кажется, работает там уже
несколько лет. 20.Слова этой песни легко запомнить. 21.У него потрясающая новость, которую он вам сообщит за обедом. 22.Нельзя
22
CHAPTER I. THE INFINITIVE
терять время. Решение должно быть принято немедленно. 23.Нам
придется встать рано, чтобы не опоздать на самолет.
EXERCISE 6. Complete the following sentences using the Infi nitive.
Defi ne its function.
1.It was unnatural … . 2.Never forget … . 3.These are the rules ….
4.After the party I had a pile of dishes … . 5.The Internet gives everyone the power … . 6. She has always had the ability … . 7.It would
be unwise … . 8.… is everybody’s wish. 9.… you ought to take exercises. 10.… is all I want. 11.We did everything for him … . 12.… , I fi nd
the profession of a teacher … . 13.Will you teach us … ? 14.You don’t
have to be a genius … . 15.He works hard … . 16.The day is too hot … .
17.She is clever enough … . 18.In the morning I awoke … . 19.In a year
he returned home … . 20.… has always been his dream. 21.On the way
to school the boys stopped … . 22.Be quiet! The child may … .
EXERCISE 7.Use in
fi nitives of result.
A. Complete the following sentences using the Infi nitive as an adverbial
modifi er of result/consequence.
1.The boy is not strong enough … . 2.The traffi c is too heavy….
3. The melody was so romantic as … . 4. Your behavior was silly
enough…. 5.He is not such a fool as … . 6.The fi lm is too sad …. 7.The
case was such as … . 8.The car is too slow … . 9.The task is not so easy
as … . 10.You are old enough … .
B. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Infi nitive as an adverbial
modifi er of result/consequence.
1.The car is extremely expensive. We can’t buy it. 2.He will never
agree to it. He is not that silly. 3.He is clever. He can solve any problem.
4.The weather was so nasty that the picnic was impossible. 5.The rain
was such that it didn’t let us go out. 6.She came home late and found
her children sleeping already. 7.The snow was so heavy that it didn't
let us go skiing in the forest. 8.The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it.
9.It has grown so dark that we can hardly see anything around. 10.Her
elder brother is a reliable man. We can trust him. 11.She looked up and
saw a stranger coming up to her. 12.She opened her purse and found
that it was almost empty.
23
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
EXERCISE 8.Use attributive infi nitives.
A. Complete the following sentences using the Infi nitive as an attribute.
1.Have you got anything … ? 2.We got permission … . 3.He is not
a man … . 4.I have little money … . 5.We have so much … . 6.She has
nobody … . 7.I was the next … . 8.Here is the book … . 9.This is the rule….
10.He gave me a chance … .
B. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Infi nitive as an attribute.
1.They have a lot of problems which we must solve as soon as possible. 2.The guests arrived one after another. Martin was the fi rst one.
3.She was short of time and couldn’t go to see him off. 4. There was
nobody around and we couldn’t ask for help. 5.Why are you always complaining of something? 6.Who was the last person who saw the man
alive? 7.My friend got a pay rise. No one else did. 8.This is the poem
the child should learn by heart. 9.This is the book that you must read
for your home reading. 10.The tourists found the hotel where they
could stay for the night.
EXERCISE 9.Translate the sentences into English.
1.Ее единственным желанием было, чтобы ее оставили в покое. 2.С моей дочерью
трудно спорить. Она всегда знает, что ска-
зать в ответ. 3.Ее хобби – собирать старинные монеты и марки.
4.Пожалуйста, не забудь отправить мое письмо! 5.Тебе не следовало быть с ним откровенным. Он никогда не умел хранить чужие
тайны. 6.Я выезжаю прямо сейчас, чтобы не пропустить начало концерта. 7.На собрании не было никого, кто мог бы поддержать его предложение. 8. Инспектор решил выслушать каждого
свидетеля, чтобы разобраться в этой истории. 9.Для того, чтобы
построить новый торговый центр, потребовалось разрешение городской администрации. 10.Она уверена, что нужно придерживаться диеты и заниматься спортом, чтобы быть в хорошей форме.
11.Оннетак глуп, чтобы не понять, что его обманули. 12.Ее объяснение звучало слишком странно, чтобы не вызвать всеобщего
удивления. 13.Что он мог сделать, кроме как высказать свою точку
зрения и дать ей мудрый совет. 14.Я бы предпочел присоединиться к вам и поехать за город, чем сидеть в городе в такую погоду.
15.Ябыл бы рад посетить выставку картин этого известного ху-
24
CHAPTER I. THE INFINITIVE
дожника. Я всегда хотела увидеть их. 16.В возрасте 45 лет он подал в отставку и больше не возвращался к общественной жизни.
17.Хозяйка улыбалась. Ейбыло приятно принимать таких замечательных гостей. 18. Он достаточно опытный, чтобы выиграть
это дело. 19.Туман был такой, что не позволял нам ехать быстрее.
20.На следующее утро она проснулась
и увидела, что все уже вста-
ли и завтракают в гостиной. 21. Ничего не поделаешь. Придется
все рассказать твоим родителям, и мне есть, что сказать им.
22.Он не мог скрыть желания увезти ее и дать возможность жить
без проблем и забот. 23.У тебя есть что-нибудь интересное почитать? Только не предлагай мне детектив. Это не то, что следует читать перед сном. 24.Не имею понятия, в какой университет поступать и как подготовиться к экзаменам. – Не переживай. У тебя
есть время все обдумать. 25.Мне пришлось отложить некоторые
личные дела, чтобы не опоздать на совещание.
EXERCISE 10. State the syntactic function of the Infi nitive. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1.There is always time to add a word, never to withdraw one. 2.To
be the gainer you are to lose yourself; to be happy you are to forget yourself. 3.Forty is a ridiculous age to be. You are too young to be called old
and too old to be called young. 4.It is not enough to have a good mind,
the main thing is to use it well. 5.Happiness is not the absence of prob-
lems but the ability to deal with them. 6. The police arrived almost
immediately only to fi nd that the criminal had disappeared. 7. She
was displeased to be told that she was a trouble-maker. 8. Needless
to say, she is a pretty woman, but everybody knows what a fool she
is. 9.It is not good to knock a man down and then ask him why he lives
in the dirt. 10.What could she do but put up with it? 11.To see her was
a delight that never staled. 12.What is better: to have a light breakfast
or to have no breakfast at all? 13.The only way to get the best of an ar-
gument is to avoid it. 14.Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest things
in the nicest way. 15.You ought to have warned her of your arrival. She
may be away. 16.People began to leave the theatre long before the end
of the play. 17.We were anxious to fi nd out the truth. 18.It’s an awful
photo, I’m ashamed to show it to anyone. 19.The boss advised his
25
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
personnel manager to hire a new team. 20.It’s a funny thing about life:
if you refuse to accept everything but the best, you very often get it.
21.He is the sort of man you can ask to do just anything.
EXERCISE 11. Comment on Infi nitive phrases and translate the sen-
tences into Russian.
A. 1.I waited for him to speak, but he continued being silent. 2.It
wasn’t easy for me to make a decision. 3.The letter is not for you to read.
4.There were some letters for me to look through that morning. 5.He
brought a chair for me to sit down. 6.How I longed for him to stay and
talk to me. 7.It would be foolish of you to miss the chance. 8.It is clever
of you to have agreed to his proposal.
B. 1.One who knows how to show and to accept kindness will be
a friend better than any possession. 2. Everything comes to him who
knows how to wait. 3.Whether to operate on the patient or not is still
being discussed. 4.Could you advise me which wine to buy for dinner?
5.The question is where to spend the weekend. 6.He never doubts what
to do and what to say to support his friends. 7.The receptionist told
the tourists who to turn to in case of emergency. 8.It puzzled me how
to get to the Hermitage from the Moscow terminal.
C. 1. To begin with, to choose a career it is necessary to realize
what your fi eld of interest is. 2.A good teacher should try, so to speak,
to breathe life into his or her subject. 3.To say the least, she lacked tact
in expressing her views. 4.His friend let him down, he went bankrupt
and, to make the things worse, his wife left him. 5.To put it in a nut-
shell, he likes to nose about. Try to put some distance between you.
EXERCISE 12.Open the brackets and use:
A) the Complex Object
1.We expected (they, arrive) at 6.2. I’d like (the dress, buy) by
Saturday. 3. The policeman didn’t let (we, leave) the room. 4. The
doctor wanted (the patient, examine). 5.Do you know (he, go) abroad
two weeks ago. 6.
I noticed (he, write) something and (pass) it to Alex.
7. The teacher got (the pupils, learn) the rule by heart. 8. We decided
to tell stories to make (the time, pass). 9. They had (he, contribute)
to expenses. 10.The last drop makes (the cup, run) over.
26
CHAPTER I. THE INFINITIVE
B) the Complex Subject
1.He (consider, be) a good musician. 2.They (think, go) away last
week. 3.His parents (know, live) in France now. 4.They (suppose, work)
on a new project for some months already. 5. She (be likely, listen)
to the news. She (seem, excite). 6.They (make, go) to the police station.
7.I (happen, see) them at the theatre. 8.The treaty (say, sign) yesterday.
9.They (turn out, be) friends since childhood. 10.Diplomacy (think,
be) the art of jumping into troubled waters without making a splash.
11.The earthquake (say, start) early in the morning. 12. The robber
(see, get) into the house late at night.
EXERCISE 13. Point out the Complex Object and the Complex Subject
with the Infi nitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.His remark made everybody feel uncomfortable. 2.Look! They are
likely to be listening to the news. They seem to be excited. 3.I suppose
the kids to be hiding from us somewhere. 4.She had her husband en-
tertain the guests while she was making tea. 5.Is he still away? – No,
he seems to have returned already. 6.I don’t want him to stay. I want
him to leave my house and never to come again. 7.The rain seems
to be starting. Call the children. I don’t want them to get wet through.
8.I felt something hard hurt my leg. 9.The opposition got the government to decrease prices. 10.Does he happen to know with whom Mary
has gone to the Canaries? 11.I saw him turn round the corner and disappear. 12.Let the children have tastes in music different from yours.
13.The President appears to have left the country residence and to be
returning to the capital. 14.They left for London the other day and we
don’t expect them to come back soon. 15.My friend happened to be
there when the fl ying saucer appeared. 16.They were supposed to have
been living in France for over ten years. 17.The Earth is known to have
been hot once and to have grown cooler afterwards. 18.An important
discovery was announced to have been made in physics. 19.I couldn’t
have thought of letting my daughter wear those clothes. 20.The boy
was made to tell the policeman what he had seen. 21.I seem to have
been asleep all my life and to have just woken up. 22.He turned out
to remember everything I had said. 23.She waited for something to be
said, but he kept silent. 24.Pride sometimes makes us do things well.
27
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: NON-FINITE VERBS
But it is love that makes us do them to perfection. 25.You’d better let
your heart be without words than your words without heart.
EXERCISE 14.Translate the sentences into English using the Complex
Object or the Complex Subject.
1. Никто не сказал ни слова, хотя все видели, как он открыл портфель, положил туда бумаги и вышел. 2.Предполагают,
что президент компании выступит на конференции и ответит на вопросы журналистов. 3.Мы ожидали, что они нам помогут. – Они наверняка вам помогут. 4. Как вкусно пахнет!
Кажется,
мама готовит яблочный пирог. 5.Полагают, что работа
была выполнена успешно. 6.Вы случайно услышали эти новости,
и я не хочу, чтобы вы сообщали кому-либо о них. 7.Говорят, этот
собор был построен в XIIIвеке. 8.Этот договор, вероятно, будет
заключен в ближайшее время. Я случайно был в офисе и слышал, как партнеры обсуждали это. 9. Известно, что Ломоносов
был самым крупным ученым своего времени. 10.Сообщается,
что соглашение о перемирии было подписано обеими сторонами. 11.Казалось, что ученики не слушали того, что говорил учитель, а думали о предстоящих каникулах. 12.Думаю, что мистер
Джонсон достаточно опытный юрист. Я хотел бы, чтобы он взялся за это дело. 13.Яуверен в том, что Ваши слова заставили его
задуматься о том, что он сделал. 14.Нам бы хотелось, чтобы нам
еще раз объяснили это правило. Скоро контрольная, и мы наверняка сделаем много ошибок. 15.Вы случайно не знаете номер
его телефона? Я слышала, что он уже вернулся из командировки, и хотела бы, чтобы он пришел на собрание. 16.Она выглядит
такой счастливой! Кажется, она всю жизнь мечтала об этой поездке. 17.Сообщается, что за последнее время цены несколько
выросли. 18.Известно, что он придерживается другого мнения.
19.Где Вы хотите, чтобы я подождал Вас? – Подождите в офисе, я обязательно приду. 20.Оказалось, что они встречаются уже
полтора года и собираются пожениться.
28
CHAPTER I. THE INFINITIVE
EXERCISE 15.Revision. State the function of the Infi nitive. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1.There is something about you that makes me burn with desire
to help you. 2.I don’t expect them to have the courage to drive us away.
3.Thousands of people are thought to have been killed in the earthquake. 4.On St. Patrick’s day every Irishman goes out to fi nd another
Irishman to make a speech too. 5.Shaken by the change, he seemed
to be fl oating giddily on the quick current of life. 6. Wouldn’t it be
better for you to let sleeping dogs lie? There are more than one ways
to achieve your aim. 7.Why should you have other people speak for
you? Can’t you speak up for yourself? 8.There was a sudden splashing in the backwater, then we saw the fi shing-rod go deep down. This
was sure to be the biggest fi sh ever hooked. 9.She’d always been easy
to deal with, always the fi rst to run and help you. 10.I’ve been waiting
for him to pay his bill for six weeks. 11. He said he couldn’t afford
to waste time on doing all that: he had other things to do. 12. The
performance was expected to have started. We could hear the sounds
of the piano being played in the Grand Hall. 13.I slowed my car down
to let the other driver pull ahead of me. 14.It broke her heart to see
him struggling daily only to stay alive. 15. Thirty-fi ve is the utmost
limit for a man to fall in love without making a fool of himself. 16.Iam
determined to come back, and let bygones (=the past) be bygones.
17. Their hope was to live long enough to see their children come
to years of reason. 18. You must be prepared to do all that a priest
is to do when the sinner does not feel like confessing a sin. 19.I am
eager to solve the mystery, but it seems to be always escaping me.
20.Well, I have not done much reading lately, to be quite frank. 21.He
was not a man to stir a fi nger to help you when you expected him
to do so. 22.He explained that it was impossible for him to throw up
his job, which after all meant a possibility to have bread and butter.
23.Why didn’t you let me have a try? The trick was so easy to do!
24.He clearly found it diffi cult to make small talk. 25.
But you could
hardly expect her to change her mind, she wasn’t even likely to think
of doing so.
29
CHAPTER II. The Gerund
The gerund is the non-fi nite form of the verb which, like the in-
fi nitive, combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun.
Similar to the infi nitive, the gerund serves as the verbal name
of a process and can be used in the syntactic functions of the noun
that is an object, a subject and a predicative.
e.g. I prefer driving myself. (object)
e.g. Kissing was in the great English tradition. (subject)
e.g. Her work was reading, thinking, waiting a buzzing hive of ideas,
propositions, syllogisms, symbols, words. (predicative)
As different from the infi nitive, and similar to the noun, the gerund
can be modifi ed by a noun in the possessive case or its pronominal
equivalents, and it can be used with prepositions.
e.g. “I’m not criticizing your writing,” Mason said quickly.
e.g. Will you laugh at my cherishing such fancies, Agnes?
Like the infi nitive, the gerund is a categorically changeable form;
it distinguishes the two grammatical categories sharing them with
the fi nite verb and the present participle, namely, the aspective cate-
gory of retrospective coordination (perfect in opposition), the category
of voice (passive in opposition). The gerund possesses the verb combinability; a) the gerund of a transitive verb can take a direct object;
b) it can be modifi ed by adverbs.
e.g. Lately I’ve been thinking about hiring a manager.
e.g. He cursed more, and started crying loudly.
2.1.The Grammatical categories of the Gerund
The gerund has the two grammatical categories those of the aspective category of retrospective coordination (perfect in opposition) and
the category of voice (passive in opposition). Consequently, the categorical paradigm of the gerund of the transitive verb includes four
forms and the categorical paradigm of the gerund of the intransitive
verb includes two forms:
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